Name: calibration procedures for orthogonal superposition rheology
Uploaded: 2020-11-18T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 43 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Calibration Procedures for Orthogonal Superposition Rheology at JoVE.com

Ran Taoは、米国商務省の国立標準技術研究所からの助成金70NANB15H112からの資金提供に感謝したいと思います。アーロンM.フォースターへの資金は、国立標準技術研究所への議会予算を通じて提供されました。

<ol>
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I., Williams, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+orthogonal+superposition+of+simple+shearing+and+small-strain+oscillatory+motions.">On the orthogonal superposition of simple shearing and small-strain oscillatory motions.</a> Rheologica Acta. 10 (4), 528-538 (1971).</li><li>Schoukens, G., Mewis, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+rheological+behaviour+and+shear-dependent+structure+in+colloidal+dispersions.">Nonlinear rheological behaviour and shear-dependent structure in colloidal dispersions.</a> Journal of Rheology. 22 (4), 381-394 (1978).</li><li>Zeegers, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sensitive+dynamic+viscometer+for+measuring+the+complex+shear+modulus+in+a+steady+shear+flow+using+the+method+of+orthogonal+superposition.">A sensitive dynamic viscometer for measuring the complex shear modulus in a steady shear flow using the method of orthogonal superposition.</a> Rheologica Acta. 34 (6), 606-621 (1995).</li><li>Mewis, J., Schoukens, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+spectroscopy+of+colloidal+dispersions.">Mechanical spectroscopy of colloidal dispersions.</a> Faraday Discussions of the Chemical Society. 65, 58-64 (1978).</li><li>Lin, N. Y. C., Ness, C., Cates, M. E., Sun, J., Cohen, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tunable+shear+thickening+in+suspensions.">Tunable shear thickening in suspensions.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (39), 10774-10778 (2016).</li><li>Gracia-Fern&#225;ndez, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+application+of+electro+and+orthogonal+superposition+rheology+on+a+starch/silicone+oil+suspension.">Simultaneous application of electro and orthogonal superposition rheology on a starch/silicone oil suspension.</a> Journal of Rheology. 60 (1), 121-127 (2015).</li><li>Sung, S. H., Kim, S., Hendricks, J., Clasen, C., Ahn, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthogonal+superposition+rheometry+of+colloidal+gels:+time-shear+rate+superposition.">Orthogonal superposition rheometry of colloidal gels: time-shear rate superposition.</a> Soft Matter. 14 (42), 8651-8659 (2018).</li><li>Colombo, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superposition+rheology+and+anisotropy+in+rheological+properties+of+sheared+colloidal+gels.">Superposition rheology and anisotropy in rheological properties of sheared colloidal gels.</a> Journal of Rheology. 61 (5), 1035-1048 (2017).</li><li>Jacob, A. R., Poulos, A. S., Kim, S., Vermant, J., Petekidis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Convective+Cage+Release+in+Model+Colloidal+Glasses.">Convective Cage Release in Model Colloidal Glasses.</a> Physical Review Letters. 115 (21), 218301 (2015).</li><li>Jacob, A. R., Poulos, A. S., Semenov, A. N., Vermant, J., Petekidis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+dynamics+of+concentrated+starlike+micelles:+A+superposition+rheometry+investigation+into+relaxation+mechanisms.">Flow dynamics of concentrated starlike micelles: A superposition rheometry investigation into relaxation mechanisms.</a> Journal of Rheology. 63 (4), 641-653 (2019).</li><li>Moghimi, E., Vermant, J., Petekidis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthogonal+superposition+rheometry+of+model+colloidal+glasses+with+short-ranged+attractions.">Orthogonal superposition rheometry of model colloidal glasses with short-ranged attractions.</a> Journal of Rheology. 63 (4), 533-546 (2019).</li><li>Tao, R., Forster, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=End+effect+correction+for+orthogonal+small+strain+oscillatory+shear+in+a+rotational+shear+rheometer.">End effect correction for orthogonal small strain oscillatory shear in a rotational shear rheometer.</a> Rheologica Acta. 59 (2), 95-108 (2020).</li><li>Schrag, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deviation+of+velocity+gradient+profiles+from+the+"gap+loading"+and+"surface+loading"+limits+in+dynamic+simple+shear+experiments.">Deviation of velocity gradient profiles from the "gap loading" and "surface loading" limits in dynamic simple shear experiments.</a> Transactions of the Society of Rheology. 21 (3), 399-413 (1977).</li><li>Ewoldt, R. H., Johnston, M. T., Caretta, L. M., Spagnolie, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Complex Fluids in Biological Systems. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. , 207-241 (2015).</li></ol>

このホワイト ペーパーで使用されている手順の完全な説明では、特定の商用製品とそのサプライヤーを特定する必要があります。そのような情報を含めることは、そのような製品またはサプライヤーがNISTによって承認されている、またはNISTによって推奨されていること、またはそれらが説明されている目的にとって必ずしも最良の材料、機器、ソフトウェア、またはサプライヤーであることを示すものと解釈されるべきではありません。

このプロトコルでは、二重壁同心円柱形状を備えた市販の直交重ね合わせレオロジー技術のために、ニュートン流体を使用して粘度校正測定を実行するための詳細な実験手順を提示します。キャリブレーション係数、すなわち一次最終効果係数CLと直交最終効果係数CLは、定常せん断速度掃引および直交周波数掃引試験を実施することによって独立?...

複雑な流体のレオロジー特性を理解することは、信頼性が高く再現性のある製品の開発と製造のために多くの産業にとって不可欠です1。これらの「複雑な流体」には、パーソナルケア製品、食品、化粧品、家庭用品など、私たちの日常生活に広く存在する懸濁液、ポリマー液体、および泡が含まれます。レオロジー特性または流動特性(粘度など)は、最終用途と加工性の性能指標を確立する上で重要な量ですが、流動特性は複雑な流体内に存在する微細構造と相互に関連しています。複雑な流体が単純な液体と区別される顕著な特徴の1つは、複数の長さスケールにまたがる多様な微細構造を持っていることです2。これらの微細構造は、さまざまな流動条件の影響を受けやすく、その結果、巨視的特性が変化します。流れと変形に応答する複雑な流体の非線形粘弾性挙動を介してこの構造-特性ループを解き放つことは、実験レオロジストにとって依然として困難な作業です。
直交重ね合わせ(OSP)レオロジー3 は、この測定の課題に対処するための堅牢な手法です。この手法では、小振幅の振動せん断流を一方向の一次定常せん断流に直交して重ね合わせることで、課せられた一次せん断流の下で粘弾性緩和スペクトルを同時に測定することができます。具体的には、線形粘弾性4の理論を用いて小さな振動せん断摂動を解析することができ、非線形流れ条件は一次定常せん断流によって達成される。2つの流れ場は直交しており、したがって結合されていないため、摂動スペクトルは、一次非線形流れ5の下での微細構造の変化に直接関係する可能性があります。この高度な測定技術は、複雑な流体の構造-特性-処理の関係を解明し、それらの定式化、処理、およびアプリケーションを最適化する機会を提供します。
現代のOSPレオロジーの実装は、突然のひらめきの結果ではありませんでした。むしろ、それはカスタムデバイスの何十年にもわたる開発に基づいています。最初のカスタムメイドのOSP装置は、シモンズ6によって1966年にさかのぼり、その後7,8,9,10に多くの努力が払われました。これらの初期のカスタムビルドデバイスには、アライメントの問題、ポンピングフロー効果(直交振動を提供するためのボブの軸方向の動きによる)、機器の感度の制限など、多くの欠点があります。1997年、Vermantら3は、市販の独立したモータートランスデューサレオメーターのフォースリバランストランスデューサ(FRT)を変更し、以前のデバイスよりも広い粘度範囲の流体のOSP測定を可能にしました。この変更により、垂直力リバランストランスデューサは応力制御レオメーターとして機能し、軸力の測定に加えて軸方向の振動を課すことができます。最近、OSP測定に必要な形状は、Vermantによる方法論の後、市販の別のモータートランスデューサレオメーター用にリリースされました。
市販のOSPレオロジーの出現以来、この技術をさまざまな複雑な流体の調査に適用することに関心が高まっています。例としては、コロイド懸濁液11、12、コロイドゲル13、14およびガラス15、16、17が挙げられる。市販の機器の入手可能性はOSP研究を促進しますが、複雑なOSP形状は、他の日常的なレオロジー技術よりも測定のより深い理解を必要とします。OSPフローセルは、二重壁同心円柱(またはクエット)ジオメトリに基づいています。上部が開き、下部が開いた設計により、環状のギャップとリザーバの間を流体が行き来することができます。メーカーによる形状設計の最適化にもかかわらず、OSP操作を行うと、流体は不均一な流れ場、幾何学的端効果、および残留ポンプ流を経験し、これらすべてがかなりの実験誤差を引き起こす可能性があります。我々の以前の研究18は、この技術のためのニュートン流体を用いた重要な最終効果補正手順を報告した。正しい粘度結果を得るには、一次方向と直交方向の両方に適切な最終効果係数を適用する必要があります。このプロトコルでは、OSPレオロジー技術の詳細な校正方法を提示し、測定誤差を低減するためのベストプラクティスの推奨事項を提供することを目的としています。OSP形状のセットアップ、サンプルのローディング、およびOSPテストの設定に関するこのホワイトペーパーで説明されている手順は、ニュートン流体以外の測定に簡単に採用および変換できます。流体分類(ニュートンまたは非ニュートン)のOSP測定の前に、ここで説明する校正手順を利用して、アプリケーションの最終効果補正係数を決定することをお勧めします。エンドファクターのキャリブレーション手順は以前に報告されていないことに注意してください。本稿で提供されるプロトコルでは、レオメーターユーザーが見落としがちな「生」データと「測定」データの理解に関する技術リソースについて、一般的な正確なレオロジー測定を実行する方法に関するステップバイステップガイドとヒントについても説明します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Advanced Peltier System</td><td>TA Instruments</td><td>402500.901</td><td>Enviromental control device</td></tr><tr><td>ARES-G2 Rheometer</td><td>TA Instruments</td><td>401000.501</td><td>Rheometer</td></tr><tr><td>Brookfield Silicone Fluid, 12500cP</td><td>AMTEK Brookfield</td><td>12500 cps</td><td>Viscosity standard liquid</td></tr><tr><td>OSP Slotted Bob, 33 mm</td><td>TA Instruments</td><td>402796.902</td><td>Bob, upper geometry</td></tr><tr><td>OSP Slotted Double Gap Cup, 34 mm</td><td>TA Instruments</td><td>402782.901</td><td>Double wall cup, lower geometry</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette (1 &amp;ndash; 10 mL)</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>3120000089</td><td>To load test materials</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette (100 &amp;ndash; 1,000 &amp;micro;L)</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>3123000063</td><td>To load test materials</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette Tips (0.5 &amp;ndash; 10 mL)</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>022492098</td><td>To load test materials</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette Tips (50 &amp;ndash; 1,000 &amp;micro;L)</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>022491555</td><td>To load test materials</td></tr><tr><td>Spatula</td><td>VWR</td><td>82027-532</td><td>To load test materials</td></tr><tr><td>TRIOS</td><td>TA Instruments</td><td>v4.3.1.39215</td><td>Rheometer software</td></tr></tbody></table>

calibration procedures for orthogonal superposition rheology

直交重ね合わせ(OSP)レオロジーは、一次せん断流に直交する小振幅振動せん断変形を重ね合わせる高度なレオロジー手法です。この手法は、非線形流れ条件下での複雑な流体の構造ダイナミクスの測定を可能にし、広範囲の複雑な流体の性能の理解と予測に重要です。OSPレオロジー技術は、主にこの技術の力を強調したカスタムビルドのデバイスを通じて、1960年代から長い開発の歴史があります。OSP技術は現在、レオロジーコミュニティに市販されています。OSP形状の複雑な設計と理想的でない流れ場を考えると、ユーザーは測定誤差の大きさと原因を理解する必要があります。この研究では、ニュートン流体を使用したキャリブレーション手順を示し、測定誤差を減らすためのベストプラクティスの推奨事項を示します。具体的には、最終効果因子の決定方法、サンプル充填手順、および適切な測定範囲(せん断速度、周波数など)の特定に関する詳細情報が提供されます。

12.2 Pa sのシリコーン粘度標準での粘度校正測定の代表的な結果を図5と図6に示します。キャリブレーション実行では、一次最終効果係数と直交最終効果係数の両方が1.00に設定されていることに注意してください。図5は、二重y軸プロット上のせん断速度の関数としての定常せん断粘度とトルクを示しています。シリコーン液?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Calibration Procedures for Orthogonal Superposition Rheology at JoVE.com

Calibration Procedures for Orthogonal Superposition Rheology

ニュートン流体を使用した市販の直交重ね合わせレオロジー手法の詳細な校正プロトコルを提示し、エンドエフェクト補正係数の決定方法と実験誤差を減らすためのベストプラクティスの推奨事項を示します。

直交重ね合わせレオロジーの校正手順

Orthogonal superposition (OSP) rheology is an advanced rheological technique that involves superimposing a small-amplitude oscillatory shear deformation ...

calibration-procedures-for-orthogonal-superposition-rheology

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

2.0K ビュー.  National Institute of Standards and Technology. ニュートン流体を使用した市販の直交重ね合わせレオロジー手法の詳細な校正プロトコルを提示し、エンドエフェクト補正係数の決定方法と実験誤差を減らすためのベストプラクティスの推奨事項を示します。

ビデオ: Calibration Procedures for Orthogonal Superposition Rheology

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The system comprises a high-pressure rheometer which is connected to a circulation loop. The rheometer has a rotational flow-through measurement cell with two alternative geometries: coaxial cylinder and double gap. The circulation loop contains a mixer, to bring the crude oil sample into equilibrium with CO2, and a gear pump that transports the mixture from the mixer to the rheometer and recycles it back to the mixer. The CO2 and crude oil are brought to equilibrium by stirring and circulation and the rheology of the saturated mixture is measured by the rheometer. The system is used to measure the rheological properties of Zuata crude oil (and its toluene dilution) in equilibrium with CO2 at elevated pressures up to 220 bar and a temperature of 50 &#176;C. The results show that CO2 addition changes the oil rheology significantly, initially reducing the viscosity as the CO2 pressure is increased and then increasing the viscosity above a threshold pressure. The non-Newtonian response of the crude is also seen to change with the addition of CO2.

Measurement of the Rheology of Crude Oil in Equilibrium with CO2 at Reservoir Conditions

A method for measuring the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide at reservoir conditions is presented.

COとの平衡状態における原油のレオロジーの測定<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;貯水池の条件で

A rheometer system to measure the rheology of crude oil in equilibrium with carbon dioxide (CO2) at high temperatures and pressures is described. The ...

環境学

Dielectric RheoSANS &#8212; Simultaneous Interrogation of Impedance, Rheology and Small Angle Neutron Scattering of Complex Fluids

A procedure for the operation of a new dielectric RheoSANS instrument capable of simultaneous interrogation of the electrical, mechanical and microstructural properties of complex fluids is presented. The instrument consists of a Couette geometry contained within a modified forced convection oven mounted on a commercial rheometer. This instrument is available for use on the small angle neutron scattering (SANS) beamlines at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). The Couette geometry is machined to be transparent to neutrons and provides for measurement of the electrical properties and microstructural properties of a sample confined between titanium cylinders while the sample undergoes arbitrary deformation. Synchronization of these measurements is enabled through the use of a customizable program that monitors and controls the execution of predetermined experimental protocols. Described here is a protocol to perform a flow sweep experiment where the shear rate is logarithmically stepped from a maximum value to a minimum value holding at each step for a specified period of time while frequency dependent dielectric measurements are made. Representative results are shown from a sample consisting of a gel composed of carbon black aggregates dispersed in propylene carbonate. As the gel undergoes steady shear, the carbon black network is mechanically deformed, which causes an initial decrease in conductivity associated with the breaking of bonds comprising the carbon black network. However, at higher shear rates, the conductivity recovers associated with the onset of shear thickening. Overall, these results demonstrate the utility of the simultaneous measurement of the rheo-electro-microstructural properties of these suspensions using the dielectric RheoSANS geometry.

Here, we present a procedure for the measurement of simultaneous impedance, rheology and neutron scattering from soft matter materials under shear flow.

誘電RheoSANS  - インピーダンス、レオロジー及び複雑流体の小角中性子散乱の同時尋問

A procedure for the operation of a new dielectric RheoSANS instrument capable of simultaneous interrogation of the electrical, mechanical and ...

工学

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the manifold requirements during processing and application of such complex fluids. In this investigation, measuring protocols for a conclusive assessment of different process relevant rheological parameters have been evaluated. This includes the determination of yield stress, viscosity, wall slip velocity, structural recovery after large deformation and elongation at break as well as tensile force during filament stretching.
The importance of concomitant video recordings during parallel-plate rotational rheometry for a significant determination of rheological quantities is demonstrated. The deformation profile and flow field at the sample edge can be determined using appropriate markers. Thus, measurement parameter settings and plate roughness values can be identified for which yield stress and viscosity measurements are possible. Slip velocity can be measured directly and measuring conditions at which plug flow, shear banding or sample spillover occur can be identified clearly. 
Video recordings further confirm that the change in shear moduli observed during three stage oscillatory shear tests with small deformation amplitude in stage I and III but large oscillation amplitude in stage II can be directly attributed to structural break down and recovery. For the pastes investigated here, the degree of irreversible, shear-induced structural change increases with increasing deformation amplitude in stage II until a saturation is reached at deformations corresponding to the crossover of G' and G'', but the irreversible damage is independent of the duration of large amplitude shear. 
A capillary breakup elongational rheometer and a tensile tester have been used to characterize deformation and breakup behavior of highly filled pastes in uniaxial elongation. Significant differences were observed in all experiments described above for two commercial screen-printing silver pastes used for front side metallization of Si-solar cells.

A protocol for a robust and application relevant rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions is presented. Silver pastes used for screen-printing application in solar cell production are employed as model systems.

高度に濃縮された懸濁液のレオロジー特性評価における課題 - スクリーン印刷シルバーペーストのためのケーススタディ

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the ...

Longitudinal Measurement of Extracellular Matrix Rigidity in 3D Tumor Models Using Particle-tracking Microrheology

The mechanical microenvironment has been shown to act as a crucial regulator of tumor growth behavior and signaling, which is itself remodeled and modified as part of a set of complex, two-way mechanosensitive interactions. While the development of biologically-relevant 3D tumor models have facilitated mechanistic studies on the impact of matrix rheology on tumor growth, the inverse problem of mapping changes in the mechanical environment induced by tumors remains challenging. Here, we describe the implementation of particle-tracking microrheology (PTM) in conjunction with 3D models of pancreatic cancer as part of a robust and viable approach for longitudinally monitoring physical changes in the tumor microenvironment, in situ. The methodology described here integrates a system of preparing in vitro 3D models embedded in a model extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold of Type I collagen with fluorescently labeled probes uniformly distributed for position- and time-dependent microrheology measurements throughout the specimen. In vitro tumors are plated and probed in parallel conditions using multiwell imaging plates. Drawing on established methods, videos of tracer probe movements are transformed via the Generalized Stokes Einstein Relation (GSER) to report the complex frequency-dependent viscoelastic shear modulus, G*(&#969;). Because this approach is imaging-based, mechanical characterization is also mapped onto large transmitted-light spatial fields to simultaneously report qualitative changes in 3D tumor size and phenotype. Representative results showing contrasting mechanical response in sub-regions associated with localized invasion-induced matrix degradation as well as system calibration, validation data are presented. Undesirable outcomes from common experimental errors and troubleshooting of these issues are also presented. The 96-well 3D culture plating format implemented in this protocol is conducive to correlation of microrheology measurements with therapeutic screening assays or molecular imaging to gain new insights into impact of treatments or biochemical stimuli on the mechanical microenvironment.

Particle-tracking microrheology can be used to non-destructively quantify and spatially map changes in extracellular matrix mechanical properties in 3D tumor models.

粒子追跡マイクロレオロジーを用いて3次元腫瘍モデルにおける細胞外マトリックス剛性の縦測定

The mechanical microenvironment has been shown to act as a crucial regulator of tumor growth behavior and signaling, which is itself remodeled and ...

生物工学

Combining Microfluidics and Microrheology to Determine Rheological Properties of Soft Matter during Repeated Phase Transitions

The microstructure of soft matter directly impacts macroscopic rheological properties and can be changed by factors including colloidal rearrangement during previous phase changes and applied shear. To determine the extent of these changes, we have developed a microfluidic device that enables repeated phase transitions induced by exchange of the surrounding fluid and microrheological characterization while limiting shear on the sample. This technique is &#181;2rheology, the combination of microfluidics and microrheology. The microfluidic device is a two-layer design with symmetric inlet streams entering a sample chamber that traps the gel sample in place during fluid exchange. Suction can be applied far away from the sample chamber to pull fluids into the sample chamber. Material rheological properties are characterized using multiple particle tracking microrheology (MPT). In MPT, fluorescent probe particles are embedded into the material and the Brownian motion of the probes is recorded using video microscopy. The movement of the particles is tracked and the mean-squared displacement (MSD) is calculated. The MSD is related to macroscopic rheological properties, using the Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation. The phase of the material is identified by comparison to the critical relaxation exponent, determined using time-cure superposition. Measurements of a fibrous colloidal gel illustrate the utility of the technique. This gel has a delicate structure that can be irreversibly changed when shear is applied. &#181;2rheology data shows that the material repeatedly equilibrates to the same rheological properties after each phase transition, indicating that phase transitions do not play a role in microstructural changes. To determine the role of shear, samples can be sheared prior to injection into our microfluidic device. &#181;2rheology is a widely applicable technique for the characterization of soft matter enabling the determination of rheological properties of delicate microstructures in a single sample during phase transitions in response to repeated changes in the surrounding environmental conditions.

We demonstrate the fabrication and use of a microfluidic device that enables multiple particle tracking microrheology measurements to study the rheological effects of repeated phase transitions on soft matter.

繰り返し相転移の間に柔らかい物質のレオロジー的性質を決定するためのマイクロ流体システムとレオロジーを組み合わせること

The microstructure of soft matter directly impacts macroscopic rheological properties and can be changed by factors including colloidal rearrangement ...

Studying Large Amplitude Oscillatory Shear Response of Soft Materials

We investigate the sequence of physical processes exhibited during large amplitude oscillatory shearing (LAOS) of polyethylene oxide (PEO) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and xanthan gum in water &#8212; two concentrated polymer solutions used as viscosifiers in foods, enhanced oil recovery, and soil remediation. Understanding the nonlinear rheological behavior of soft materials is important in the design and controlled manufacturing of many consumer products. It is shown how the response to LAOS of these polymer solutions can be interpreted in terms of a clear transition from linear viscoelasticity to viscoplastic deformation and back again during a period. The LAOS results are analyzed via the fully quantitative Sequence of Physical Processes (SPP) technique, using free MATLAB-based software. A detailed protocol of performing a LAOS measurement with a commercial rheometer, analyzing nonlinear stress responses with the freeware, and interpreting physical processes under LAOS is presented. It is further shown that, within the SPP framework, a LAOS response contains information regarding the linear viscoelasticity, the transient flow curves, and the critical strain responsible for the onset of nonlinearity.

We present a detailed protocol outlining how to perform nonlinear oscillatory shear rheology on soft materials, and how to run the SPP-LAOS analysis to understand the responses as a sequence of physical processes.

ソフトマテリアルの大振幅振動せん断応答を勉強

We investigate the sequence of physical processes exhibited during large amplitude oscillatory shearing (LAOS) of polyethylene oxide (PEO) in dimethyl ...

Macro-Rheology Characterization of Gill Raker Mucus in the Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

The silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, is an invasive planktivorous filter feeder fish that infested the natural waterways of the upper Mississippi River basin due to its highly efficient filter feeding mechanism. The characteristic organs called gill rakers (GRs), found in many such filter feeders, facilitate the efficient filtration of food particles such as phytoplankton that are of a few microns in size.
The motivation to investigate the rheology of the GR mucus stems from our desire to understand its role in aiding the filter feeding process in the silver carp. The mucus-rich fluid, in a &#8216;thick and sticky&#8217; state may facilitate the adhesion of food particulates. The permeation and transport through the GR membrane are&#160;facilitated by the action of external shear forces that induce varying shear strain rates. Therefore, mucus rheology can provide a vital clue to the tremendous outcompeting nature of the silver carp within the pool of filter feeding fish. Based on this it was posited that GR mucus may provide an adhesive function to food particles and act as a transport vehicle to assist in the filter feeding process.
The main objective of the protocol is to determine the yield stress of the mucus, attributed to the minimum shear stress required to initiate flow at which irreversible plastic deformation is first observed across a structured viscoelastic material. Accordingly, rheological properties of the GR mucus, i.e., viscosity, storage, and loss moduli, were investigated for its non-Newtonian, shear-thinning nature using a rotational rheometer. &#160;
A protocol presented here is employed to analyze the rheological properties of mucus extracted from the gill rakers of a silver carp, fished at Hart Creek location of the Missouri River. The protocol aims to develop an effective strategy for rheological testing and material characterization of mucus assumed to be a structured viscoelastic material.

Macro-Rheology Characterization of Gill Raker Mucus in the Silver Carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix

This protocol presents a method to perform rheology characterization of mucus that resides on gill rakers (GRs) of the silver carp. Viscoelastic characteristics of GR-mucus, obtained by measuring viscosity, storage and loss moduli, are evaluated for the apparent yield stress to understand the filter feeding mechanism in GRs.

銀の鯉、眼圧軟化モリクスにおけるギル・レイカー粘液のマクロ・レオロジー特性

The silver carp, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, is an invasive planktivorous filter feeder fish that infested the natural waterways of the upper Mississippi ...

Microtensiometer for Confocal Microscopy Visualization of Dynamic Interfaces

Adsorption of surface-active molecules to fluid-fluid interfaces is ubiquitous in nature. Characterizing these interfaces requires measuring surfactant adsorption rates, evaluating equilibrium surface tensions as a function of bulk surfactant concentration, and relating how surface tension changes with changes in the interfacial area following equilibration. Simultaneous visualization of the interface using fluorescence imaging with a high-speed confocal microscope allows the direct evaluation of structure-function relationships. In the capillary pressure microtensiometer (CPM), a hemispherical air bubble is pinned at the end of the capillary in a 1 mL volume liquid reservoir. The capillary pressure across the bubble interface is controlled via a commercial microfluidic flow controller that allows for model-based pressure, bubble curvature, or bubble area control based on the Laplace equation. Compared to previous techniques such as the Langmuir trough and pendant drop, the measurement and control precision and response time are greatly enhanced; capillary pressure variations can be applied and controlled in milliseconds. The dynamic response of the bubble interface is visualized via a second optical lens as the bubble expands and contracts. The bubble contour is fit to a circular profile to determine the bubble curvature radius, R, as well as any deviations from circularity that would invalidate the results. The Laplace equation is used to determine the dynamic surface tension of the interface. Following equilibration, small pressure oscillations can be imposed by the computer-controlled microfluidic pump to oscillate the bubble radius (frequencies of 0.001-100 cycles/min) to determine the dilatational modulus The overall dimensions of the system are sufficiently small that the microtensiometer fits under the lens of a high-speed confocal microscope allowing fluorescently tagged chemical species to be quantitatively tracked with submicron lateral resolution.

This manuscript describes the design and operation of a microtensiometer/confocal microscope to do simultaneous measurements of interfacial tension and surface dilatational rheology while visualizing the interfacial morphology. This provides the real-time construction of structure-property relationships of interfaces important in technology and physiology.

動的界面の共焦点顕微鏡可視化のためのマイクロテンシオメータ

Adsorption of surface-active molecules to fluid-fluid interfaces is ubiquitous in nature. Characterizing these interfaces requires measuring surfactant ...

Characterizing Multiscale Mechanical Properties of Brain Tissue Using Atomic Force Microscopy, Impact Indentation, and Rheometry

To design and engineer materials inspired by the properties of the brain, whether for mechanical simulants or for tissue regeneration studies, the brain tissue itself must be well characterized at various length and time scales. Like many biological tissues, brain tissue exhibits a complex, hierarchical structure. However, in contrast to most other tissues, brain is of very low mechanical stiffness, with Young&#39;s elastic moduli E on the order of 100s of Pa. This low stiffness can present challenges to experimental characterization of key mechanical properties. Here, we demonstrate several mechanical characterization techniques that have been adapted to measure the elastic and viscoelastic properties of hydrated, compliant biological materials such as brain tissue, at different length scales and loading rates. At the microscale, we conduct creep-compliance and force relaxation experiments using atomic force microscope-enabled indentation. At the mesoscale, we perform impact indentation experiments using a pendulum-based instrumented indenter. At the macroscale, we conduct parallel plate rheometry to quantify the frequency dependent shear elastic moduli. We also discuss the challenges and limitations associated with each method. Together these techniques enable an in-depth mechanical characterization of brain tissue that can be used to better understand the structure of brain and to engineer bio-inspired materials.

We present a set of techniques to characterize the viscoelastic mechanical properties of brain at the micro-, meso-, and macro-scales.

原子間力顕微鏡、インパクトインデント、およびレオを使用した脳組織のマルチスケール力学的性質を特徴づけます

To design and engineer materials inspired by the properties of the brain, whether for mechanical simulants or for tissue regeneration studies, the brain ...

神経科学

Rapid Viscoelastic Characterization of Airway Mucus Using a Benchtop Rheometer

In muco-obstructive lung diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis) and other respiratory conditions (e.g., viral/bacterial infections), mucus biophysical properties are altered by goblet cell hypersecretion, airway dehydration, oxidative stress, and the presence of extracellular DNA. Previous studies showed that sputum viscoelasticity correlated with pulmonary function and that treatments affecting sputum rheology (e.g., mucolytics) can result in remarkable clinical benefits. In general, rheological measurements of non-Newtonian fluids employ elaborate, time-consuming approaches (e.g., parallel/cone-plate rheometers and/or microbead particle tracking) that require extensive training to perform the assay and interpret the data. This study tested the reliability, reproducibility, and sensitivity of Rheomuco, a user-friendly benchtop device that is designed to perform rapid measurements using dynamic oscillation with a shear-strain sweep to provide linear viscoelastic moduli (G&#39;, G&#34;, G*, and tan &#948;) and gel point characteristics (&#947;c&#160;and &#963;c) for clinical samples within 5 min. Device performance was validated using different concentrations of a mucus simulant, 8 MDa polyethylene oxide (PEO), and against traditional bulk rheology measurements. A clinical isolate harvested from an intubated patient with status asthmaticus (SA) was then assessed in triplicate measurements and the coefficient of variation between measurements is &#60;10%. Ex vivo use of a potent mucus reducing agent, TCEP, on SA mucus resulted in a five-fold decrease in elastic modulus and a change toward a more &#34;liquid-like&#34; behavior overall (e.g., higher tan &#948;). Together, these results demonstrate that the tested benchtop rheometer can make reliable measures of mucus viscoelasticity in clinical and research settings. In summary, the described protocol could be used to explore the effects of mucoactive drugs (e.g., rhDNase, N-acetyl cysteine) onsite to adapt treatment on a case-by-case basis, or in preclinical studies of novel compounds.

The viscoelastic properties of mucus play a critical role in mucociliary clearance. However, traditional mucus rheological techniques require complex and time-consuming approaches. This study provides a detailed protocol for the use of a benchtop rheometer that can rapidly and reliably perform viscoelastic measurements.

直交重ね合わせレオロジーの校正手順

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COとの平衡状態における原油のレオロジーの測定

誘電RheoSANS - インピーダンス、レオロジー及び複雑流体の小角中性子散乱の同時尋問