란 타오 (Ran Tao)는 미국 상무부 국립 표준 기술 연구소 (National Institute of Standards and Technology)의 보조금 70NANB15H112에 감사드립니다. Aaron M. Forster에 대한 자금은 의회 세출을 통해 국립 표준 기술 연구소에 제공되었습니다.

<ol>
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D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers. , (1980).</li><li>Yamamoto, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rate-dependent+relaxation+spectra+and+their+determination.">Rate-dependent relaxation spectra and their determination.</a> Transactions of the Society of Rheology. 15 (2), 331-344 (1971).</li><li>Simmons, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+servo-controlled+rheometer+for+measurement+of+the+dynamic+modulus+of+viscoelastic+liquids.">A servo-controlled rheometer for measurement of the dynamic modulus of viscoelastic liquids.</a> Journal of Scientific Instruments. 43 (12), 887-892 (1966).</li><li>Tanner, R. I., Williams, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+orthogonal+superposition+of+simple+shearing+and+small-strain+oscillatory+motions.">On the orthogonal superposition of simple shearing and small-strain oscillatory motions.</a> Rheologica Acta. 10 (4), 528-538 (1971).</li><li>Schoukens, G., Mewis, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+rheological+behaviour+and+shear-dependent+structure+in+colloidal+dispersions.">Nonlinear rheological behaviour and shear-dependent structure in colloidal dispersions.</a> Journal of Rheology. 22 (4), 381-394 (1978).</li><li>Zeegers, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sensitive+dynamic+viscometer+for+measuring+the+complex+shear+modulus+in+a+steady+shear+flow+using+the+method+of+orthogonal+superposition.">A sensitive dynamic viscometer for measuring the complex shear modulus in a steady shear flow using the method of orthogonal superposition.</a> Rheologica Acta. 34 (6), 606-621 (1995).</li><li>Mewis, J., Schoukens, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+spectroscopy+of+colloidal+dispersions.">Mechanical spectroscopy of colloidal dispersions.</a> Faraday Discussions of the Chemical Society. 65, 58-64 (1978).</li><li>Lin, N. Y. C., Ness, C., Cates, M. E., Sun, J., Cohen, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tunable+shear+thickening+in+suspensions.">Tunable shear thickening in suspensions.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (39), 10774-10778 (2016).</li><li>Gracia-Fern&#225;ndez, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simultaneous+application+of+electro+and+orthogonal+superposition+rheology+on+a+starch/silicone+oil+suspension.">Simultaneous application of electro and orthogonal superposition rheology on a starch/silicone oil suspension.</a> Journal of Rheology. 60 (1), 121-127 (2015).</li><li>Sung, S. H., Kim, S., Hendricks, J., Clasen, C., Ahn, K. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthogonal+superposition+rheometry+of+colloidal+gels:+time-shear+rate+superposition.">Orthogonal superposition rheometry of colloidal gels: time-shear rate superposition.</a> Soft Matter. 14 (42), 8651-8659 (2018).</li><li>Colombo, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Superposition+rheology+and+anisotropy+in+rheological+properties+of+sheared+colloidal+gels.">Superposition rheology and anisotropy in rheological properties of sheared colloidal gels.</a> Journal of Rheology. 61 (5), 1035-1048 (2017).</li><li>Jacob, A. R., Poulos, A. S., Kim, S., Vermant, J., Petekidis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Convective+Cage+Release+in+Model+Colloidal+Glasses.">Convective Cage Release in Model Colloidal Glasses.</a> Physical Review Letters. 115 (21), 218301 (2015).</li><li>Jacob, A. R., Poulos, A. S., Semenov, A. N., Vermant, J., Petekidis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+dynamics+of+concentrated+starlike+micelles:+A+superposition+rheometry+investigation+into+relaxation+mechanisms.">Flow dynamics of concentrated starlike micelles: A superposition rheometry investigation into relaxation mechanisms.</a> Journal of Rheology. 63 (4), 641-653 (2019).</li><li>Moghimi, E., Vermant, J., Petekidis, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Orthogonal+superposition+rheometry+of+model+colloidal+glasses+with+short-ranged+attractions.">Orthogonal superposition rheometry of model colloidal glasses with short-ranged attractions.</a> Journal of Rheology. 63 (4), 533-546 (2019).</li><li>Tao, R., Forster, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=End+effect+correction+for+orthogonal+small+strain+oscillatory+shear+in+a+rotational+shear+rheometer.">End effect correction for orthogonal small strain oscillatory shear in a rotational shear rheometer.</a> Rheologica Acta. 59 (2), 95-108 (2020).</li><li>Schrag, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deviation+of+velocity+gradient+profiles+from+the+"gap+loading"+and+"surface+loading"+limits+in+dynamic+simple+shear+experiments.">Deviation of velocity gradient profiles from the "gap loading" and "surface loading" limits in dynamic simple shear experiments.</a> Transactions of the Society of Rheology. 21 (3), 399-413 (1977).</li><li>Ewoldt, R. H., Johnston, M. T., Caretta, L. M., Spagnolie, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Complex Fluids in Biological Systems. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. , 207-241 (2015).</li></ol>

이 백서에 사용 된 절차에 대한 전체 설명은 특정 상용 제품 및 해당 공급 업체를 식별해야합니다. 이러한 정보를 포함한다고 해서 해당 제품 또는 공급업체가 NIST에서 보증하거나 NIST에서 권장하거나 설명된 목적에 가장 적합한 재료, 도구, 소프트웨어 또는 공급업체임을 나타내는 것으로 해석되어서는 안 됩니다.

이 프로토콜에서는 이중벽 동심 실린더 형상을 사용하는 상업용 직교 중첩 유변학 기술을 위해 뉴턴 유체를 사용하여 점도 교정 측정을 수행하기 위한 자세한 실험 절차를 제시합니다. 교정 계수, 즉 1차 말단 효과 계수 CL 및 직교 종단 효과 계수 CLo는 꾸준한 전단 속도 스윕 및 직교 주파수 스윕 테스트를 수행하여 독립적으로 결정됩니다. 최종 계수를 ?...

복잡한 유체의 유변학적 특성을 이해하는 것은 신뢰할 수 있고 재현 가능한 제품의 개발 및 제조를 위한 많은 산업에 필수적입니다1. 이러한 "복합 유체"에는 퍼스널 케어 제품, 식품, 화장품 및 가정 용품과 같이 일상 생활에 널리 존재하는 현탁액, 고분자 액체 및 거품이 포함됩니다. 유변학적 또는 유동 특성(예: 점도)은 최종 용도 및 가공성에 대한 성능 지표를 설정하는 데 중요한 관심사이지만 유동 특성은 복잡한 유체 내에 존재하는 미세 구조와 상호 연결됩니다. 단순한 액체와 구별되는 복합 유체의 두드러진 특징 중 하나는 여러 길이 척도에 걸쳐 다양한 미세 구조를 가지고 있다는 것입니다2. 이러한 미세 구조는 다양한 유동 조건에 의해 쉽게 영향을 받을 수 있으며, 이는 차례로 거시적 특성의 변화를 초래합니다. 흐름과 변형에 반응하는 복잡한 유체의 비선형 점탄성 거동을 통해 이 구조-속성 루프를 잠금 해제하는 것은 실험적 유변학자에게 여전히 어려운 과제입니다.
직교 중첩(OSP) 유변학3 은 이러한 측정 문제를 해결하기 위한 강력한 기술입니다. 이 기술에서는 작은 진폭의 진동 전단 흐름이 단방향 1차 정상 전단 흐름에 직각으로 중첩되어 부과된 1차 전단 흐름 하에서 점탄성 완화 스펙트럼을 동시에 측정할 수 있습니다. 보다 구체적으로, 작은 진동 전단 섭동은 선형 점탄성4의 이론을 사용하여 분석 할 수있는 반면, 비선형 유동 조건은 1 차 정상 전단 흐름에 의해 달성됩니다. 2개의 유동장이 직교하고 따라서 결합되지 않기 때문에, 섭동 스펙트럼은 1차 비선형 유동(5) 하에서의 미세구조의 변화와 직접적으로 관련될 수 있다. 이 고급 측정 기술은 복잡한 유체의 구조-특성-처리 관계를 설명하여 제형, 처리 및 적용을 최적화할 수 있는 기회를 제공합니다.
현대 OSP 유변학의 구현은 갑작스러운 깨달음의 결과가 아닙니다. 오히려 수십 년간의 맞춤형 장치 개발을 기반으로합니다. 최초의 맞춤형 OSP 장치는 Simmons6에 의해 1966 년으로 거슬러 올라가며그 후 7,8,9,10에 많은 노력이 이루어졌습니다. 이러한 초기 맞춤형 장치는 정렬 문제, 펌핑 흐름 효과(직교 진동을 제공하기 위한 밥의 축 방향 이동으로 인해) 및 기기 감도 제한과 같은 많은 단점을 겪습니다. 1997년 Vermant et al.3은 상업용 별도의 모터 변환기 레오미터에서 힘 재균형 변환기(FRT)를 수정하여 이전 장치보다 점도 범위가 넓은 유체에 대한 OSP 측정을 가능하게 했습니다. 이 수정을 통해 수직력 재균형 변환기가 응력 제어 레오미터로 작동하여 축방향 힘 측정 외에도 축 방향 진동을 부과할 수 있습니다. 최근에는 Vermant의 방법론에 따라 OSP 측정에 필요한 형상이 상용 별도의 모터 변환기 레오미터용으로 출시되었습니다.
상용 OSP 유변학의 출현 이후, 다양한 복합 유체의 조사에 이 기술을 적용하는 것에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있습니다. 예로는 콜로이드 현탁액11,12, 콜로이드 겔 13,14 및 유리15,16,17이 있습니다. 상용 기기의 가용성은 OSP 연구를 촉진하지만 복잡한 OSP 지오메트리는 다른 일상적인 유변학 기술보다 측정에 대한 더 깊은 이해가 필요합니다. OSP 플로우 셀은 이중벽 동심 실린더(또는 쿠엣) 형상을 기반으로 합니다. 개방형 상단 및 개방형 하단 설계로 유체가 환형 틈새와 저장소 사이를 앞뒤로 흐를 수 있습니다. 제조업체가 형상 설계를 최적화했음에도 불구하고 OSP 작동을 수행할 때 유체는 불균일한 유동장, 기하학적 최종 효과 및 잔류 펌핑 흐름을 경험하며, 이 모든 것이 상당한 실험 오류를 유발할 수 있습니다. 우리의 이전 연구18은이 기술을 위해 뉴턴 유체를 사용하는 중요한 최종 효과 보정 절차를보고했습니다. 정확한 점도 결과를 얻으려면 1차 및 직교 방향 모두에서 적절한 최종 효과 계수를 적용해야 합니다. 이 프로토콜에서는 OSP 유변학 기술에 대한 자세한 교정 방법론을 제시하고 측정 오류를 줄이기 위한 모범 사례에 대한 권장 사항을 제공하는 것을 목표로 합니다. OSP 지오메트리 설정, 샘플 로딩 및 OSP 테스트 설정에 대해 이 백서에 설명된 절차는 비뉴턴 유체 측정을 위해 쉽게 채택하고 번역할 수 있어야 합니다. 사용자는 여기에 설명된 교정 절차를 활용하여 모든 유체 분류(뉴턴 또는 비뉴턴)에 대한 OSP 측정 전에 응용 분야에 대한 최종 효과 보정 계수를 결정하는 것이 좋습니다. 최종 요인에 대한 교정 절차는 이전에 보고되지 않았습니다. 본 백서에 제공된 프로토콜은 일반적으로 정확한 유변학적 측정을 수행하는 방법에 대한 단계별 가이드 및 팁과 레오미터 사용자가 간과할 수 있는 "원시" 데이터와 "측정된" 데이터의 이해에 대한 기술 리소스도 설명합니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Advanced Peltier System</td>
			<td>TA Instruments</td>
			<td>402500.901</td>
			<td>Enviromental control device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ARES-G2 Rheometer</td>
			<td>TA Instruments</td>
			<td>401000.501</td>
			<td>Rheometer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brookfield Silicone Fluid, 12500cP</td>
			<td>AMTEK Brookfield</td>
			<td>12500 cps</td>
			<td>Viscosity standard liquid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OSP Slotted Bob, 33 mm</td>
			<td>TA Instruments</td>
			<td>402796.902</td>
			<td>Bob, upper geometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OSP Slotted Double Gap Cup, 34 mm</td>
			<td>TA Instruments</td>
			<td>402782.901</td>
			<td>Double wall cup, lower geometry</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette (1 &#8211; 10 mL)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3120000089</td>
			<td>To load test materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette (100 &#8211; 1,000 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>3123000063</td>
			<td>To load test materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette Tips (0.5 &#8211; 10 mL)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>022492098</td>
			<td>To load test materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette Tips (50 &#8211; 1,000 &#181;L)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>022491555</td>
			<td>To load test materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spatula</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>82027-532</td>
			<td>To load test materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIOS</td>
			<td>TA Instruments</td>
			<td>v4.3.1.39215</td>
			<td>Rheometer software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

calibration procedures for orthogonal superposition rheology

직교 중첩(OSP) 유변학은 1차 전단 흐름에 직교하는 작은 진폭의 진동 전단 변형을 중첩하는 고급 유변학 기술입니다. 이 기술을 사용하면 비선형 흐름 조건에서 복잡한 유체의 구조 역학을 측정 할 수 있으며, 이는 광범위한 복잡한 유체의 성능을 이해하고 예측하는 데 중요합니다. OSP 유변학 기법은 1960년대부터 오랜 개발 역사를 가지고 있으며, 주로 이 기법의 힘을 강조한 맞춤형 장치를 통해 개발되었습니다. OSP 기술은 현재 유변학 커뮤니티에서 상업적으로 이용 가능합니다. OSP 지오메트리의 복잡한 설계와 비이상적인 유동장을 감안할 때 사용자는 측정 오류의 크기와 원인을 이해해야 합니다. 이 연구는 측정 오류를 줄이기 위한 모범 사례에 대한 권장 사항을 포함하는 뉴턴 유체를 사용한 교정 절차를 제시합니다. 구체적으로, 최종 효과 계수 결정 방법, 샘플 충전 절차 및 적절한 측정 범위(예: 전단 속도, 주파수 등)의 식별에 대한 자세한 정보가 제공됩니다.

12.2Pas 실리콘 점도 표준에 대한 점도 교정 측정의 대표적인 결과는 그림 5 및 그림 6에 나와 있습니다. 기본 최종 효과 계수와 직교 최종 효과 계수는 모두 보정 실행에 대해 1.00으로 설정됩니다. 그림 5는 이중 y축 플롯에서 전단 속도의 함수로 안정적인 전단 점도와 토크를 보여줍니다. 실리콘 액체는 뉴턴 유체입니다. 예상대로, ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Calibration Procedures for Orthogonal Superposition Rheology at JoVE.com

Calibration Procedures for Orthogonal Superposition Rheology

우리는 최종 효과 보정 계수 결정 방법 및 실험 오류를 줄이기 위한 모범 사례에 대한 권장 사항을 포함하여 뉴턴 유체를 사용하는 상용 직교 중첩 유변학 기술에 대한 자세한 교정 프로토콜을 제시합니다.

직교 중첩 유변학을 위한 교정 절차

Orthogonal superposition (OSP) rheology is an advanced rheological technique that involves superimposing a small-amplitude oscillatory shear deformation ...

calibration-procedures-for-orthogonal-superposition-rheology

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

2.0K 조회수.  National Institute of Standards and Technology. 우리는 최종 효과 보정 계수 결정 방법 및 실험 오류를 줄이기 위한 모범 사례에 대한 권장 사항을 포함하여 뉴턴 유체를 사용하는 상용 직교 중첩 유변학 기술에 대한 자세한 교정 프로토콜을 제시합니다.

비디오: Calibration Procedures for Orthogonal Superposition Rheology

Concurrent Quantitative Conductivity and Mechanical Properties Measurements of Organic Photovoltaic Materials using AFM

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance of photovoltaic devices. Thus, understanding of spatial variations in composition as well as electrical properties of OPV materials is of paramount importance for moving PV technology forward.1,2 In this paper, we describe a protocol for quantitative measurements of electrical and mechanical properties of OPV materials with sub-100 nm resolution. Currently, materials properties measurements performed using commercially available AFM-based techniques (PeakForce, conductive AFM) generally provide only qualitative information. The values for resistance as well as Young's modulus measured using our method on the prototypical ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PC61BM system correspond well with literature data. The P3HT:PC61BM blend separates onto PC61BM-rich and P3HT-rich domains. Mechanical properties of PC61BM-rich and P3HT-rich domains are different, which allows for domain attribution on the surface of the film. Importantly, combining mechanical and electrical data allows for correlation of the domain structure on the surface of the film with electrical properties variation measured through the thickness of the film.

Organic photovoltaic (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance of photovoltaic devices. In this paper, we describe a protocol for quantitative measurements of electrical and mechanical properties of OPV materials with sub-100 nm resolution.

동시 수량 전도성과 AFM을 사용하여 유기 태양 광 재료의 기계적 성질 측정

Organic photovoltaic  (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale  inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance ...

연구

공학

Detection and Recovery of Palladium, Gold and Cobalt Metals from the Urban Mine Using Novel Sensors/Adsorbents Designated with Nanoscale Wagon-wheel-shaped Pores

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in industrialized countries. Here, the development of optical mesosensors/adsorbents (MSAs) for efficient recognition and selective recovery of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) from urban mine was achieved. A simple, general method for preparing MSAs based on using high-order mesoporous monolithic scaffolds was described. Hierarchical cubic Ia3d wagon-wheel-shaped MSAs were fabricated by anchoring chelating agents (colorants) into three-dimensional pores and micrometric particle surfaces of the mesoporous monolithic scaffolds. Findings show, for the first time, evidence of controlled optical recognition of Pd(II), Au(III), and Co(II) ions and a highly selective system for recovery of Pd(II) ions (up to ~95%) in ores and industrial wastes. Furthermore, the controlled assessment processes described herein involve evaluation of intrinsic properties (e.g., visual signal change, long-term stability, adsorption efficiency, extraordinary sensitivity, selectivity, and reusability); thus, expensive, sophisticated instruments are not required. Results show evidence that MSAs will attract worldwide attention as a promising technological means of recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals.

Because of the importance and extensive use of palladium, gold and cobalt metals in high-technology equipment, their recovery and recycling constitute an important industrial challenge. The metal recovery system described herein is a simple, low-cost means for the effective detection, removal, and recovery of these metals from the urban mine.

감지 및 팔라듐의 복구, 도시 광산에서 금과 코발트 금속은 나노 수레 바퀴 모양의 기공 지정 소설 센서 / 흡착제를 사용하여

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in ...

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor compression based cooling process. Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) based alloy systems, especially, show large elastocaloric effects. Furthermore, exhibit large latent heats which is a necessary material property for the development of an efficient solid-state based cooling process. A scientific test rig has been designed to investigate these processes and the elastocaloric effects in SMAs. The realized test rig enables independent control of an SMA&#39;s mechanical loading and unloading cycles, as well as conductive heat transfer between SMA cooling elements and a heat source/sink. The test rig is equipped with a comprehensive monitoring system capable of synchronized measurements of mechanical and thermal parameters. In addition to determining the process-dependent mechanical work, the system also enables measurement of thermal caloric aspects of the elastocaloric cooling effect through use of a high-performance infrared camera. This combination is of particular interest, because it allows illustrations of localization and rate effects &#8212; both important for efficient heat transfer from the medium to be cooled.
The work presented describes an experimental method to identify elastocaloric material properties in different materials and sample geometries. Furthermore, the test rig is used to investigate different cooling process variations. The introduced analysis methods enable a differentiated consideration of material, process and related boundary condition influences on the process efficiency. The comparison of the experimental data with the simulation results (of a thermomechanically coupled finite element model) allows for better understanding of the underlying physics of the elastocaloric effect. In addition, the experimental results, as well as the findings based on the simulation results, are used to improve the material properties.

Experimental methods for investigation of solid state cooling processes and characterization of elastocaloric material properties of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are presented. A custom-built test rig has been designed for controlling and comprehensive monitoring of elastocaloric cooling processes. Furthermore, it provides a validation platform for thermomechanically coupled modeling approaches.

형상 기억의 조사를 기반으로 Elastocaloric 냉각 프로세스 및 모델 검증을위한 실험 방법

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor ...

Dielectric RheoSANS &#8212; Simultaneous Interrogation of Impedance, Rheology and Small Angle Neutron Scattering of Complex Fluids

A procedure for the operation of a new dielectric RheoSANS instrument capable of simultaneous interrogation of the electrical, mechanical and microstructural properties of complex fluids is presented. The instrument consists of a Couette geometry contained within a modified forced convection oven mounted on a commercial rheometer. This instrument is available for use on the small angle neutron scattering (SANS) beamlines at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Center for Neutron Research (NCNR). The Couette geometry is machined to be transparent to neutrons and provides for measurement of the electrical properties and microstructural properties of a sample confined between titanium cylinders while the sample undergoes arbitrary deformation. Synchronization of these measurements is enabled through the use of a customizable program that monitors and controls the execution of predetermined experimental protocols. Described here is a protocol to perform a flow sweep experiment where the shear rate is logarithmically stepped from a maximum value to a minimum value holding at each step for a specified period of time while frequency dependent dielectric measurements are made. Representative results are shown from a sample consisting of a gel composed of carbon black aggregates dispersed in propylene carbonate. As the gel undergoes steady shear, the carbon black network is mechanically deformed, which causes an initial decrease in conductivity associated with the breaking of bonds comprising the carbon black network. However, at higher shear rates, the conductivity recovers associated with the onset of shear thickening. Overall, these results demonstrate the utility of the simultaneous measurement of the rheo-electro-microstructural properties of these suspensions using the dielectric RheoSANS geometry.

Dielectric RheoSANS &amp;#8212; Simultaneous Interrogation of Impedance, Rheology and Small Angle Neutron Scattering of Complex Fluids

Here, we present a procedure for the measurement of simultaneous impedance, rheology and neutron scattering from soft matter materials under shear flow.

유전체 RheoSANS - 임피던스, 레올 로지 및 복잡한 유체의 작은 각도 중성자 산란의 동시 심문

A procedure for the operation of a new dielectric RheoSANS instrument capable of simultaneous interrogation of the electrical, mechanical and ...

Resonance Fluorescence of an InGaAs Quantum Dot in a Planar Cavity Using Orthogonal Excitation and Detection

The ability to perform simultaneous resonant excitation and fluorescence detection is important for quantum optical measurements of quantum dots (QDs). Resonant excitation without fluorescence detection &#8211; for example, a differential transmission measurement &#8211; can determine some properties of the emitting system, but does not allow applications or measurements based on the emitted photons. For example, the measurement of photon correlations, observation of the Mollow triplet, and realization of single photon sources all require collection of the fluorescence. Incoherent excitation with fluorescence detection &#8211; for example, above band-gap excitation &#8211; can be used to create single photon sources, but the disturbance of the environment due to the excitation reduces the indistinguishability of the photons. Single photon sources based on QDs will have to be resonantly excited to have high photon indistinguishability, and simultaneous collection of the photons will be necessary to make use of them. We demonstrate a method to resonantly excite a single QD embedded in a planar cavity by coupling the excitation beam into this cavity from the cleaved face of the sample while collecting the fluorescence along the sample&#39;s surface normal direction. By carefully matching the excitation beam to the waveguide mode of the cavity, the excitation light can couple into the cavity and interact with the QD. The scattered photons can couple to the Fabry-Perot mode of the cavity and escape in the surface normal direction. This method allows complete freedom in the detection polarization, but the excitation polarization is restricted by the propagation direction of the excitation beam. The fluorescence from the wetting layer provides a guide to align the collection path with respect to the excitation beam. The orthogonality of the excitation and detection modes enables resonant excitation of a single QD with negligible laser scattering background.

Resonant excitation of a single self-assembled quantum dot can be achieved using an excitation mode orthogonal to the fluorescence collection mode. We demonstrate a method using the waveguide and Fabry-Perot modes of a planar microcavity surrounding the quantum dots. The method allows complete freedom in the detection polarization.

직교 여기 및 탐지를 사용 하 여 평면 캐비티에 InGaAs 양자 점의 공명 형광

The ability to perform simultaneous resonant excitation and fluorescence detection is important for quantum optical measurements of quantum dots (QDs). ...

Fabrication Procedures and Birefringence Measurements for Designing Magnetically Responsive Lanthanide Ion Chelating Phospholipid Assemblies

Bicelles are tunable disk-like polymolecular assemblies formed from a large variety of lipid mixtures. Applications range from membrane protein structural studies by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to nanotechnological developments including the formation of optically active and magnetically switchable gels. Such technologies require high control of the assembly size, magnetic response and thermal resistance. Mixtures of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and its lanthanide ion (Ln3+) chelating phospholipid conjugate, 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-ethanolamine-diethylene triaminepentaacetate (DMPE-DTPA), assemble into highly magnetically responsive assemblies such as DMPC/DMPE-DTPA/Ln3+ (molar ratio 4:1:1) bicelles. Introduction of cholesterol (Chol-OH) and steroid derivatives in the bilayer results in another set of assemblies offering unique physico-chemical properties. For a given lipid composition, the magnetic alignability is proportional to the bicelle size. The complexation of Ln3+ results in unprecedented magnetic responses in terms of both magnitude and alignment direction. The thermo-reversible collapse of the disk-like structures into vesicles upon heating allows tailoring of the assemblies&#39; dimensions by extrusion through membrane filters with defined pore sizes. The magnetically alignable bicelles are regenerated by cooling to 5 &#176;C, resulting in assembly dimensions defined by the vesicle precursors. Herein, this fabrication procedure is explained and the magnetic alignability of the assemblies is quantified by birefringence measurements under a 5.5 T magnetic field. The birefringence signal, originating from the phospholipid bilayer, further enables monitoring of polymolecular changes occurring in the bilayer. This simple technique is complementary to NMR experiments that are commonly employed to characterize bicelles.

Fabrication procedures for highly magnetically responsive lanthanide ion chelating polymolecular assemblies are presented. The magnetic response is dictated by the assembly size, which is tailored by extrusion through nanopore membranes. The assemblies&#39; magnetic alignability and temperature-induced structural changes are monitored by birefringence measurements, a complimentary technique to nuclear magnetic resonance and small angle neutron scattering.

제작 절차 및 복굴절 측정 자석으로 응답 란타넘족 이온 킬레이트 화 인지질 어셈블리 설계에 대 한

Bicelles are tunable disk-like polymolecular assemblies formed from a large variety of lipid mixtures. Applications range from membrane protein structural ...

Atmospheric Pressure Fabrication of Large-Sized Single-Layer Rectangular SnSe Flakes

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for applications in two-dimensional nanoelectronics devices. Although many methods to synthesize SnSe nanocrystals have been developed, a simple way to fabricate large-sized single-layer SnSe flakes remains a great challenge. Herein, we show the experimental method to directly grow large-sized single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes on commonly used SiO2/Si insulating substrates using a straightforward two-step fabrication method in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system. The single-layer rectangular SnSe flakes with an average thickness of ~6.8 &#197; and lateral dimensions of about 30 &#181;m &#215; 50 &#181;m were fabricated by a combination of vapor transport deposition technique and nitrogen etching route. We characterized the morphology, microstructure, and electrical properties of the rectangular SnSe flakes and obtained excellent crystallinity and good electronic properties. This article about the two-step fabrication method can help researchers grow other similar two-dimensional, large-sized, single-layer materials using an atmospheric pressure system.

A protocol is presented demonstrating a two-step fabrication technique to grow large-sized single-layer rectangular shaped SnSe flakes on low-cost SiO2/Si dielectrics wafers in an atmospheric pressure quartz tube furnace system.

단일 레이어 사각형 SnSe 대형 조각의 대기압 제조

Tin selenide (SnSe) belongs to the family of layered metal chalcogenide materials with a buckled structure like phosphorene, and has shown potential for ...

Hybrid Printing for the Fabrication of Smart Sensors

A method to combine additively manufactured substrates or foils and multilayer inkjet printing for the fabrication of sensor devices is presented. First, three substrates (acrylate, ceramics, and copper) are prepared. To determine the resulting material properties of these substrates, profilometer, contact angle, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and focused ion beam (FIB) measurements are done. The achievable printing resolution and suitable drop volume for each substrate are, then, found through the drop size tests. Then, layers of insulating and conductive ink are inkjet printed alternately to fabricate the target sensor structures. After each printing step, the respective layers are individually treated by photonic curing. The parameters used for the curing of each layer are adapted depending on the printed ink, as well as on the surface properties of the respective substrate. To confirm the resulting conductivity and to determine the quality of the printed surface, four-point probe and profilometer measurements are done. Finally, a measurement set-up and results achieved by such an all-printed sensor system are shown to demonstrate the achievable quality.

Here we present a protocol for the fabrication of inkjet-printed multilayer sensor structures on additively manufactured substrates and foil.

스마트 센서의 제조에 인쇄 하는 하이브리드

A method to combine additively manufactured substrates or foils and multilayer inkjet printing for the fabrication of sensor devices is presented. First, ...

Cutting Procedures, Tensile Testing, and Ageing of Flexible Unidirectional Composite Laminates

Many body armor designs incorporate unidirectional (UD) laminates. UD laminates are constructed of thin (&#60;0.05 mm) layers of high-performance yarns, where the yarns in each layer are oriented parallel to each other and held in place using binder resins and thin polymer films. The armor is constructed by stacking the unidirectional layers in different orientations. To date, only very preliminary work has been performed to characterize the ageing of the binder resins used in unidirectional laminates and the effects on their performance. For example, during the development of the conditioning protocol used in the National Institute of Justice Standard-0101.06, UD laminates showed visual signs of delamination and reductions in V50, which is the velocity at which half of the projectiles are expected to perforate the armor, after ageing. A better understanding of the material property changes in UD laminates is necessary to comprehend the long-term performance of armors constructed from these materials. There are no current standards recommended for mechanically interrogating unidirectional (UD) laminate materials. This study explores methods and best practices for accurately testing the mechanical properties of these materials and proposes a new test methodology for these materials. Best practices for ageing these materials are also described.

The goal of the study was to develop protocols to prepare consistent specimens for accurate mechanical testing of high-strength aramid or ultra-high-molar-mass polyethylene-based flexible unidirectional composite laminate materials and to describe protocols for performing artificial ageing on these materials.

Many body armor designs incorporate unidirectional (UD) laminates. UD laminates are constructed of thin (&#60;0.05 mm) layers of high-performance yarns, ...

Procedure for the Transfer of Polymer Films Onto Porous Substrates with Minimized Defects

The fabrication of devices containing thin film composite membranes necessitates the transfer of these films onto the surfaces of arbitrary support substrates. Accomplishing this transfer in a highly controlled, mechanized, and reproducible manner can eliminate the creation of macroscale defect structures (e.g., tears, cracks, and wrinkles) within the thin film that compromise device performance and the usable area per sample. Here, we describe a general protocol for the highly controlled and mechanized transfer of a polymeric thin film onto an arbitrary porous support substrate for eventual use as a water filtration membrane device. Specifically, we fabricate a block copolymer (BCP) thin film on top of a sacrificial, water-soluble poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) layer and silicon wafer substrate. We then utilize a custom-designed, 3D-printed transfer tool and drain chamber system to deposit, lift-off, and transfer the BCP thin film onto the center of a porous anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) support disc. The transferred BCP thin film is shown to be consistently placed onto the center of the support surface due to the guidance of the meniscus formed between the water and the 3D-printed plastic drain chamber. We also compare our mechanized transfer-processed thin films to those that have been transferred by hand with the use of tweezers. Optical inspection and image analysis of the transferred thin films from the mechanized process confirm that little-to-no macroscale inhomogeneities or plastic deformations are produced, as compared to the multitude of tears and wrinkles produced from manual transfer by hand. Our results suggest that the proposed strategy for thin film transfer can reduce defects when compared to other methods across many systems and applications.

We present a procedure for highly controlled and wrinkle-free transfer of block copolymer thin films onto porous support substrates using a 3D-printed drain chamber. The drain chamber design is of general relevance to all procedures involving transfer of macromolecular films onto porous substrates, which is normally done by hand in an irreproducible fashion.

결함이 최소화된 다공성 기판에 폴리머 필름 을 이송하는 절차

The fabrication of devices containing thin film composite membranes necessitates the transfer of these films onto the surfaces of arbitrary support ...