mouse inner ear extraction and stria vascularis dissection

Stria Vascularis Microdissection for Single-Nucleus Sequencing or Immunostaining

The cochlea consists of three fluid filled chambers, the scala vestibuli, scala media, and scala tympani. The scala vestibuli and scala tympani each contain perilymph, which has a high concentration of sodium (138 mM) and a low concentration of potassium (6.8 mM)1. The scala media contains endolymph, which has a high concentration of potassium (154 mM) and a low concentration of sodium (0.91 mM)1,2,3. This difference in ion concentration can be referred to as the endocochlear potential (EP), and is primarily generated by the movement of potassium ions through various ion channels and gap junctions in the stria vascularis (SV) along the lateral wall of the cochlea4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11. The SV is a heterogenous, highly vascularized tissue that lines the medial aspect of the lateral wall of the cochlea and contains three main cell types: marginal, intermediate, and basal cells12 (Figure 1).
Marginal cells are connected by tight junctions to form the most medial surface of the SV. The apical membrane faces the endolymph of the scala media and contributes to potassium ion transport into the endolymph using various channels, including KCNE1/KCNQ1, SLC12A2, and Na+-K+-ATPase (NKA)5,10,13,14. Intermediate cells are pigmented cells that reside between marginal and basal cells and facilitate potassium transport through the SV using KCNJ10 (Kir 4.1)15,16. Basal cells lie in close proximity to the lateral wall of the cochlea and are closely associated with fibrocytes of the spiral ligament to promote potassium recycling from the perilymph12. Pathology of the SV has been implicated in numerous otologic disorders17,18. Mutations in genes expressed in the major SV cell types, such as Kcnq1, Kcne1, Kcnj10, and Cldn11, can cause deafness and SV dysfunction, including the loss of EP19,20,21,22,23. In addition to the three major cell types, there are other less-studied cell types in the SV, such as spindle cells22, root cells12,24, macrophages25, pericytes26, and endothelial cells27, that have incompletely defined roles involving ionic homeostasis and the generation of EP28.
In comparison to bulk RNA-sequencing, single-nuclei RNA-sequencing (sNuc-Seq) provides information about cell heterogeneity, rather than an average of mRNA across a group of cells29, and can be particularly useful when studying the heterogenous SV30. For example, sNuc-Seq has produced transcriptional analysis that suggests there may be a role for spindle and root cells in EP generation, hearing loss, and Meniere&#39;s disease18. Further transcriptional characterization of the various SV cell types can provide us with invaluable information on the pathophysiology underlying different mechanisms and subtypes of SV-related hearing fluctuation and hearing loss. The harvest of these delicate inner ear structures is of paramount importance to optimal tissue analysis.
In this study, the microdissection approach to access and isolate the stria vascularis from the adult mouse cochlea for sNuc-Seq or immunostaining is described. Dissection of the adult mouse SV is required to understand various SV cell types and further characterize their role in hearing.

Author Spotlight: Dissection of Adult Mouse Stria Vascularis for Single-Nucleus Sequencing or Immunostaining  

Dissection of Adult Mouse Stria Vascularis for Single-Nucleus Sequencing or Immunostaining

The stria vascularis functions to generate the endocochlear potential and regulate ion homeostasis in the cochlea. The auditory development and restoration program seeks to understand the underlying mechanisms connecting dysfunctional ion homeostasis with hearing and stability disorders, which are diseases where either fluctuation in or sudden hearing loss occurs. Work in my lab has established the transcriptional landscape of the stria vascularis and has contributed to our understanding of its importance in hearing.We have used these data to draw parallels to poorly-understood hearing and stability disorders, including Meniere's disease. This protocol enables the dissection and isolation of whole-mount stria vascularis for further molecular studies including immunohistochemistry. Given that stria vascularis cell types are intricately intertwined with one another, the use of nuclear isolation and single-nucleus RNA sequencing has facilitated our understanding of the distinct transcriptional machinery involved.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Inner Ear Extraction and Stria Vascularis Dissection at JoVE.com

Mouse Inner Ear Extraction and Stria Vascularis Dissection  

To begin, identify the inner ear within the temporal bone of a euthanized mouse. Scrape away the cranial nerves using number 55 forceps. Then use number 55 forceps to dissect out the bulla and capsule, detaching them from surrounding bone.Remove any remaining soft tissue from the inner ear surface. For SV dissection, use number 55 forceps to hold the specimen by the vestibular portion with the cochlear facing up. Pierce through the cochlear bone at the apex using the same forceps.Scrape along the apical turn, applying gentle force to break away small pieces of the outer bone layer. Gently lift the bone and detach it from the lateral wall. Using number 55 forceps remove cochlear bone pieces from the apical and middle turns.Gently pushing down the lateral wall, pry and remove the bone wall pieces towards the middle turn to expose the lateral wall of the apical and middle turns. Push the apical turn lateral wall aside to expose the spiral ganglion. Detach the lateral wall of the apical and middle turns from the spiral ganglion along the outer hair cell layer.Then remove pieces of spiral ganglion from inside the cochlear. Detach the cochlear from the vestibular portion of the temporal bone by inserting the forceps into the round and oval window and pushing down towards the vestibule to have better access to the lateral wall of the basal turn. After the cochlear is detached remove the vestibular portion of the inner ear.Prioritize preserving as much of the strayer as possible. Continue removing til the bone of the middle turn is detached from the SV.Next, remove pieces of the remaining cochlear bone covering the basal turn. This can be accomplished by pushing the lateral wall layer under the bone to detach it.Pry and gently pull the tissue to remove the farthest basal part of the lateral wall being careful not to damage the soft tissue below. With the basal part of the lateral wall detached, separate the lateral wall from the remaining cochlear by tracing the forceps along the lateral wall. Gently brush the forceps between the bone and the remaining lateral wall until it reaches the apex.Then move the lateral wall to a fresh PBS. Lay the lateral wall flat revealing the SV as a darker layer of tissue on the internal side of the lateral wall. Gently pry the SV layer away from the lateral wall.Push aside the detached SV and advance the forceps along the lateral wall attempting to detach the SV as one long ribbon, trying not to squeeze the SV.Use a tissue scoop to collect the fragile tissue. Cochlear were dissected from adult mouse aged greater than or equal to postnatal day 30. Inner ear was extracted from the surrounding temporal bone.SV was exposed after the removal of bone covering the middle turn. The SV was fully separated from the lateral wall after dissection.

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Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

527 조회수.  National Institutes of Health. 시작하려면 안락사된 쥐의 측두골 내에서 내이를 식별합니다. 55번 집게를 사용하여 뇌신경을 긁어냅니다. 그런 다음 55번 집게를 사용하여 수포와 캡슐을 해부하여 주변 뼈에서 분리합니다.내이 표면에 남아 있는 연조직을 제거합니다. SV 절제의 경우 55번 집게를 사용하여 달팽이관이 위를 향하도록 하여 전정 부분으로 표본을 잡습니다. 동일한 집게를 사용하여 정점의...