이 작품은 FA9550-12-1-0352와 3M 비 종신 교수 상 아래 AFOSR 젊은 조사자 프로그램에 의해 지원되었다. 저자는이 프로젝트에 관한 도움을 토론 Lalisa Stutts과 재닌 톰에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다. 저자는 시설의 사용을 허용을 위해 캘리포니아 대학 어바인에 Calit2 현미경 센터 및 레이저 분광학 시설을 주셔서 감사합니다. 호지 할 랜드 및 UCI 물리 과학 기계 공장은 도구의 제작을 위해 확인됩니다. 폴리는 (유산균) 산 섬유는 넉넉한 테이 모노 필라멘트에 의해 제공되었다.

1. 희생 섬유를 촉매 <ol><li> 낮은 주위 폴리 (젖산) 산 섬유 ¾ 정의 스핀들의 원하는 금액을 래핑합니다. 최대 표면적 노출을 제공하기 위해 섬유 중복을 줄일 수 있습니다. </li><li> 밀폐 된 병에 Disperbyk 130 40 ml의 탈 이온화 된 H 2 O를 혼합하고 균질 한 용액이 얻어 질 때까지 흔 듭니다. 그런 다음 37 ° C에서의 물을 욕조에 1,000 ml로 비커를 놓고 비커에 트리 플루오을 붓는다. 사용하는 H 2 O와 TFE의 양이 사용되는 PLA 섬유의 직경에 따라 달라집니다. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 섬유 직경 </td><td> H 2 O (ML)의 양 </td><td> TFE의 양 (ML) </td></tr><tr><td> 200 </td><td> 400 </td><td> 400 </td></tr><tr><td> 300 </td><td> 360 </td><td> 440 </td></tr><tr><td> 500 </td><td> 320 </td><td> 480 </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li> 추가H 2 O / Disperbyk 187 비이커에 용액 균일 때까지 저어. </li><li> 혼합물 녹색 공작석 1 g을 용해 될 때까지 저어. </li><li> 비커 섬유 ½ 아래에서 인치로 정의 스핀들을 배치하고 디지털 믹서로 스핀들을 연결합니다. 그런 다음 400 rpm에서 디지털 믹서를 시작합니다. </li><li> 천천히 혼합물에 주석 (II) 수산 (SnOx) 촉매 1.3 g을 추가합니다. SnOx의 추가 솔루션에서 충돌에서 물질의 큰 응집을 방지하기 위해 점진적으로해야합니다. </li><li> pH가 ~ 6.8-7.2 될 때까지 수산화 나트륨을 사용하여 혼합물의 pH를 조정합니다. </li><li> 비이커에 뚜껑을 확보하고 24 시간 동안 500 rpm까지 스핀들 회전을 증가시킨다. SnOx의 응집이 관찰되는 경우, 수동으로 처음 2 시간 내에 그것을 휴식. </li><li> 35 ° C에서 하룻밤 오븐에 스핀들과 건조를 제거합니다. </li><li> 촉매 PLA 섬유의 과잉 촉매를 풀고 제거합니다. </li></ol> 2. 미세 혈관 가스 ExchanGE의 단위 제조 <ol><li> 클립 홀더에 원하는 미세 혈관 패턴 및 부착 플레이트 레이저 컷 황동 패턴 황동 플레이트의 쌍을 가져옵니다. </li><li> 마이크로 당 촉매 섬유의 10 인치 길이를 잘라 섬유 직경 (그릴 플레이트)로 절단 두꺼운 판을 사용하여 모든 남아있는 촉매를 제거합니다. </li><li> 천천히에 뜨거운 아교 총의 팁을 사용하여 테이퍼 섬유의 가장자리 섬유 팁을 돌출. </li><li> 황동 패턴 플레이트 쌍 구멍을 일치를 통해 섬유 스레드. </li><li> 성형 상자 위에 접시를 고정합니다. 번호판을 부착 할 때 섬유가 꼬여 있지 않은지 확인합니다. </li><li> 문자열 조정을 통해 섬유 팁은 사용자 정의 장력 보드의 말뚝을 박는 다. </li><li> 긴장 될 때까지 긴장 PLA 섬유를. 이상없는 긴장에주의하고 섬유 웁니다. </li><li> 압축 공기를 사용하여 섬유 패턴에서 초과 미립자를 제거합니다. </li><li> 10:1의 경화제, v를 혼합 폴리 디메틸 실록산 (PDMS) 기본 : V 비율. </lI&gt; <li> 10 분 데시 케이 항아리에 진공 탈 가스가 혼합. </li><li> 형 상자에 PDMS 혼합물을 부어. 기포의 포획을 줄이기 위해 섬유에 직접 붓지 마십시오. </li><li> 26 G 바늘을 사용하여, 성형 상자 내에서 또는 섬유 사이의 거품을 제거합니다. </li><li> 30 분 동안 85 ° C에서 PDMS 혼합물을 치료. </li><li> 번호판을 구부리거나 너무 세게 당기지 않도록주의하면서, 금형 상자에서 놋쇠 판을 풉니 다. 형 상자에서 치료 1 차 단계를 제거합니다. </li><li> 피하 주사 바늘과 엔드 캡에 구멍을 천공하여 RTV의 엔드 캡을 통해 섬유 스레드. 섬유 크기에 따라 최소한의 섬유의 외경 내경 배가 바늘 게이지를 사용합니다. 황동 패턴 플레이트와 유사한 패턴을 유지하지만, 더 넓게 퍼져. </li><li> 큰 형 상자의 끝으로 끝 캡을 고정하고 PDMS의 2 차 단계를 따르십시오. </li><li> 남아있는 가스 거품을 제거하고30 분 동안 85 ° C에서 치료. </li><li> PLA 섬유는 대부분 대피 한 24 시간 동안 ° C, 또는 때까지 210의 진공 오븐에서 샘플과 장소에서 초과 PLA 섬유를 잘라. </li><li> 모든 PLA는 제거 할 수없는 경우, 부드럽게 클로로포름 1 mL를 주입하여 미세에서 녹입니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bellan, L. M., Singh, S. P., Henderson, P. W., Porri, T. J., Craighead, H. G., Spector, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+an+artificial+3-dimensional+vascular+network+using+sacrificial+sugar+structures.">Fabrication of an artificial 3-dimensional vascular network using sacrificial sugar structures.</a> Soft Matter. 5 (7), 1354 (2009).</li><li>Bellan, L. M., Strychalski, E. A., Craighead, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nano-channels+fabricated+in+polydimethylsiloxane+using+sacrificial+electrospun+polyethylene+oxide+nanofibers.">Nano-channels fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane using sacrificial electrospun polyethylene oxide nanofibers.</a> J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B Microelectron. Nanometer Struct. Process. Meas. Phenom. 26 (5), 1728 (2008).</li><li>Borenstein, J. T., Weinberg, E. J., Orrick, B. K., Sundback, C., Kaazempur-Mofrad, M. R., Vacanti, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfabrication+of+three-dimensional+engineered+Scaffolds.">Microfabrication of three-dimensional engineered Scaffolds.</a> Tissue Eng. 13 (8), 1837-1844 (2007).</li><li>Wu, H., Odom, T. W., Chiu, D. T., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+complex+three-dimensional+microchannel+systems+in+PDMS.">Fabrication of complex three-dimensional microchannel systems in PDMS.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2), 554-559 (2003).</li><li>Trask, R. S., Bond, I. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomimetic+self-healing+of+advanced+composite+structures+using+hollow+glass+fibres.">Biomimetic self-healing of advanced composite structures using hollow glass fibres.</a> Smart Mater. Struct. 15 (3), 704-710 (2006).</li><li>Dong, H., Esser-Kahn, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+treatment+of+poly(lactic+acid)+fibers+to+enhance+the+rate+of+thermal+depolymerization.">Chemical treatment of poly(lactic acid) fibers to enhance the rate of thermal depolymerization.</a> ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 4 (2), 503-509 (2012).</li><li>Esser-Kahn, A. P., Thakre, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+microvascular+fiber-reinforced+composites.">Three-dimensional microvascular fiber-reinforced composites.</a> Adv. Mater. 23 (32), 3654-3658 (2011).</li><li>White, S. R., Blaiszik, B. J., Kramer, S. L. B., Olugebefola, S. C., Moore, J. S., Sottos, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-healing+polymers+and+composites.">Self-healing polymers and composites.</a> Am. Sci. 99 (5), 392 (2011).</li><li>Nguyen, D. T., Leho, Y. T., Esser-Kahn, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+three-dimensional+microvascular+gas+exchange+unit+for+carbon+dioxide+capture.">A three-dimensional microvascular gas exchange unit for carbon dioxide capture.</a> Lab Chip. 12 (7), 1246 (2012).</li><li>Nguyen, D. T., Leho, Y. T., Esser-Kahn, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+membrane+thickness+on+a+microvascular+gas+exchange+unit.">The effect of membrane thickness on a microvascular gas exchange unit.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. , (2012).</li></ol>

우리는이 기술 싶게 미국 특허 미국 가출원 일련 번호 590분의 61, 086에 대한 임시 특허를 신청했다.

PLA 섬유에 SnOx 촉매의 도입은 섬유가 낮은 온도에서 depolymerize 할 수 있습니다. 이것은이 경우 PDMS에 임베딩 수지의 열화를 방지 할 수 있습니다. 사용자 정의 스핀들이 제대로 처리 솔루션 (그림 5A)를 혼합해야합니다. 스핀들은 디지털 믹서에 연결하는 중앙 코어를 둘러싸는 여섯 지원 봉으로 구성되어 있습니다. 섬유는 촉매 용액과 접촉하는 포장 섬유의 표면 영역을 최대화하도록 ?...

자연 시스템은 많은 생물학적 기능을 촉진하기 위해 광범위한 혈관 네트워크를 사용합니다. 대중 교통은 볼륨 비율 및 최적화 포장 구조 표면적으로 인해 이러한 시스템에서 효율적으로 달성 될 수있다. 많은 합성 제조 기술은 미세 혈관 구조를 생성 할 수 있지만 기존의 제조 방법 1-5 복잡성과 호환성을 유지하면서, 아무도 대규모 미세 혈관을 생성 할 수 없습니다. 이러한 조류 폐와 같은 구조는 영감을 제공합니다. 우리가 어떻게 대중 교통을 향상이 복잡한 구조를 조작합니까? 희생 구성 요소의 증발 (VASC)는 대규모의 복잡한 혈관 구조 6-7 생성 할 수 있습니다. 이 방법은 열 해​​중합과 폴리의 증발 제거 (젖산) 섬유 템플릿의 역이다 빈 채널을 형성하는 산 섬유를 사용합니다. 이 기존의 제조와 호환 희생 기술입니다방법. 미터 길이의 원통형 미세 패턴이 제조 공정을 이용하여 형성 될 수있다. 이 예 7-10자가 치유 고분자 및 3D 미세 혈관 탄소 포집 장치와 같은 혈관 장치를 만드는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 탄소 포집 장치는 비행의 사용에 효율적인 가스 교환에 무게 비율 때문에 제공 조류 폐에 의해 영감을했다. parabronchus이 높은 가스 환율과 구조적으로 안정적인 가스 교환 장치를 제공 육각형 패턴 미세으로 구성되어 있습니다. 세 가지 차원에서 정렬 된 마이크로 기능과 함께 교환 단위를 생성하기 위해, 우리는 독립적 기타 튜너와 레이저 미세 가공 플레이트 맞춤 설계 장력 보드를 사용하여 섬유를 긴장하는 방법을 개발했다. 각각의 섬유는 외부 장력에 의해 장소에서 개최되고 패턴은 섬유가 실행되는 통해 플레이트에 구멍의 위치에 의해 설정됩니다.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tin (II) oxalate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>402761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disperbyk 130</td>
			<td>BYK Additives &#38; Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trifluoroethanol</td>
			<td>Halocarbon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Malachite Green (technical grade)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M6880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide (&#8805;98%, pellets)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>3097358-1004</td>
			<td>Distributed from Ellsworth Adhesives</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(lactic) acid fibers</td>
			<td>Teijin Monofilament</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RW 20 Digital Mixer</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>3593001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desiccator Jar</td>
			<td>Pyrex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum Oven</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third Hand</td>
			<td>Jameco Electronics</td>
			<td>26690</td>
			<td>Plate holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glue Gun</td>
			<td>Stanley</td>
			<td>GR20L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLA Spindle</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tensioning Board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

process of making three-dimensional microstructures using vaporization of a sacrificial component

자연 시스템의 혈관 구조는 높은 표면적과 최적화 된 구조를 통해 높은 대량 전송을 제공 할 수 있습니다. 몇 가지 합성 물질 제조 기술은 확장 성을 유지하면서 이러한 구조의 복잡성을 모방 할 수 있습니다. 희생 구성 요소 (VASC) 프로세스의 증발은 그렇게 할 수 있습니다. 이 과정은 매트릭스 내에 포함 된 중공 원통형 미세을 형성하는 템플릿으로 희생 섬유를 사용합니다. 주석 (II) 수산 (SnOx)는 폴리 (젖산)이 프로세스의 사용을 용이하게 산 (PLA) 섬유 내에 포함되어 있습니다. SnOx 낮은 온도에서 PLA 섬유의 해중합을 촉진. 젖산 단량체는이 온도에서 기체이며 행렬을 손상하지 않는 온도에서 내장 행렬에서 제거 할 수 있습니다. 여기에서 우리는 3 차원 배열 마이크로의 복잡한 패턴을 만들 미세 접시와 장력 장치를 사용하여 이러한 섬유를 정렬하는 방법을 보여줍니다.이 과정은 섬유의 거의 모든 배열의 탐사 토폴로지 구조를 할 수 있습니다.

이 절차는 수지 내에 포함 된 미세 혈관 구조를 제조하는 방법을 제공합니다. 이러한 구조는 다양한 패턴 (그림 2)을 준수 할 수 있습니다. 미세 혈관 네트워크의 구조는 희생 섬유 형성 할 수 구조에 의해 제한됩니다. 가스 투과성 채널 간 막을 통과로 미세 혈관 채널, 유체 흐름 사이의 가스 수송의 병렬 배열을 사용하는 것이 용이합니다. 이러한 장치는 리소그?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Process of Making Three-dimensional Microstructures using Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component at JoVE.com

Process of Making Three-dimensional Microstructures using Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component

희생 구성 요소 (VASC) 프로세스의 증발은 미세 혈관 구조를 조작하는 데 사용됩니다. 이 절차는 레이저 미세 가이드 플레이트가 제공하는 정확한 3D 기하학적 위치와 중공 미세을 형성하는 희생 폴리 (젖산) 산 섬유를 사용합니다.

희생 구성 요소의 증발을 사용하여 세 가지 차원 미세 만들기의 과정

Vascular structures in natural systems are able to provide high mass transport through high surface areas and optimized structure. Few synthetic material ...

process-making-three-dimensional-microstructures-using-vaporization

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.0K 조회수.  University of California, Irvine.  희생 구성 요소 (VASC) 프로세스의 증발은 미세 혈관 구조를 조작하는 데 사용됩니다. 이 절차는 레이저 미세 가이드 플레이트가 제공하는 정확한 3D 기하학적 위치와 중공 미세을 형성하는 희생 폴리 (젖산) 산 섬유를 사용합니다. 

비디오: Process of Making Three-dimensional Microstructures using Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component

Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D Carbon Nanotube Microstructures

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip devices, and their applications. In particular, capabilities for cost-effective fabrication of polymer microstructures were transformed by the advent of soft lithography and other micromolding techniques 1, 2, and this led a revolution in applications of microfabrication to biomedical engineering and biology. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to fabricate microstructures with well-defined nanoscale surface textures, and to fabricate arbitrary 3D shapes at the micro-scale. Robustness of master molds and maintenance of shape integrity is especially important to achieve high fidelity replication of complex structures and preserving their nanoscale surface texture. The combination of hierarchical textures, and heterogeneous shapes, is a profound challenge to existing microfabrication methods that largely rely upon top-down etching using fixed mask templates. On the other hand, the bottom-up synthesis of nanostructures such as nanotubes and nanowires can offer new capabilities to microfabrication, in particular by taking advantage of the collective self-organization of nanostructures, and local control of their growth behavior with respect to microfabricated patterns. 
Our goal is to introduce vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which we refer to as CNT "forests", as a new microfabrication material. We present details of a suite of related methods recently developed by our group: fabrication of CNT forest microstructures by thermal CVD from lithographically patterned catalyst thin films; self-directed elastocapillary densification of CNT microstructures; and replica molding of polymer microstructures using CNT composite master molds. In particular, our work shows that self-directed capillary densification ("capillary forming"), which is performed by condensation of a solvent onto the substrate with CNT microstructures, significantly increases the packing density of CNTs. This process enables directed transformation of vertical CNT microstructures into straight, inclined, and twisted shapes, which have robust mechanical properties exceeding those of typical microfabrication polymers. This in turn enables formation of nanocomposite CNT master molds by capillary-driven infiltration of polymers. The replica structures exhibit the anisotropic nanoscale texture of the aligned CNTs, and can have walls with sub-micron thickness and aspect ratios exceeding 50:1. Integration of CNT microstructures in fabrication offers further opportunity to exploit the electrical and thermal properties of CNTs, and diverse capabilities for chemical and biochemical functionalization 3.

We present methods for fabrication of patterned microstructures of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their use as master molds for production of polymer microstructures with organized nanoscale surface texture. The CNT forests are densified by condensation of solvent onto the substrate, which significantly increases their packing density and enables self-directed formation of 3D shapes.

3D 카본 나노튜브 Microstructures의 제조, Densification 및 복제 성형

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip ...

연구

공학

Synthesis of Phase-shift Nanoemulsions with Narrow Size Distributions for Acoustic Droplet Vaporization and Bubble-enhanced Ultrasound-mediated Ablation

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to thermally ablate tumors. To enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in tumors, lipid-coated perfluorocarbon droplets have been developed which can be vaporized by HIFU. The vasculature in many tumors is abnormally leaky due to their rapid growth, and nanoparticles are able to penetrate the fenestrations and passively accumulate within tumors. Thus, controlling the size of the droplets can result in better accumulation within tumors. In this report, the preparation of stable droplets in a phase-shift nanoemulsion (PSNE) with a narrow size distribution is described. PSNE were synthesized by sonicating a lipid solution in the presence of liquid perfluorocarbon. A narrow size distribution was obtained by extruding the PSNE multiple times using filters with pore sizes of 100 or 200 nm. The size distribution was measured over a 7-day period using dynamic light scattering. Polyacrylamide hydrogels containing PSNE were prepared for in vitro experiments. PSNE droplets in the hydrogels were vaporized with ultrasound and the resulting bubbles enhanced localized heating. Vaporized PSNE enables more rapid heating and also reduces the ultrasound intensity needed for thermal ablation. Thus, PSNE is expected to enhance thermal ablation in tumors, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes of HIFU-mediated thermal ablation treatments.

Phase-shift nanoemulsions (PSNE) can be vaporized using high intensity focused ultrasound to enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in tumors. In this report, the preparation of stable PSNE with a narrow size distribution is described. Furthermore, the impact of vaporized PSNE on ultrasound-mediated ablation is demonstrated in tissue-mimicking phantoms.

음향 액적 기화 및 버블이 강화 된 초음파로 인한 박리에 대한 좁은 크기 분포와 위상 - 교대 Nanoemulsions의 합성

High-intensity  focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to thermally ablate tumors. To  enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in ...

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses triangulation between matching points in two views of the same scene at different angles to compute depth.&#160;However, unlike a stereo-based method, DFP uses a digital video projector to replace one of the cameras1. The projector rapidly projects a known sinusoidal pattern onto the subject, and the surface of the subject distorts these patterns in the camera&#8217;s field of view. Three distorted patterns (fringe images) from the camera can be used to compute the depth using triangulation.
Unlike other 3D measurement methods, DFP techniques lead to systems that tend to be faster, lower in equipment cost, more flexible, and easier to develop.&#160;DFP systems can also achieve the same measurement resolution as the camera.&#160;For this reason, DFP and other digital structured light techniques have recently been the focus of intense research (as summarized in1-5). Taking advantage of DFP, the graphics processing unit, and optimized algorithms, we have developed a system capable of 30&#160;Hz 3D video data acquisition, reconstruction, and display for over 300,000 measurement points per frame6,7.&#160;Binary defocusing DFP methods can achieve even greater speeds8.
Diverse applications can benefit from DFP techniques. Our collaborators have used our systems for facial function analysis9, facial animation10, cardiac mechanics studies11, and fluid surface measurements, but many other potential applications exist.&#160;This video will teach the fundamentals of DFP techniques and illustrate the design and operation of a binary defocusing DFP system.

This video describes the fundamentals of digital fringe projection techniques, which provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;It also demonstrates the design and operation of a high-speed binary defocusing system based on these techniques.

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their behavior for single stages of a process or even an entire process. For the simulation with occurring particle-particle and particle-wall contacts, the value of the coefficient of restitution is required. It can be determined experimentally. The coefficient of restitution depends on several parameters like the impact velocity. Especially for fine particles the impact velocity depends on the air pressure and under atmospheric pressure high impact velocities cannot be reached. For this, a new experimental setup for free-fall tests under vacuum conditions is developed. The coefficient of restitution is determined with the impact and rebound velocity which are detected by a high-speed camera. To not hinder the view, the vacuum chamber is made of glass. Also a new release mechanism to drop one single particle under vacuum conditions is constructed. Due to that, all properties of the particle can be characterized beforehand.

The coefficient of restitution is a parameter that describes the loss of kinetic energy during collision. Here, a free-fall setup under vacuum conditions is developed to be able to determine the coefficient of restitution parameter for particles in micrometer range with high impact velocities.

진공 조건에서 반발 계수의 측정을위한 실험 장치 개발

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their ...

Fabrication Process of Silicone-based Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an elastomeric dielectric membrane sandwiched between two compliant electrodes. The large actuation strains of these transducers when used as actuators (over 300% area strain) and their soft and compliant nature has been exploited for a wide range of applications, including electrically tunable optics, haptic feedback devices, wave-energy harvesting, deformable cell-culture devices, compliant grippers, and propulsion of a bio-inspired fish-like airship. In most cases, DETs are made with a commercial proprietary acrylic elastomer and with hand-applied electrodes of carbon powder or carbon grease. This combination leads to non-reproducible and slow actuators exhibiting viscoelastic creep and a short lifetime. We present here a complete process flow for the reproducible fabrication of DETs based on thin elastomeric silicone films, including casting of thin silicone membranes, membrane release and prestretching, patterning of robust compliant electrodes, assembly and testing. The membranes are cast on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates coated with a water-soluble sacrificial layer for ease of release. The electrodes consist of carbon black particles dispersed into a silicone matrix and patterned using a stamping technique, which leads to precisely-defined compliant electrodes that present a high adhesion to the dielectric membrane on which they are applied.

This manuscript shows the fabrication process for the manufacture of dielectric elastomer soft actuators based on silicone membranes. The three key stages of production are presented in detail: blade casting of thin silicone membranes; pad printing of compliant electrodes; and the assembly of all the components.

실리콘 엘라스토머 계 유전 액츄에이터 제조 공정

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an ...

Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data acquisition times with high spatial resolution. In the electronics industry there is serious interest in performing failure analysis on 3D microelectronic packages, many which contain multiple levels of high-density interconnections. Often in tomography there is a trade-off between image resolution and the volume of a sample that can be imaged. This inverse relationship limits the usefulness of conventional computed tomography (CT) systems since a microelectronic package is often large in cross sectional area 100-3,600 mm2, but has important features on the micron scale. The micro-tomography beamline at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), in Berkeley, CA USA, has a setup which is adaptable and can be tailored to a sample&#39;s properties, i.e., density, thickness, etc., with a maximum allowable cross-section of 36 x 36 mm. This setup also has the option of being either monochromatic in the energy range ~7-43 keV or operating with maximum flux in white light mode using a polychromatic beam. Presented here are details of the experimental steps taken to image an entire 16 x 16 mm system within a package, in order to obtain 3D images of the system with a spatial resolution of 8.7 &#181;m all within a scan time of less than 3 min. Also shown are results from packages scanned in different orientations and a sectioned package for higher resolution imaging. In contrast a conventional CT system would take hours to record data with potentially poorer resolution. Indeed, the ratio of field-of-view to throughput time is much higher when using the synchrotron radiation tomography setup. The description below of the experimental setup can be implemented and adapted for use with many other multi-materials.

For this study synchrotron radiation micro-tomography, a non-destructive three-dimensional imaging technique, is employed to investigate an entire microelectronic package with a cross-sectional area of 16 x 16 mm. Due to the synchrotron&#39;s high flux and brightness the sample was imaged in just 3 min&#160;with an 8.7 &#181;m spatial resolution.

멀티 스케일 3 차원 마이크로 전자 패키지를 조사하는 방사광 Microtomography 사용

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data ...

Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow

3D-PTV is a quantitative flow measurement technique that aims to track the Lagrangian paths of a set of particles in three dimensions using stereoscopic recording of image sequences. The basic components, features, constraints and optimization tips of a 3D-PTV topology consisting of a high-speed camera with a four-view splitter are described and discussed in this article. The technique is applied to the intermediate flow field (5 &#60;x/d &#60;25) of a circular jet at Re &#8776; 7,000. Lagrangian flow features and turbulence quantities in an Eulerian frame are estimated around ten diameters downstream of the jet origin and at various radial distances from the jet core. Lagrangian properties include trajectory, velocity and acceleration of selected particles as well as curvature of the flow path, which are obtained from the Frenet-Serret equation. Estimation of the 3D velocity and turbulence fields around the jet core axis at a cross-plane located at ten diameters downstream of the jet is compared with literature, and the power spectrum of the large-scale streamwise velocity motions is obtained at various radial distances from the jet core.

A three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV) system based on a high-speed camera with a four-view splitter is described here. The technique is applied to a jet flow from a circular pipe in the vicinity of ten diameters downstream at Reynolds number Re &#8776; 7,000.

3D-PTV is a quantitative flow measurement technique that aims to track the Lagrangian paths of a set of particles in three dimensions using stereoscopic ...

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the manifold requirements during processing and application of such complex fluids. In this investigation, measuring protocols for a conclusive assessment of different process relevant rheological parameters have been evaluated. This includes the determination of yield stress, viscosity, wall slip velocity, structural recovery after large deformation and elongation at break as well as tensile force during filament stretching.
The importance of concomitant video recordings during parallel-plate rotational rheometry for a significant determination of rheological quantities is demonstrated. The deformation profile and flow field at the sample edge can be determined using appropriate markers. Thus, measurement parameter settings and plate roughness values can be identified for which yield stress and viscosity measurements are possible. Slip velocity can be measured directly and measuring conditions at which plug flow, shear banding or sample spillover occur can be identified clearly. 
Video recordings further confirm that the change in shear moduli observed during three stage oscillatory shear tests with small deformation amplitude in stage I and III but large oscillation amplitude in stage II can be directly attributed to structural break down and recovery. For the pastes investigated here, the degree of irreversible, shear-induced structural change increases with increasing deformation amplitude in stage II until a saturation is reached at deformations corresponding to the crossover of G' and G'', but the irreversible damage is independent of the duration of large amplitude shear. 
A capillary breakup elongational rheometer and a tensile tester have been used to characterize deformation and breakup behavior of highly filled pastes in uniaxial elongation. Significant differences were observed in all experiments described above for two commercial screen-printing silver pastes used for front side metallization of Si-solar cells.

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &amp;#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A protocol for a robust and application relevant rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions is presented. Silver pastes used for screen-printing application in solar cell production are employed as model systems.

고농도 현탁액의 유변학 적 특성에 도전 - 스크린 인쇄 실버 페이스트에 대한 사례 연구

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the ...

Predicting Catalyst Extrudate Breakage Based on the Modulus of Rupture

The mechanical strength of extruded catalysts and their natural or forced breakage by either collision against a surface or by a compressive load in a fixed bed are important phenomena in catalyst technology. The mechanical strength of the catalyst is measured here by its bending strength or flexural strength. This technique is relatively new from the perspective of applying it to commercial catalysts of typical sizes used in the industry. Catalyst breakage by collision against a surface is measured after a fall of the extrudates through the ambient air in a vertical pipe. Quantifying the impact force is done theoretically by applying Newton's second law. Measurement of catalyst breakage due to stress in a fixed bed is done following the standard procedure of the bulk crush strength test. Novel here is the focus on measuring the reduction in the length to diameter ratio of the extrudates as a function of the stress.

Here we present a protocol to measure the modulus of rupture of an extruded catalyst and the breakage of said catalyst extrudates by collision against a surface or by compression in a fixed bed.

The mechanical strength of extruded catalysts and their natural or forced breakage by either collision against a surface or by a compressive load in a ...

Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic Needle Tip Tracking with a Fiber-Optic Ultrasound Receiver

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. When visualization is lost, the medical device can cause trauma to critical tissue structures. Here, a method to track the needle tip during ultrasound image-guided procedures is presented. This method involves the use of a fiber-optic ultrasound receiver that is affixed within the cannula of a medical needle to communicate ultrasonically with the external ultrasound probe. This custom probe comprises a central transducer element array and side element arrays. In addition to conventional two-dimensional (2D) B-mode ultrasound imaging provided by the central array, three-dimensional (3D) needle tip tracking is provided by the side arrays. For B-mode ultrasound imaging, a standard transmit-receive sequence with electronic beamforming is performed. For ultrasonic tracking, Golay-coded ultrasound transmissions from the 4 side arrays are received by the hydrophone sensor, and subsequently the received signals are decoded to identify the needle tip&#39;s spatial location with respect to the ultrasound imaging probe. As a preliminary validation of this method, insertions of the needle/hydrophone pair were performed in clinically realistic contexts. This novel ultrasound imaging/tracking method is compatible with current clinical workflow, and it provides reliable device tracking during in-plane and out-of-plane needle insertions.

Accurate and efficient visualization of invasive medical devices is extremely important in many ultrasound-guided minimally invasive procedures. Here, a method for localizing the spatial position of a needle tip relative to the ultrasound imaging probe is presented.

3 차원 초음파 바늘 팁 광섬유 초음파 수신기와 함께 추적

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. ...