이 작품은 호주 국립 보건 의학 연구위원회, 성 과학 재단 (호주), 뚜렛 증후군 협회 (USA)에 의해 지원되었다, 트리샤 다중 경화증 연구 재단 및 다발성 경화증 연구 호주, 페 트레 재단 (호주), 레베카 L. 장수 의료 연구 재단 (호주). 우리는 모든 환자와 연구에 대한 샘플을 제공하는 가족 구성원을 감사드립니다.

<html> 1. 전략 pIRES2-EGFP 벡터 인코딩 D2R 또는 NMDAR을 구성하는 서브 클로닝 <ol><li> 인간 D2R 또는 NMDAR의 서브 유닛 1 (NR1)의 전체 길이의 cDNA 클론을 구하십시오. </li><li> 등의 동시 발현되는 항원 및 GFP를 모두 가능하게하는 강화 된 녹색 형광 단백질 내부 ribosome 항목 사이트 (IRES)의 통제하에 (GFP) 기자와 횡단 단백질의 발현에 적합한 pIRES2-EGFP와 같은 발현 벡터를 선택 별도 세포. </li><li> pIRES2-EGFP 벡터 내에서 인간의 cDNA를 서브 클론. <ol><li> cDNA를 서브 클로닝 적절한 제한 효소를 사용하려면 (인간 D2R cDNA를 예를 들어 NHEI 및 XhoI에 대한). </li><li> 결찰 컷 cDNA를 제한 pIRES2-EGFP 벡터 내에 삽입합니다. </li><li> 순서는 벡터가 올바른 순서로 포함되어 있는지 여부를 확인하기 위해 pIRES2-EGFP D2R 또는 NMDAR 벡터를 결찰. </li><li> 정화 및 형질에 나중에 사용하기 위해 pIRES2-EGFP의 D2R 또는 NMDAR 벡터를 증폭. </li></ol></li></ol>itle &quot;&gt; 2. 신경 세포 항원의 발현에 대한 HEK293 세포 형질 <ol><li> 신선한 둘 베코 변형 이글 매체 (1X) (DMEM) 4.5 g / L에 D-글루코오스, L-글루타민 및 110 mg의 10 % 소 태아 혈청 (FBS)으로 보충 / L 피루브산 나트륨 완전한 가진 조직 배양 플라스크에서 배양 HEK293 세포 2 ㎜ 루타, 50 ㎍ / ㎖의 겐타 마이신. </li><li> 트립신 및 전송을 원뿔 튜브를 사용하여 HEK293 세포를 분리합니다. <ol><li> 6 분 250 XG에서 세포를 원심 분리하여 세척하고 신선한 완전한 DMEM에있는 세포 펠렛을 resuspend. </li></ol></li><li> 약 8 × 10 5 세포 / 웰과 문화 하룻밤 2 ML DMEM에서 37 ° C에서 5 % 인큐베이터에서 CO 2의 세포와 씨앗 6 웰 플레이트를 계산합니다. </li><li> 그들은 약 70 %의 포화 상태에 도달 한 후, pIRES2-EGFP NR1 (HEK293 NMDAR + 세포), pIRES2-EGFP D2R (HEK293 D2R + 세포)와 HEK293 세포를 형질 및 pIRES2-EGFP (HEK293 CTL 세포, 벡터 제어)은 다음과 같이.나중에 보상에 대한 몇 가지 형질 감염되지 않은 HEK293 세포를 유지합니다. <ol><li> 2.5 μg DNA, 200 ㎕의 0.9 % 염화나트륨 및 4 ㎍ / ml의 폴리에틸렌 이민 / 웰 (각 2 ㎖ 신선한 완전 DMEM을 포함)를 포함하는 형질 전환 혼합물의 필요한 양을 준비한다. </li><li> 즉시 10 초 동안 혼합하고 와동 적절한 웰에 형질 전환 혼합물의 양을 첨가하기 전에, 10 분 동안 실온 (RT)에서 배양한다. </li><li> , 플레이트를 커버 파라 필름과 측면을 감싸, 세포 형질 전환을 지원하기 위해 5 분 280 XG에 원심 분리기. </li><li> 파라 필름을 제거한 후 37 ℃에서 문화 인큐베이터에 배치 </li><li> 신선한 완전한 DMEM으로 18 시간 후 배양 배지를 교체하고 또 다른 72 시간 동안 문화를 유지한다. </li><li> 선택적 : 72 시간 후 - 형질 감염, 형질 전환 된 세포는 형질 안정한 클론을 얻기 위해, 250 ㎍ / ml의 제 네티 신으로 보충 된 완전 DMEM에 배양하여 선택 될 수있다. </li></ol></li></ol><p클래스 = &quot;jove_title&quot;&gt; 3. 신경 세포의 항원을 표면에 항체의 검출을위한 세포 계측법 세포 기반 분석 흐름 <ol><li> 37 ° C에서 약 5 분 동안 500 μL / 잘 센과 배양 HEK293 NMDAR +, HEK293 D2R + 및 HEK293 CTL 세포를 분리 <ol><li> PBS의 2ml/well에 재현 탁 (-CA 2 + / -의 Mg 2 +) 2 % FBS (PBS / FBS) 및 15 ㎖의 50 ML 원뿔 튜브로 전송 보충. </li><li> 6 분 250 XG에서 원심 분리하여 세포를 세척하고 15 ~ 50 ㎖의 PBS / FBS에있는 세포 펠렛을 resuspend. 세척 배를 반복합니다. </li><li> 세포를 계산 한 후 1 × 10 6 세포 / ml에서 PBS / FBS에 재현 탁. </li></ol></li><li> HEK293 D2R + 또는 HEK293 NMDAR + 세포뿐만 아니라, HEK293 CTL 세포가 각각의 환자 샘플 또는 기본 항체와 함께 배양 할 수있을 것이라는 점을 고려하여, 유동 세포 계측법 획득을위한 96 - 웰 템플릿을 디자인합니다. </li><li> 50,000 세포 / 우리의 V-바닥 96 - 웰 플레이트의 씨앗 세포LL 취득 템플릿 유동 세포 계측법에있어서. </li><li> 5 분 450 XG에 96 - 웰 플레이트를 원심 분리하고 부드럽게 전자 또는 수동 멀티 채널 피펫을 사용하여 상층 액을 제거, 각도에 접시를 기울 세포 펠렛을 대기음되지 않도록주의하여 세포 펠렛. </li><li> HEK293 D2R +, HEK293 NMDAR +, 그리고 어둠 속에서 실온에서 1 시간 동안 HEK293 CTL의 세포를 품어 : <ol><li> 항원 표면 발현을 평가하기 위해 차 항체의 희석으로. </li><li> 항체를 검출하기 위해 환자 샘플. </li></ol></li><li> 예를 들어, 보상 컨트롤 세포 계측법 적절한 흐름을 사용합니다. 형질 감염되지 않은 흠 HEK293 세포, GFP + HEK293 세포 (AF647 -) 및 형질 감염되지 않은 AF647 + HEK293 세포 (GFP). </li><li> 5 분 450 XG에서 원심 분리하여 세포를 세척하고 170 ㎕의 PBS / FBS에있는 세포 펠렛을 resuspend. 세척 단계 두 개 더 번 반복합니다. </li><li> 1 시간 동안 세포를 품어(안티 NR1 또는 항 D2R 차 항체 환자의 혈청과 항 - 마우스 IgG 안티 인간 IgG) AF647 - 복합 이차 항체의 1:100 희석 어둠 속에서 실온에서 연구. </li><li> 단계 3.7에서와 같이 세포를 세 번 씻어 셀 획득 유동 세포 계측법에 35 ㎕의 PBS / FBS에 재현 탁. </li><li> (BDLSRII) 흐름 cytometer에 높은 처리량 샘플러 (HTS)을 설정합니다. </li><li> 인수 템플릿 유동 세포 계측법에 따라 10,000 / 잘 취득. </li><li> 수출 다음과 같은 FlowJo의 V7.5와 같은 소프트웨어 패키지 유동 세포 계측법을 사용하여 분석을 위해 데이터를 분석 : <ol><li> 첫째, 앞으로 (크기) 및 측면 (단위)에 따라 게이트 라이브 HEK293 세포를 없앤다. </li><li> 만 형질 전환 세포를 분석 할 수있는 높은 GFP - 양성에 따라 더 게이트 라이브 HEK293 세포. </li><li> 라이브 GFP 양성 세포 내에 AF647 채널의 평균 형광 강도 (MFI)를 결정한다. </li><li> 분석을 위해 Excel 또는 프리즘에 데이터 내보내기 : <ol><li> 플롯 CMFI 대 차 항체 (항-NMDAR 또는 항-D2R 항체)의 oncentrations는이 항체와 함께 배양 세포에서 얻은. </li><li> 각 환자 및 컨트롤 샘플은 각각 HEK293 D2R + 또는 HEK293 NMDAR + 세포의 MFI에서 CTL HEK293 세포의 MFI를 감산함으로써 ΔMFI를 결정한다. </li><li> 제어 일대의 평균 ΔMFI 위의 세 가지 표준 편차를 추가하여 항체 양성의 임계 값을 계산합니다. </li><li> 플롯 개별 샘플은 그래프에서 혈청 형에 따라 그룹화하고 라인으로서 임계 값을 나타낸다. </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>

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관심의 충돌 : 특허는자가 항체에 대한 대상으로 D2R을 주장 FB와 RCD (시드니 대학)에 의해 제기되었다.

본 논문은 높은 처리량 샘플러를 사용하여 특정 세포 표면의 연결 단백질을 표적으로하는 항체를 검출하는 살아있는 세포 기반 분석 유동 세포 계측법의 새로운 응용 프로그램을 설명합니다. 이 기술을 사용하여, 우리는 면역 CNS 질환으로 영향을 환자의 서브 그룹 NMDAR으로 표면 또는 표면 D2R하는 혈청 항체를 가지고 있음을보고한다. 살아있는 세포 기반 분석법 계측법이 높...

최근 몇 년 동안, 중추 신경계 (CNS) 질병의 면역 형태가 확인되었다. 이들 질환과 연관된자가 항체의 존재에 의해 정의되는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이 항체는 신경 세포의 수용체 나 신경 전달의 1,2에 관련된 시냅스 단백질에 결합한다. 다른 항원은 N-메틸-D-아스파 테이트 수용체 (NMDAR) 3-5, γ-아미노 낙산의 B 수용체 (GABA의 B) 수용체 6, α-아미노 -3 - 히드 록시 -5 - 메틸 -4 -로서, 탐지 된 isoxazolepropionic 산 (AMPA) 수용체 7, 전압 - 문이 칼륨 채널 (VGKC) 관련 단백질 : 류신이 풍부한 신경 교종 활성 단백질 1 (LGL-1) contactin 관련 단백질 2 (capsr2) 8,9, 글루타민산 염 수용체 5,10 , 그리고 도파민 2 수용체 (D2R) 11. 과거에는 (주로 뇌염이라는) 이러한자가 면역 CNS 장애는 종종 진단되지 및 치료했다. 이 소설 항체 바이오 마커, 예를 들어,NMDAR의 항체 또는 D2R 항체는 실질적으로 진단과 인식을 개선하고, 환자에 대한 치료 옵션을 열었습니다. 사실, 면역 요법과 조기 치료가 개선 된 결과 (11, 12)와 연결되어 있습니다. 이러한 효소 결합 면역 분석 (ELISA)과 웨스턴 블롯으로 항체를 검출하는 전통적인 방법은 혈청에있는 항체의 검출에 사용되었다. 그러나, 그들은 쉽게 세포 또는 표면 항원의 인식을 사용하지 않고, 오히려 세포 내 항원으로 면역 반응을 보여줄 수 있습니다. 또한, 신경 전달에 관련된 중요한 단백질의 세포 외 도메인에 결합하는 항체는 병원성 2,3,7,13,14 될 가능성이있다. 따라서, 관련 세포 표면 또는 환자의 세포 항체 표적을 발견 할 수있는 정확하고 민감한 분석의 개발이 가장 중요하다. 필드 금 표준 방법은 소위 &quot;휴대 BA에서, 생균의 사용에 기초SED 분석 &quot;. 이 방법은 또한 포유 동물 세포의 항원의 완전한 cDNA의 서열을 함유하는 벡터의 형질 감염에 의해 네이티브 형태 (대부분 인간 배아 신장 293 (HEK293) 세포)의 표면 항원의 발현을 포함한다. 라이브 nonpermeabilized 세포는 다음 희석 된 환자의 혈청 배양 및 형광 색소 - 복합 항 - 인간 면역 글로불린 (ig으로) 이차 항체에 의해 따른다. 형광의 강도 또는 레벨은 검출되고 결합자가 항체의 수준으로 연관된다. 하나의 항원이 세포에서 과다 발현으로이 기술은 고유합니다. 가장 널리 &quot;판독&quot;을 사용은 면역 세포 화학 4,5,8-10 후 공 초점 현미경 분석하고있다. 그러나, 세포 기반 분석 유동 세포 계측법을 성공적으로 탈수 초성 질환 15 ~ 17 환자에서 항체를 감지하는 데 사용되었다. 특히, 워터스 외. 15은 팬을 사용하여 항체의 검출을 비교셀 기반 현미경으로 다음 분석이나 흐름 등의 항체 검출 기술의 엘 세포 계측법 분석하고, 가장 민감한 정확하고 신뢰할 수있는 방법으로 세포 기반 분석 유동 세포 계측법 보여 주었다. 그것은 조사 의존 정량없고, 방사성 물질의 사용을 포함하지 않는 때문에, 세포 기반 분석법 유세포 유리하다. 이 큰 환자의 코호트는 단시간으로 측정 할 수로서 또한 편리하다. 더 최근에, 우리는 면역 CNS 질환 환자 11 NMDAR 항체 및 D2R 항체를 검출하는 세포 기반 분석 계측법 높은 처리량의 흐름을 최적화했다. 우리 그룹은 최근 세포 기반 분석 유동 세포 계측법을 사용하여 환자의 혈청에서 NMDAR 항체를 발견했습니다. 이러한 NMDAR 항체 - 양성 혈청 기계 공 촛점 현미경을 사용하여 분석하고, 또한 11 개의 긍정적 인 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이 프로토콜은 C의 탐지를위한 세포 기반 분석 유동 세포 계측법을 설명자동 높은 처리량 샘플러를 이용하여 환자의 혈청에서 onformation 민감한 CNS 항체.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="751">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">pIRES2-EGFP vector</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">6029-1</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Human HA-Dopamine-2 receptor (D2R) cDNA</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Missouri S&#38;T cDNA Resource Centre</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DRD020TN00</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Human subunit 1 of NMDAR (NR1) cDNA</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Gift from Prof A. Vincent&#160; (Oxford, UK)</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Monoclonal purified mouse anti-human NR1 antibody (clone: 54.1)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">556308</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Mouse purified monoclonal anti-DRD2 IgG (clone: 1B11)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">WH0001813M1-50UG</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Alexa Fluor 647 donkey anti-mouse IgG (H + L)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A31571</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Alexa Fluor 647 goat anti-human IgG (H + L)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A21445</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:255px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle Medium (1x) 4.5 g/L D-glucose, L-Glutamine and 110 mg/L sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">11995-065</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Foetal bovine serum</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10099-141</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Gentamicin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15710-072</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">GlutaMAX</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">35050-061</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Penicillin-streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15140-122</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Geneticin</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10131-035</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="45">
			<td height="45" style="height:45px;width:255px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Saline (1x) (-Ca2+/-Mg2+)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">14190-144</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">TrypLE Express (1x) with Phenol Red</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12605-028</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">0.9% Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Baxter</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">AHF7975</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Polyethylenimine</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Polysciences Inc</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">9002-98-6</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Versene</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">15040-066</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">XhoI</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10899194001</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">NheI</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10885843001</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">PureLink PCR Purification Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">K3100-01</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">JetQuick Gel Extraction Spin Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Genomed</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">420050</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">T4 DNA Ligase</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10481220001</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Plasmid&#160;Plus&#160;Maxi Kit</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">12963</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">Name of Equipment/Software</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Model/Version</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Flow cytometer with high-throughput sampler system</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">BDLSRII with HTS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:255px;">Inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">CKX41 (with mercury lamp and U-RFLT50 power supply)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:255px;">Electronic multichannel pipette (15-300 &#956;l)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">613-2240P</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">12-channel Xplorer Plus</td>
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		<tr height="56">
			<td height="56" style="height:56px;width:255px;">Excel</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Microsoft</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">2010</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Prism</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">v4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="27">
			<td height="27" style="height:27px;width:255px;">FlowJo</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Treestar</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:173px;">v7.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">50 ml polypropylene conical tubes</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">352070</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">353046</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Tissue culture flask (T75)</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">BD Biosciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">353136</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Pechiney Plastic Packaging</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">PM-992</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:255px;">V-bottom 96-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">651180</td>
			<td style="width:173px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high-throughput flow cytometry cell-based assay to detect antibodies to n-methyl-d-aspartate receptor or dopamine-2 receptor in human serum

최근 몇 년 동안, 표면 및 신경 전달에 관여 구조적 단백질에 대한 항체는 어린이와 성인자가 면역 CNS 질환에서 검출되었다. 이 항체는 진단과 치료를 안내하는 데 사용되었습니다. 세포 기반 분석은 환자의 혈청에서 항체의 검출을 개선했습니다. 그들은 다음 형광 색소 - 복합 이차 항체 다음에 희석 한 환자의 혈청으로 배양하는 진핵 세포에서 뇌 항원의 표면 발현을 기반으로합니다. 세탁 후, 바인딩 차 항체는 다음 유동 세포 계측법에 의해 분석된다. 우리 그룹은 안정적으로 특정 신경 전달 물질 수용체에 대한 항체를 검출하는 살아있는 세포 기반 분석 세포 계측법 높은 처리량의 흐름을 개발했다. 이 유동 세포 계측법 방법 곧장 앞으로, 양적, 효율적이며, 많은 환자 코호트 쉽게 짧은 시간으로 측정 될 수 있도록 높은 처리량 샘플러 시스템의 사용을 허용한다. 또한,이 같은 셀 기반말할 간단 중추​​ 신경계 및 말초 신경계 모두에서 많은 다른 항원 표적으로하는 항체를 검출하도록 구성 될 수있다. 추가로 새로운 항체 바이오 마커를 발견하는 것은 신속하고 정확한 진단을 가능하게하고 면역 매개 질환의 치료를 향상시킬 것입니다.

라이브 HEK293 D2R + CTL 및 HEK293 세포는 높은 처리량 샘플러를 사용하여 유동 세포 계측기로 획득 하였다. 분석하는 동안, 세포는 앞으로 분산 형 (크기)와 사이드 분산 형 (단위) 매개 변수 (그림 1A와 1D)를 기반으로 문이되었다. 형질 감염된 HEK293 세포는 세포질에서 리포터 분자, GFP를 발현하고, 형질 감염되지 않은 세포를 분석 (도 1B 및 1E)에서 제외 하였...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum at JoVE.com

High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

최근 몇 년 동안, 살아있는 세포 기반 분석은 표면과 형태 적 항원에 대한 항체를 검출하기 위해 성공적으로 사용되어왔다. 여기서, 우리는 많은 환자 코호트의 분석을 가능 계측법 높은 처리량의 흐름을 사용하는 방법을 설명한다. 새로운 항체의 검출은 면역 매개 질환의 진단과 치료를 향상시킬 것입니다.

인간 혈청에있는 N-메틸-D-아스파 라진 산염 수용체 또는 도파민 2 수용체에 대한 항체를 검출하는 높은 처리량 유동 세포 계측법 세포 기반 분석

Over the recent years, antibodies against surface and conformational proteins involved in neurotransmission have been detected in autoimmune CNS diseases ...

high-throughput-flow-cytometry-cell-based-assay-to-detect-antibodies

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

16.0K 조회수.  The University of Sydney.  최근 몇 년 동안, 살아있는 세포 기반 분석은 표면과 형태 적 항원에 대한 항체를 검출하기 위해 성공적으로 사용되어왔다. 여기서, 우리는 많은 환자 코호트의 분석을 가능 계측법 높은 처리량의 흐름을 사용하는 방법을 설명한다. 새로운 항체의 검출은 면역 매개 질환의 진단과 치료를 향상시킬 것입니다. 

비디오: High-throughput Flow Cytometry Cell-based Assay to Detect Antibodies to N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptor or Dopamine-2 Receptor in Human Serum

The Measurement and Treatment of Suppression in Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current estimates put the prevalence of amblyopia at approximately 1-3%1-3, the majority of cases being monocular2. Amblyopia is most frequently caused by ocular misalignment (strabismus), blur induced by unequal refractive error (anisometropia), and in some cases by form deprivation.
Although amblyopia is initially caused by abnormal visual input in infancy, once established, the visual deficit often remains when normal visual input has been restored using surgery and/or refractive correction. This is because amblyopia is the result of abnormal visual cortex development rather than a problem with the amblyopic eye itself4,5 . Amblyopia is characterized by both monocular and binocular deficits6,7 which include impaired visual acuity and poor or absent stereopsis respectively. The visual dysfunction in amblyopia is often associated with a strong suppression of the inputs from the amblyopic eye under binocular viewing conditions8. Recent work has indicated that suppression may play a central role in both the monocular and binocular deficits associated with amblyopia9,10 .
Current clinical tests for suppression tend to verify the presence or absence of suppression rather than giving a quantitative measurement of the degree of suppression. Here we describe a technique for measuring amblyopic suppression with a compact, portable device11,12 . The device consists of a laptop computer connected to a pair of virtual reality goggles. The novelty of the technique lies in the way we present visual stimuli to measure suppression. Stimuli are shown to the amblyopic eye at high contrast while the contrast of the stimuli shown to the non-amblyopic eye are varied. Patients perform a simple signal/noise task that allows for a precise measurement of the strength of excitatory binocular interactions. The contrast offset at which neither eye has a performance advantage is a measure of the "balance point" and is a direct measure of suppression. This technique has been validated psychophysically both in control13,14 and patient6,9,11 populations.
In addition to measuring suppression this technique also forms the basis of a novel form of treatment to decrease suppression over time and improve binocular and often monocular function in adult patients with amblyopia12,15,16 . This new treatment approach can be deployed either on the goggle system described above or on a specially modified iPod touch device15.

Amblyopia is a developmental disorder of the visual cortex that is often accompanied by strong suppression of one eye. We present a new technique for measuring and treating interocular suppression in patients with amblyopia that can be deployed using virtual reality goggles or a portable iPod Touch device.

약시의 억제의 측정 및 치료

Amblyopia, a developmental disorder of the visual cortex, is one of the leading causes of visual dysfunction in the working age population. Current ...

연구

의학

Stereological and Flow Cytometry Characterization of Leukocyte Subpopulations in Models of Transient or Permanent Cerebral Ischemia

Microglia activation, as well as extravasation of haematogenous macrophages and neutrophils, is believed to play a pivotal role in brain injury after stroke. These myeloid cell subpopulations can display different phenotypes and functions and need to be distinguished and characterized to study their regulation and contribution to tissue damage. This protocol provides two different methodologies for brain immune cell characterization: a precise stereological approach and a flow cytometric analysis. The stereological approach is based on the optical fractionator method, which calculates the total number of cells in an area of interest (infarcted brain) estimated by a systematic random sampling. The second characterization approach provides a simple way to isolate brain leukocyte suspensions and to characterize them by flow cytometry, allowing for the characterization of microglia, infiltrated monocytes and neutrophils of the ischemic tissue. In addition, it also details a cerebral ischemia model in mice that exclusively affects brain cortex, generating highly reproducible infarcts with a low rate of mortality, and the procedure for histological brain processing to characterize infarct volume by the Cavalieri method.

Brain myeloid cells characterization following stroke can be performed by stereology using the optical fractionator method, or by a flow cytometric analysis of brain leukocytes suspensions. Both are useful techniques to perform an accurate phenotypical distinction of the main myeloid cell subsets found in the ischemic brain.

일시적 또는 영구적 인 뇌허혈 모델에서 백혈구 부분 집단의 Stereological 및 유동 세포 계측법 특성

Microglia activation, as well as extravasation of haematogenous macrophages and neutrophils, is believed to play a pivotal role in brain injury after ...

Adapting Human Videofluoroscopic Swallow Study Methods to Detect and Characterize Dysphagia in Murine Disease Models

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research. Successful outcomes are dependent upon three critical components: test chambers that permit self-feeding while standing unrestrained in a confined space, recipes that mask the aversive taste/odor of commercially-available oral contrast agents, and a step-by-step test protocol that permits quantification of swallow physiology. Elimination of one or more of these components will have a detrimental impact on the study results. Moreover, the energy level capability of the fluoroscopy system will determine which swallow parameters can be investigated. Most research centers have high energy fluoroscopes designed for use with people and larger animals, which results in exceptionally poor image quality when testing mice and other small rodents. Despite this limitation, we have identified seven VFSS parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice when using a high energy fluoroscope in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol. We recently obtained a low energy fluoroscopy system with exceptionally high imaging resolution and magnification capabilities that was designed for use with mice and other small rodents. Preliminary work using this new system, in combination with the new murine VFSS protocol, has identified 13 swallow parameters that are consistently quantifiable in mice, which is nearly double the number obtained using conventional (i.e., high energy) fluoroscopes. Identification of additional swallow parameters is expected as we optimize the capabilities of this new system. Results thus far demonstrate the utility of using a low energy fluoroscopy system to detect and quantify subtle changes in swallow physiology that may otherwise be overlooked when using high energy fluoroscopes to investigate murine disease models.

This study successfully adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating translational dysphagia research.

인간 Videofluoroscopic 삼키기 연구 방법을 적응하는 것은 검색 및 설치류 질병 모델에서 연하의 특성을

This study adapted human videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) methods for use with murine disease models for the purpose of facilitating ...

Systems Biology of Metabolic Regulation by Estrogen Receptor Signaling in Breast Cancer

With the advent of the -omics approaches our understanding of the chronic diseases like cancer and metabolic syndrome has improved. However, effective mining of the information in the large-scale datasets that are obtained from gene expression microarrays, deep sequencing experiments or metabolic profiling is essential to uncover and then effectively target the critical regulators of diseased cell phenotypes. Estrogen Receptor &#945; (ER&#945;) is one of the master transcription factors regulating the gene programs that are important for estrogen responsive breast cancers. In order to understand to role of ER&#945; signaling in breast cancer metabolism we utilized transcriptomic, cistromic and metabolomic data from MCF-7 cells treated with estradiol. In this report we described generation of samples for RNA-Seq, ChIP-Seq and metabolomics experiments and the integrative computational analysis of the obtained data. This approach is useful in delineating novel molecular mechanisms and gene regulatory circuits that are regulated by a particular transcription factor which impacts metabolism of normal or diseased cells.

Integration of data from genome-wide sequencing experiments and metabolomics experiments is a challenge. In this paper we report, for the first time, generation, analysis and integration of transcriptome, cistrome and metabolome data from breast cancer cells treated with estradiol.

유방암에서 에스트로겐 수용체 신호 전달에 의해 대사 규제 시스템 생물학

With the advent of the -omics approaches our understanding of the chronic diseases like cancer and metabolic syndrome has improved. However, effective ...

A High Throughput, Multiplexed and Targeted Proteomic CSF Assay to Quantify Neurodegenerative Biomarkers and Apolipoprotein E Isoforms Status

Many neurodegenerative diseases are&#160;still lacking effective treatments. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and classifying these diseases will be important in the development of future novel therapies. Often&#160;potential new biomarkers do not make it&#160;into the clinic&#160;due to limitations&#160;in their development and&#160;high costs.&#160;However,&#160;targeted proteomics using Multiple Reaction Monitoring Liquid Chromatography-tandem/Mass Spectrometry (MRM LC-MS/MS), specifically using triple quadrupole mass spectrometers, is one method that can be used to rapidly evaluate and validate biomarkers&#160;for clinical translation into diagnostic laboratories. Traditionally, this platform has been used extensively for measurement of small molecules&#160;in clinical laboratories, but it is the potential to analyze proteins, that makes it an attractive alternative to ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay)-based methods. We describe here how targeted proteomics can be used to measure multiplexed markers of dementia, including the detection and quantitation of the known risk factor apolipoprotein E isoform 4 (ApoE4).
In order to make the assay suitable for translation, it is designed to be rapid, simple, highly specific and cost effective. To achieve this, every step in the development of the assay must be optimized for the individual proteins and tissues they are analyzed in. This method describes a typical workflow including various tips and tricks to developing a targeted proteomics MRM LC-MS/MS for translation.
The method development is optimized using custom synthesized versions of tryptic quantotypic peptides, which calibrate&#160;the MS for detection and then spiked into CSF to determine correct identification of the endogenous peptide in the chromatographic separation prior to analysis in the MS. To achieve absolute quantitation, stable isotope-labeled internal standard versions of the peptides with short amino acid sequence tags and containing a trypsin cleavage site, are included in the assay.

We describe a high-throughput, multiplex, and targeted proteomic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assay developed with potential for clinical translation. The test can quantitate potential markers and risk factors for neurodegeneration, such as the apolipoprotein E variants (E2, E3 and E4), and measure their allelic expression.

높은 처리량, 멀티 플렉스 및 대상 단백체 CSF 분석은 퇴행성 신경 바이오 마커 및 아포 지단백 E 이소 상태를 정량화하기

Many neurodegenerative diseases are&#160;still lacking effective treatments. Reliable biomarkers for identifying and classifying these diseases will be ...

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry as they are involved in many human diseases and include well-validated targets for therapeutic intervention. Discovery of lead compounds, including small synthetic molecules, that specifically inhibit the receptor&#39;s function, is an important initial step in drug development and relies on sensitive, specific, and robust cell-based assays. Here, we describe a kinetic cellular assay with a fluorescent readout primarily designed to identify receptor-specific antagonists that inhibit the intracellular Ca2+ release evoked upon the activation of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) by its endogenous ligand, the CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12). A key advantage of this method is that it also enables screening of compounds endowed with intrinsic agonistic properties (i.e., compounds eliciting an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration in the absence of CXCL12) or compounds modulating the receptor&#39;s function via interaction with allosteric binding sites (i.e., positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs, respectively)). On the down side, autofluorescent compounds might interfere with the assay&#39;s readout, thereby hampering reliable data interpretation. Most likely this assay can be implemented, with minimal adaptations, as a generic drug discovery assay for many other GPCRs of which the activation leads to a release of intracellular Ca2+.

A Kinetic Fluorescence-based Ca2+ Mobilization Assay to Identify G Protein-coupled Receptor Agonists, Antagonists, and Allosteric Modulators

The described cellular assay is designed for the identification of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4)-interacting agents that inhibit or stimulate, either competitively or allosterically, the intracellular Ca2+ release initiated by CXCR4 activation.

운동 형광 기반 Ca2 + 동원 분석 결과 G 단백질 결합 된 수용 체 주 작동 근, 길 항 근, 그리고 Allosteric 변조기를 식별 하

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry as they are involved in many human diseases and include ...

Characterization of Immune Cells in Human Adipose Tissue by Using Flow Cytometry

Infiltration of immune cells in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT) deposits leads to a low-grade inflammation contributing to the development of obesity-associated complications such as type 2 diabetes. To quantitatively and qualitatively investigate the immune cell subsets in human AT deposits, we have developed a flow cytometry approach. The stromal vascular fraction (SVF), containing the immune cells, is isolated from subcutaneous and visceral AT biopsies by collagenase digestion. Adipocytes are removed after centrifugation. The SVF cells are stained for multiple membrane-bound markers selected to differentiate between immune cell subsets and analyzed using flow cytometry. As a result of this approach, pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophage subsets, dendritic cells (DCs), B-cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells, and NK cells can be detected and quantified. This method gives detailed information about immune cells in AT and the amount of each specific subset. Since there are numerous fluorescent antibodies available, our flow cytometry approach can be adjusted to measure various other cellular and intracellular markers of interest.

This article describes a method to analyze immune cell content of adipose tissue by isolation of immune cells from adipose tissue and subsequent analysis using flow cytometry.

Cytometry 사용 하 여 인간 지방 조직에서 면역 세포의 특성

Infiltration of immune cells in the subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (AT) deposits leads to a low-grade inflammation contributing to the ...

A Flow Cytometry-based Assay for Measuring Mitochondrial Membrane Potential in Cardiac Myocytes After Hypoxia/Reoxygenation

Timely and efficient reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is the best strategy for decreasing myocardial infarct size in patients with a ST-segment elevated myocardial infarction. However, reperfusion per se can result in further cardiomyocyte death, a phenomenon known as reperfusion injury. The opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), with the decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), or mitochondrial depolarization, is universally recognized as the final step of reperfusion injury and is responsible for mitochondrial and cardiomyocyte death. JC-1 is a lipophilic cationic dye that accumulates in mitochondria depending on the value of MMP. The higher the MMP is, the more JC-1 accumulates in the mitochondria. The increasing amounts of JC-1 in mitochondria can be reflected by a fluorescence emission shift from green (~530 nm) to red (~590 nm). Therefore, the reduction of the red/green fluorescence intensity ratio can indicate the depolarization of mitochondria. Here, we take advantage of JC-1 to measure MMP, or the opening of mPTP in human cardiac myocytes after hypoxia/reoxygenation, detected by flow cytometry.

Here, we present a protocol that uses JC-1 dye to assess the mitochondrial membrane potential of cells after being exposed to hypoxia/reoxygenation with or without a protective agent.

Hypoxia/Reoxygenation 후 심장 Myocytes에서 미토 콘 드리 아 막 잠재력을 측정 하기 위한 교류 Cytometry 기반 분석

Timely and efficient reperfusion of the occluded coronary artery is the best strategy for decreasing myocardial infarct size in patients with a ST-segment ...

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Atherosclerosis leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is still unclear whether cholesterol-HDL (cHDL) concentration plays a causal role in atherosclerosis development. However, an important factor in early stages of atheroma plaque formation is cholesterol efflux capacity to HDL (the ability of HDL particles to accept cholesterol from macrophages) in order to avoid foam cell formation. This is a key step in avoiding the accumulation of cholesterol in the endothelium and a part of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) to eliminate cholesterol through the liver. Cholesterol efflux capacity to serum or plasma in macrophage cell models is a promising tool that can be used as biomarker for atherosclerosis. Traditionally, [3H]-cholesterol has been used in cholesterol efflux assays. In this study, we aim to develop a safer and faster strategy using fluorescent labelled-cholesterol (NBD-cholesterol) in a cellular assay to trace the cholesterol uptake and efflux process in THP-1-derived macrophages. Finally, we optimize and standardize the NBD-cholesterol efflux method and develop a high-throughput analysis using 96-well plates.

Measurement of in vitro cholesterol efflux capacity to serum or plasma in macrophage cell models is a promising tool as a biomarker for atherosclerosis. In the present study, we optimize and standardize a fluorescent NBD-cholesterol efflux method and develop a high-throughput analysis using 96-well plates.

높은 처리량 Nitrobenzoxadiazole 표시 된 콜레스테롤 경과 분석 결과

Atherosclerosis leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is still unclear whether cholesterol-HDL (cHDL) concentration plays a causal role in ...

Application of Biochip Microfluidic Technology to Detect Serum Allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E (sIgE)

Allergic disease is common in both adults and children. Identification of the causative allergens is significant in disease management and prevention. However, a specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) measurement system with a high price-performance ratio is lacking in mainland China, especially in the primary care hospitals. This paper describes the principle and operation procedures of using a microfluidic cartridge-based chemiluminescence system to detect allergen-specific IgE in serum. The results were compared with those from ImmunoCAP (System 1), the industrial standard, and the reproducibility of the system to detect patients sensitized to common allergens is evaluated. The results showed that in comparison with ImmunoCAP (System 1), the BioIC System (System 2) has good precision and sensitivity in detecting serum-specific IgE against various inhalant and food allergens but with a significantly lower cost. It can serve as a good alternative to System 1 in primary care hospitals in mainland China who have lower financial affordability.

Application of Biochip Microfluidic Technology to Detect Serum Allergen-specific Immunoglobulin E sIgE

This paper presents a protocol for detecting serum-specific immunoglobulin E with a microfluidic cartridge-based chemiluminescence system and the evaluation of its usefulness in allergy diagnoses.

검출 하는 혈 청 알레르기 항 원 특정 면역 글로불린 e (sIgE) 바이오 미세 기술의 응용

Allergic disease is common in both adults and children. Identification of the causative allergens is significant in disease management and prevention. ...