Funding for this research was provided by&#160;The Epilepsy Foundation of America, Baylor College of Medicine Computational and Integrative Biomedical Research Center (CIBR) Seed Grant Awards (ZH);&#160;NIH-NINDS K23 Grant NS044936 (JMS); and&#160;The Leff Family Foundation (JMS).&#160;Data acquisition was assisted by: Elizabeth Pierce (UCLA).

1. Subjects
<ol>
	<li>The study population of 36 subjects includes 3 groups: right TLE (n=11), left TLE (n=12), and healthy controls (n=13). Obtain written informed consent from all subjects. The study follows the guidelines of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Institutional Review Board.</li>
	<li>The epilepsy subject groups should be patients who are candidates for anterior temporal lobe resection as determined by video-EEG monitoring, brain MRI, PET imaging, and neuropsychological testing. Patients sh...

<ol>
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Epilepsy is thought to be a network disease, and abnormalities of the involved networks are present during seizures and in the interictal state21. Task-based fMRI has been used to analyze abnormalities of the language and memory networks in TLE8. FcMRI has inherent advantages in studying the DMN12 as it is a network mainly active in the resting state. The DMN is a network of brain regions that has been found to be active in awake individuals who are left undisturbed and are engaged in spo...

Functional Connectivity MRI (fcMRI) is a relatively recent analytic approach to fMRI data that quantifies the relationship between different brain regions based on the similarity of their blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal time series &#8211; this is called &#8220;functional&#8221; connectivity, and is distinguishable from anatomical connectivity that describes the existence of physical connections between regions (e.g.,&#160;white matter fibers). In a special application of this approach, the time series are collected when the participant is not engaged in a task&#160;or is in the so-called &#8220;resting state&#8221;.
Although first described in 19951, there has been immense interest in fcMRI resulting in approximately 1,000 publications related to the technique in 2012. fcMRI has intrinsic benefits over task-based fMRI in (1) that there is no specific task to be performed, (2) subject cooperation is not necessary, (3) datasets can be used to query several different networks, (4) better signal to noise ratio is present likely due to differences in cerebral energetics involved, and (5) circumvention of task-related confounds2. As a proof of its concept, fcMRI changes have been shown to correspond with changes in EEG3 and local field potentials4 in the brain.
Techniques of fcMRI analysis include ROI/ seed-based techniques, independent component analysis (ICA), graph theory analysis, Granger causality analysis, local methods (amplitude of low frequency fluctuations, regional homogeneity analysis), and others5. No single technique has yet demonstrated clear superiority over another, although&#160;the most popular methods are seed-based and ICA methods6. Seed-based fcMRI correlates temporal fluctuations in BOLD signal from a preselected part of the putative network under study termed the &#8220;seed&#8221; or &#8220;region of interest (ROI)&#8221; to all other parts of the brain. Areas of the brain showing BOLD signal correlating to the seed area are thought to demarcate parts of the involved network. In contrast, ICA uses a model-free data-driven analysis to extract spatio-temporally correlated brain areas (Independent Components, ICs) by analyzing the hemodynamic signal characteristics of the whole brain5.
In the current manuscript, a description of methods used in a previously published study of resting state seed-based connectivity analysis of the DMN in TLE is presented7. TLE is the most common form of adult epilepsy. In addition to seizures, TLE causes dysfunction of multiple brain networks including memory, behavior, thought, and sensory function8. The DMN is constituted by cerebral regions subserving conscious, resting-state cognition. The DMN has been reported to be involved in seizures associated with reduced consciousness9,10. Additionally, the hippocampus is the key structure involved in TLE and has been thought to be component of the DMN. However, the connectivity of the PCC to the hippocampal formation is weaker than with other DMN components, such as medial prefrontal and inferior parietal cortices. This suggests that the hippocampus is either a subnetwork of the DMN&#160;or an interacting network11,12. These commonalities between TLE and DMN raise the possibility that DMN functional connectivity is altered in TLE. This analysis compares the DMN of subjects with TLE to healthy controls to gain insight into the involvement of DMN in TLE. The connectivity of seeds placed in the chief hubs of the DMN - the anterior and posterior hub regions were analyzed12. Seeds were placed in the posterior hub consisting of the retrosplenium/precuneus (Rsp/PCUN) as well as the anterior hub consisting of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in patients having TLE and in healthy controls to identify the posterior and anterior subnetworks of the DMN.

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			<td>MRI machine</td>
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			<td>Linux workstation with image analysis software installed</td>
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network analysis of the default mode network using functional connectivity mri in temporal lobe epilepsy

Functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) is an fMRI method that examines the connectivity of different brain areas based on the correlation of BOLD signal fluctuations over time. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) is the most common type of adult epilepsy and involves multiple brain networks. The default mode network (DMN) is involved in conscious, resting state cognition and is thought to be affected in TLE where seizures cause impairment of consciousness. The DMN in epilepsy was examined using seed based fcMRI. The anterior and posterior hubs of the DMN were used as seeds in this analysis. The results show a disconnection between the anterior and posterior hubs of the DMN in TLE during the basal state. In addition, increased DMN connectivity to other brain regions in left TLE along with decreased connectivity in right TLE is revealed. The analysis demonstrates how seed-based fcMRI can be used to probe cerebral networks in brain disorders such as TLE.

Figure 1 shows the DMN revealed with connectivity from a posterior seed (Rsp/ PCUN, red-yellow colors) and an anterior seed (vmPFC, blue-green colors) and compares the networks found in the different subject groups (Figures 1A-C) and between each other, namely healthy controls compared to all patients with TLE (Figures 1D and 1E), and then healthy controls compared separately to left TLE (Figures 1F and&#160;1G) and righ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy at JoVE.com

Network Analysis of the Default Mode Network Using Functional Connectivity MRI in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

The Default Mode Network (DMN) in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) is analyzed in the resting state of the brain using seed-based functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI).

Functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI) is an fMRI method that examines the connectivity of different brain areas based on the correlation of BOLD signal ...

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17.8K 조회수.  Baylor College of Medicine.  측두엽 간질에서 기본 모드 네트워크 (DMN) (TLE)의 종자 기반 기능 연결 MRI (fcMRI)를 사용하여 뇌의 휴식 상태로 분석된다. 