This work was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC), the Canada Research Chair (CRC) program, and the Canadian Foundation for Innovation (CFI).

<html> 1 공장 문화와 준비 <ol><li> (자세한 내용은 10 참조) 기후의 성장 챔버 7 일 동안 보리 모종 수경 성장. 참고 : 영양 요구 사항이 시대에 따라 변화하므로, 개발 단계의 다양한에서 식물을 검사 고려하는 것이 중요합니다. </li><li> 하루 전에 실험으로, 하나의 복제 (DI에 대한 부당 3 식물, 기업용 번들 당 6 식물)를 만들기 위해 함께 몇 가지 모종을 번들. 촬영의 기초 부분의 주위에 타이곤 튜브의 2 cm 조각을 포장하고, &quot;칼라&quot;를 만들기 위해 테이프로 튜브를 고정하여 번들 모종. 참고 : 부당 식물의 수는 실험 조건의 10,13,14에 따라 달라질 수 있습니다. 번들링 루트 질량 및 / 또는 특정 활동이 낮은 특히, 통계 및 측정 정확도를 개선하기위한 것입니다. </li></ol> 실험 솔루션 / 소재의 2 준비 내용 &quot;&gt; 참고 : 다음은 일반적으로 이전의 실험에 일일 수행됩니다. <ol><li> 및 식물 물질과 비활성 [S O를위한 샘플 바이알 ((공장 샘플의 스핀 - 건조) 원심 분리 튜브 (11 참조, 자세한 내용) 예약 라벨, 라벨 및 탈착 해법; DI를 들어, 다음의 정보가 아래 참조). 에어레이션 모든 솔루션을 섞는다. </li><li> (10 참조, 자세한 내용은) 용출액, 식물 샘플 유출 유입 경로, (식물 샘플의 탈수 용) 원심 분리 튜브 및 샘플 유리 병 (잘 혼합, 폭기 라벨 및 용출 솔루션 및 : 케이트를 들어, 다음의 정보 S 오와 희석 배수의 결정 [D f를, 아래 참조). </li></ol> 3 추적자를 준비 주의 : 다음의 안전 단계가 방사능으로 작업하기 전에주의해야한다. <ol><li> 그 확인의 요구 radioacTIVE 재료 라이센스는 이해하고 따라야한다. 적절한 안전 장비 (즉, 고글, 장갑, 실험실 코트, 납 조끼 / 칼라)와 선량계 (예를 들어, TLD 링과 배지)를 착용 할 것. 차폐 설정 (즉, 플렉시 유리, 납 벽돌)과 뒤에 방사성 작업을 수행합니다. 가이거 뮬러 카운터가 정기적으로 오염을 모니터링하기 위해 존재 함을 확인합니다. </li><li> 42 K의 준비 + <ol><li> 균형 깨끗하고 마른 비커를 놓습니다. 균형을 제로. </li><li> 포장 (분말 형태로 42 K 2 CO 3의 20 mCi의) 추적의 병을 제거하고 비커에 추적을 붓는다. 질량에주의하십시오. </li><li> 비커에 H 2 SO 4 0.07 ㎖의 다음 dH보다 2 O의 피펫 19.93 ML,. 이것은 다음과 같은 화학 반응을 구동한다 : 42 K 2 CO 3 (들) + H 2 SO 4 (리터) + H 2 O (리터) 42 → </sK 2&gt; 최대 SO 4 (리터) + CO 2 (V) + 2H 2 O (리터) </li><li> K 2 CO 3의 질량과 분자량 주어진 방사성 스톡 용액의 농도 및 부피 (20 ㎖)을 계산한다. NOTE : 13 NH 13분의 3 NH 4 + 트레이서을 물 산소 원자의 양성자 충격 통해 싸이클로트론에서 생성되는 작업 경우 (일반적으로 100 ~ 200 mCi의 활동의 결과, 생산 자세한 것은, 12 참조). 14 NH 14분의 3 NH 4 +의 양이 이러한 솔루션에 매우 낮기 때문에, 원액의 N 농도는 무시할 수있다. </li></ol></li></ol> (4) 직접 유입 (DI) 측정 <ol><li> 42 K +의 경우, 라벨 용액에 K +의 원하는 최종 농도에 도달하는 데 필요한 방사성 스톡 용액의 양을 피펫. <ol><li> NH 13분의 3 13 NH 4 +, 피펫 라벨 솔루션으로 소량 (&lt;0.5 mL)을 첨가 하였다. 라벨 솔루션 (폭기를 통해) 잘 혼합 할 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 샘플 병에 라벨 솔루션의 한 ML의 서브 샘플을 피펫 (총 4 샘플)을 세 번 반복합니다. <ol><li> 감마 카운터를 이용하여, ( &quot;분당 카운트&quot;CPM에서) 튜브의 방사능을 측정한다. (이 같은 수명이 짧은 트레이서 특히 중요하다) 카운터가 노출 당 비용 (CPM) 수치는 동위 원소의 붕괴에 대해 보정되도록 프로그램되어 있는지 확인합니다. </li><li> 4 개의 샘플의 개수 (노출 당 비용 (CPM)을 ML-1) 평균과 (μmol의 ML -1) 용액에 기판의 농도로 나누어 (노출 당 비용 (CPM) μmol의 -1로 표시) S O를 계산합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 볼 (시험 조건 하에서 식물을 미리 평형화, 5 분 동안 미리 라벨링 (비 방사성) 용액에 뿌리를 담금예를 들어, 사전 라벨 시간의 변화에 대한 10,13,14). </li><li> 5 분 동안 라벨 (방사성) 용액에 뿌리를 담가. 참고 : 레이블 시간은 실험 3,4,7-10에 따라 차이가있을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 표면 부착 방사능의 대부분을 제거하기 위해 5 초 동안 탈착 용액에 뿌리를 전송합니다. 세포 외 추적자 더 명확 뿌리에 5 분 동안 탈착 솔루션의 두 번째 비커에 뿌리를 전송합니다. </li><li> 별도의 촬영, 기초 촬영, 뿌리는 해부합니다. </li><li> 낮은 속도에서 30 초 동안 원심 분리기 튜브의 뿌리와 스핀 샘플을 배치, 임상 수준의 원심 분리기 (~ 5000 XG)는 표면과 간질 물을 제거합니다. </li><li> 뿌리 (신선한 무게, FW)를 달아. </li><li> 식물 시료에서 방사능 카운트 (촬영, 기초 촬영, 루트를 스텝 4.2.1 참조). </li><li> 플럭스를 계산합니다. 공식을 사용하여 공장으로 유입을 계산 Φ = Q * / S O의 중량 L 여기서 Φ는 자속은(μmol의는 g-1의 시간 -1), Q * 조직에 축적 추적의 양 (보통 루트, 촬영, 노출 당 비용 (CPM), 그리고 결합 된 기저 촬영), S o를 라벨 솔루션 (노출 당 비용 (CPM) μmol의 특정 활동 - 1), w는 루트 신선 중량 (g)이며, t는 L의 표시 시간 (시간)이다. 참고 :보다 정교한 계산이 CATE에서 얻은 매개 변수를 기반으로, 라벨 및 탈착시 뿌리에서 동시 추적 유출을 설명하기 위해 만들어 질 수있다 (; 자세한 내용은, 4 참조 아래 참조). </li></ol> 추적기 유출 (CATE) 측정에 의해 5 Compartmental 분석 <ol><li> 라벨 솔루션 및 측정 S O를 (- 위, 4.2 단계 4.1 참조) 준비합니다. </li><li> 희석 계수 (D의 F)을 측정한다. NOTE : 종종 감마 카운터에서 검출기 샘플의 상대적인 위치에 영향을 미칠 수있는 수량방사선 측정했다. 자세한 내용은 설명을 참조하십시오. <ol><li> S O를 측정 한 후, 각각의 샘플에 2 O H의 19 ML을 추가 (예 : 그 최종 부피 = 용출액 볼륨 = 20 ㎖). 각 20 ㎖의 시료의 방사능 량 (cpm)을 측정한다 (단계 4.2.1 참조). </li><li> 20 ㎖의 샘플의 평균 CPM으로 1 ㎖의 샘플의 평균 CPM 나누어 D의 F를 계산한다. </li></ol></li><li> 1 시간 동안 라벨링 솔루션에 뿌리를 담근다. </li><li> 모든 루트 물질이 유입 내에 보장 깔때기를 유출하는 라벨링 솔루션 및 전송 식물에서 식물을 제거합니다. 플라스틱 칼라를 통해 테이프의 작은 스트립을 적용하여 유출 깔때기의 측면에 부드럽게 안전한 식물. </li><li> 조심스럽게 깔때기에 첫 번째 용출액을 붓는다. 타이머를 시작 (카운트 업). </li><li> 마개를 열고 15 초 후 샘플 병에서 용출를 수집 (참고 : 용출 시간이 달라집니다; 아래 참조). 마개를 닫습니다. 조심스럽게 깔때기에 다음 용출액을 붓는다. </li><li> 반복 하오첫째의 최종 용출액에 다음과 용출 시리즈의 나머지 t 단계 5.6 : 15 초 (사 회), 20 초 (세 번), 30 초 (2 회), 40 초 (한 번), 50 초 (한 번), 29.5 분의 전체 용출량에 대한 1주기 분 (25 시간), 참고 : 탈착 시리즈는 실험 조건 7-10,13,14에 따라 차이가있을 수 있습니다. </li><li> 용출 프로토콜이 완료되면 수확 식물 (- 위의 4.8, 4.6 단계). </li><li> (5.2 참조, D f를하여 각 용출액에 대한 읽기를 곱) 감마 카운터에서 용출액과 식물 샘플에서 방사능 량 (cpm)을 측정한다. </li><li> 용출 시간의 함수로 플롯 추적 자료 (노출 당 비용 (CPM) g (루트 FW) -1 분 -1). 정상 상태의 경우, 선형 회귀 분석 및 플럭스의 계산, 환율의 반감기 및 풀 크기를 (자세한 내용은 6-9 참조) 수행합니다. </li></ol>

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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Futile+Na++cycling+at+the+root+plasma+membrane+in+rice+(Oryza+sativa+L.):+kinetics,+energetics,+and+relationship+to+salinity+tolerance.">Futile Na+ cycling at the root plasma membrane in rice (Oryza sativa L.): kinetics, energetics, and relationship to salinity tolerance.</a> J. Exp. Bot. 59, 4109-4117 (2008).</li><li>Kronzucker, H. J., Britto, D. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sodium+transport+in+plants:+a+critical+review.">Sodium transport in plants: a critical review.</a> New Phytol. 189, 54-81 (2011).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

위의 예에서 알 수 있듯이, 추적자 방법은 란타 영양소와 독성 물질의 단방향 플럭스를 측정 강력한 수단이다. 1 NH 3 유입 아마도 225 μmol의 g -1의 시간 -1, 초과에 도달 할 수 있음을 보여준다 가장 높은 선의의 횡단 자속 적 공장 시스템 13에보고 있지만 순 플럭스를 측정 한 경우 플럭스의 크기는 볼 수 없습니다. NH (3)의</s...

영양분과 독성 물질의 흡수 및 유통 강하게 식물의 성장에 영향을 미친다. 따라서, 기본 전송 프로세스의 조사가 특히 영양 최적화 및 환경 스트레스의 문맥에서, 식물 생물학 연구 및 농업 과학 1,2의 주요 영역을 구성한다 (예를 들어, 염 스트레스, 암모늄 독성). 식물체에서 플럭스의 측정을위한 방법들 중 최고 상당히 1950 개발 된 방사성 동위 원소 추적자의 사용 오늘날 널리 사용가되고 (도 3 등 참조)이다. 이러한 MIFE (자속 추정 이온 미세 전극)과 SIET (스캔 이온 선택성 전극 기법), 및 사용과 같은 조직에서의 루트 매체 및 / 또는 축적 이온 선택성 진동 미소 전극의 사용으로부터 영양분 고갈의 측정과 같은 다른 방법 이온 - 선택적 형광 염료는 또한 널리 적용되지만, 네트 독감을 검출 할 수있는 능력에 제한이XES (즉, 유입과 유출의 차이). 방사성 동위 원소의 사용은, 다른 한편으로는, 연구원 동역학 매개 변수를 해결하는 데 사용될 수있는 단방향 플럭스를 분리 및 정량화하는 독특한 능력을 허용한다 (예를 들면, K M과 V 최대) 및 용량에 대한 통찰력을 제공 지학, 교통 시스템의 메커니즘 및 규제. 방사성 트레이서 만든 단방향 플럭스 측정은 반대 방향의 자속이 높은 조건에서 특히 유용하고, 세포 풀의 회전율은 4 급이다. 추적 동위 원소는 같은 원소의 다른 동위 원소의 배경에 대해 관찰되어 있기 때문에 또한, 추적자 방법 (아래, &#39;토론&#39;참조) 측정은 많은 다른 기술과는 달리, 상당히 높은 기질 농도에서 수행 할 수 있습니다. 여기서 우리는 단방향 및 N의 방사성 동위 원소 측정을위한 자세한 단계를 제공그대로 식물 등 미네랄 영양소의 플럭스 및 독성 물질. 중점 플럭스 칼륨 (K +)의 측정, 식물 영양소 (5), 암모니아 / 암모늄에 이루어집니다 (NH 3 / NH 4 +), 그러나, 예를 들어, 높은 농도 (에 존재하는 경우 독성이 다른 다량 영양소, 1 10 mM의) 2. 우리는 방사성 동위 원소 (42) K + (t 2 = 12.36 시간)과 13 NH 13분의 3 NH 4 + (t 2 = 9.98 분), 각각 모델 시스템 보리의 손상 모종 (Hordeum의 vulgare의의 L를 사용합니다 .), 두 가지 핵심 프로토콜의 설명 : 추적 유출 (CATE)으로 직접 유입 (DI) 및 compartmental 분석. 우리는이 문서가 단순히 각 프로토콜을 수행하는 데 필요한 단계를 설명합니다 처음부터주의해야한다. 각 기술의 적절한 계산과 이론에 대한 간단한 설명을 제공하지만, 자세한 아르 박람회의 배경과 이론은 주제 4,6-9에 대한 몇 가지 주요 기사에서 찾을 수 있습니다. 중요한 것은,이 프로토콜은 다른 영양소 / 독성 물질의 분석을 플럭스 광범위하게 양도 (예를 들어, 24 나 +, 22 나 +, 86 굽은 +, 13 NO 3 -) 및 다른 식물 종에 대한 몇 가지주의 사항이기는하지만 (아래 참조) . 우리는 또한 방사성 물질로 작업하는 모든 연구자가 기관의 이온화 방사선 안전 규제를 통해 제공 라이센스에 따라 작동해야 중요성을 강조한다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="605">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Name of Material/ Equipment</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Comments/Description</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Gamma counter</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Model: Wallac 1480 Wizard 3&#34;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Geiger-M&#252;ller counter</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Ludlum Measurements Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Model 3 survey meter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">400-mL glass beakers</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89000-206</td>
			<td>For pre-absorption, absorption, and desorption solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glass funnel</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89000-466</td>
			<td>For efflux funnel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Large tubing</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">VWR</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">529297</td>
			<td>For efflux funnel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Medium tubing</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">VWR</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:119px;">684783</td>
			<td>For bundling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Small tubing</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">63013-541</td>
			<td>For aeration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Aeration manifold</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Penn Plax Air Tech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">vat 5.5</td>
			<td>To control/distribute pressurized air into solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glass scintillation vials</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">66022-128</td>
			<td>For gamma counting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glass centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">47729-576</td>
			<td>For spin-drying root samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Kimwipes</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">470173-504</td>
			<td>For spin-drying root samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dissecting scissors</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">470001-828</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">470005-496</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Low-speed clinical centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">International Equipment Co.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">76466M-4</td>
			<td>For spin-drying root samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1-mL pipette</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F144493</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">10-mL pipette</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F144494</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1-mL pipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89079-470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">10-mL pipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">89087-532</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Analytical balance</td>
			<td style="width:103px;">Mettler toledo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">PB403-S/FACT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring fluxes of mineral nutrients and toxicants in plants with radioactive tracers

Unidirectional influx and efflux of nutrients and toxicants, and their resultant net fluxes, are central to the nutrition and toxicology of plants. Radioisotope tracing is a major technique used to measure such fluxes, both within plants, and between plants and their environments. Flux data obtained with radiotracer protocols can help elucidate the capacity, mechanism, regulation, and energetics of transport systems for specific mineral nutrients or toxicants, and can provide insight into compartmentation and turnover rates of subcellular mineral and metabolite pools. Here, we describe two major radioisotope protocols used in plant biology: direct influx (DI) and compartmental analysis by tracer efflux (CATE). We focus on flux measurement of potassium (K+) as a nutrient, and ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+) as a toxicant, in intact seedlings of the model species barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). These protocols can be readily adapted to other experimental systems (e.g., different species, excised plant material, and other nutrients/toxicants). Advantages and limitations of these protocols are discussed.

그림 1은 높은에서 성장 그대로 보리 모종의 뿌리로 NH 3의 유입에 대한 (13 N)와 DI 기술을 사용하여 찾을 등온선을 보여줍니다 (10 mM)을 NH 4 +, 그리고 하나 (0.02 mM)을 높거나 낮은 (5 mM의 ) K +. (, 용액의 pH 13의 변화에 의해 조정 된 NH 3] 내선) NH 3 플럭스 외부 NH 3 농도의 함수로 플롯 할 때 등온선은 미카엘리스 - 멘?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Fluxes of Mineral Nutrients and Toxicants in Plants with Radioactive Tracers at JoVE.com

Measuring Fluxes of Mineral Nutrients and Toxicants in Plants with Radioactive Tracers

In planta measurement of nutrient and toxicant fluxes is essential to the study of plant nutrition and toxicity. Here, we cover radiotracer protocols for influx and efflux determination in intact plant roots, using potassium (K+) and ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+) fluxes as examples. Advantages and limitations of such techniques are discussed.

방사성 트레이서와 식물에 미네랄 영양 성분 및 독성 물질의 플럭스를 측정

Unidirectional influx and efflux of nutrients and toxicants, and their resultant net fluxes, are central to the nutrition and toxicology of plants. ...

measuring-fluxes-mineral-nutrients-toxicants-plants-with-radioactive

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11.2K 조회수.  University of Toronto. In planta measurement of nutrient and toxicant fluxes is essential to the study of plant nutrition and toxicity. Here, we cover radiotracer protocols for influx and efflux determination in intact plant roots, using potassium (K+) and ammonia/ammonium (NH3/NH4+) fluxes as examples. Advantages and limitations of such techniques are discussed.

비디오: Measuring Fluxes of Mineral Nutrients and Toxicants in Plants with Radioactive Tracers

Expression of Recombinant Cellulase Cel5A from Trichoderma reesei in Tobacco Plants

Cellulose degrading enzymes, cellulases, are targets of both research and industrial interests. The preponderance of these enzymes in difficult-to-culture organisms, such as hyphae-building fungi and anaerobic bacteria, has hastened the use of recombinant technologies in this field. Plant expression methods are a desirable system for large-scale production of enzymes and other industrially useful proteins. Herein, methods for the transient expression of a fungal endoglucanase, Trichoderma reesei Cel5A, in Nicotiana tabacum are demonstrated. Successful protein expression is shown, monitored by fluorescence using an mCherry-enzyme fusion protein. Additionally, a set of basic tests are used to examine the activity of transiently expressed T. reesei Cel5A, including SDS-PAGE, Western blotting, zymography, as well as&#160;fluorescence and dye-based substrate degradation assays. The system described here can be used to produce an active cellulase in a short time period, so as to assess the potential for further production in plants through constitutive or inducible expression systems.

Expression of Recombinant Cellulase Cel5A from Trichoderma reesei in Tobacco Plants

Tobacco plants were used to produce a fungal cellulase, TrCel5A, via a transient expression system. The expression could be monitored using a fluorescent fusion protein, and the protein activity was characterized post-expression.

재조합 셀룰라아제 Cel5A의 표현에서<em&gt; 트리코더마 reesei</em&gt; 담배 식물에서

Cellulose degrading enzymes, cellulases, are targets of both research and industrial interests. The preponderance of these enzymes in difficult-to-culture ...

연구

환경과학

Measuring Rates of Herbicide Metabolism in Dicot Weeds with an Excised Leaf Assay

In order to isolate and accurately determine rates of herbicide metabolism in an obligate-outcrossing dicot weed, waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), we developed an excised leaf assay combined with a vegetative cloning strategy to normalize herbicide uptake and remove translocation as contributing factors in herbicide-resistant (R) and &#8211;sensitive (S) waterhemp populations. Biokinetic analyses of organic pesticides in plants typically include the determination of uptake, translocation (delivery to the target site), metabolic fate, and interactions with the target site. Herbicide metabolism is an important parameter to measure in herbicide-resistant weeds and herbicide-tolerant crops, and is typically accomplished with whole-plant tests using radiolabeled herbicides. However, one difficulty with interpreting biokinetic parameters derived from whole-plant methods is that translocation is often affected by rates of herbicide metabolism, since polar metabolites are usually not mobile within the plant following herbicide detoxification reactions. Advantages of the protocol described in this manuscript include reproducible, accurate, and rapid determination of herbicide degradation rates in R and S populations, a substantial decrease in the amount of radiolabeled herbicide consumed, a large reduction in radiolabeled plant materials requiring further handling and disposal, and the ability to perform radiolabeled herbicide experiments in the lab or growth chamber instead of a greenhouse. As herbicide resistance continues to develop and spread in dicot weed populations worldwide, the excised leaf assay method developed and described herein will provide an invaluable technique for investigating non-target site-based resistance due to enhanced rates of herbicide metabolism and detoxification.

This manuscript describes how herbicide metabolism rates can be effectively quantified with excised leaves from a dicot weed, thereby reducing variability and removing any possible confounding effects of herbicide uptake or translocation typically observed in whole-plant assays.

절제 잎 분석과 쌍자엽 잡초의 제초제 대사의 요금을 측정

In order to isolate and accurately determine rates of herbicide metabolism in an obligate-outcrossing dicot weed, waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), we ...

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in nutrient and gas cycles. After cores with intact sediment-water interfaces are collected, they are submerged in incubation tanks and kept under aerobic conditions at in situ temperatures. To initiate a time course of overlying water chemistry, cores are sealed without bubbles using a top cap with a suspended stirrer. Time courses of 4-7 sample points are used to determine the rate of sediment water exchange. Artificial illumination simulates day-time conditions for shallow photosynthetic sediments, and in conjunction with dark incubations can provide net exchanges on a daily basis. The net measurement of N2 is made possible by sampling a time course of dissolved gas concentrations, with high precision mass spectrometric analysis of N2:Ar ratios providing a means to measure N2 concentrations. We have successfully applied this approach to lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, wetlands and storm water ponds, and with care, this approach provides valuable information on biogeochemical balances in aquatic ecosystems.

The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations

Here, we present small core incubations for the measurement of sediment-water gas and solute exchange. These will provide reliable measurements of sediment-water exchange that assess the role of sediment in influencing biological and biogeochemical processes in aquatic ecosystems.

O의 저서 교환<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;, N<sub&gt; 2</sub작은 코어 항온 사용&gt;와 용존 영양소

The measurement of sediment-water exchange of gases and solutes in aquatic sediments provides data valuable for understanding the role of sediments in ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

연속 Instream 영양분과 농업 Watersheds에 앙금의 모니터링

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Assessment of Methane and Nitrous Oxide Fluxes from Paddy Field by Means of Static Closed Chambers Maintaining Plants Within Headspace

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based on the diffusion theory. A known volume of air overlaying a defined soil area is enclosed within a parallelepiped cover (named &#34;chamber&#34;), for a defined period of time. During this enclosure period, gases (methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O)) move from soil pore air near their microbial source (i.e., methanogens, nitrifiers, denitrifiers) to the chamber headspace, following a natural concentration gradient. Fluxes are then estimated from chamber headspace concentration variations sampled at regular intervals throughout the enclosure and then analyzed with gas chromatography. Among the techniques available for GHG measurement, the static closed chamber method is suitable for plot experiments, as it does not require large homogenously treated soil areas. Furthermore, it is manageable with limited resources and can identify relationships among ecosystem properties, processes, and fluxes, especially when combined with GHG driving force measurements. Nevertheless, with respect to the micrometeorological method, it causes a minimal but still unavoidable soil disturbance, and allows a minor temporal resolution. Several phases are key to the method implementation: i) chamber design and deployment, ii) sample handling and analyses, and iii) flux estimation. Technique implementation success in paddy fields demands adjustments for field flooding during much of the cropping cycle, and for rice plant maintenance within the chamber headspace during measurements. Therefore, the additional elements to be considered with respect to the usual application of non-flooded agricultural soils consist of devices for: i) avoiding any unintended water disturbance that could overestimate fluxes, and ii) including rice plants within the chamber headspace to fully consider gases emitted through aerenchyma transportation.

The overall goal of this protocol is to measure greenhouse gas emissions from paddy fields using the static closed chamber technique. The measurement system needs specific adjustments due to the presence of both a permanent water layer in the field and of the plants within the chamber headspace.

메탄과 아산화 질소 용 정전기에 의하여 벼 분야에서의 평가 폐쇄 챔버 Headspace 내 식물 유지

This protocol describes the measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from paddy soils using the static closed chamber technique. This method is based ...

Protocol for Producing Three-Dimensional Infrared Video of Freezing in Plants

Freezing in plants can be monitored using infrared (IR) thermography, because when water freezes, it gives off heat. However, problems with color contrast make 2-dimensions (2D) infrared images somewhat difficult to interpret. Viewing an IR image or the video of plants freezing in 3 dimensions (3D) would allow a more accurate identification of sites for ice nucleation as well as the progression of freezing. In this paper, we demonstrate a relatively simple means to produce a 3D infrared video of a strawberry plant freezing. Strawberry is an economically important crop that is subjected to unexpected spring freeze events in many areas of the world. An accurate understanding of the freezing in strawberry will provide both breeders and growers with more economical ways to prevent any damage to plants during freezing conditions.
The technique involves a positioning of two IR cameras at slightly different angles to film the strawberry freezing. The two video streams will be precisely synchronized using a screen capture software that records both cameras simultaneously. The recordings will then be imported into the imaging software and processed using an anaglyph technique. Using red-blue glasses, the 3D video will make it easier to determine the precise site of ice nucleation on leaf surfaces.

Here, we present a protocol to image a strawberry plant freezing in 3 dimensions. Two infrared cameras positioned at slightly different angles are used to produce a red-blue anaglyph video to observe the freezing of the plant in 3 dimensions.

식물에 동결의 3 차원 적외선 비디오를 제작 하기 위한 프로토콜

Freezing in plants can be monitored using infrared (IR) thermography, because when water freezes, it gives off heat. However, problems with color contrast ...

An Optimized Rhizobox Protocol to Visualize Root Growth and Responsiveness to Localized Nutrients

Roots are notoriously difficult to study. Soil is both a visual and mechanical barrier, making it difficult to track roots in situ without destructive harvest or expensive equipment. We present a customizable and affordable rhizobox method that allows the non-destructive visualization of root growth over time and is particularly well-suited to studying root plasticity in response to localized resource patches. The method was validated by assessing maize genotypic variation in plasticity responses to patches containing 15N-labeled legume residue. Methods are described to obtain representative developmental measurements over time, measure root length density in resource-containing and control patches, calculate root growth rates, and determine 15N recovery by plant roots and shoots. Advantages, caveats, and potential future applications of the method are also discussed. Although care must be taken to ensure that experimental conditions do not bias root growth data, the rhizobox protocol presented here yields reliable results if carried out with sufficient attention to detail.

Visualizing and measuring root growth in situ is extremely challenging. We present a customizable rhizobox method to track root development and proliferation over time in response to nutrient enrichment. This method is used to analyze maize genotypic differences in root plasticity in response to an organic nitrogen source.

루트 성장 및 지역화 된 양분에 응답을 시각화 하는 최적화 된 Rhizobox 프로토콜

Roots are notoriously difficult to study. Soil is both a visual and mechanical barrier, making it difficult to track roots in situ without destructive ...

Measuring the Shape and Size of Activated Sludge Particles Immobilized in Agar with an Open Source Software Pipeline

Experimental bioreactors, such as those treating wastewater, contain particles whose size and shape are important parameters. For example, the size and shape of activated sludge flocs can indicate the conditions at the microscale, and also directly affect how well the sludge settles in a clarifier.
Particle size and shape are both misleadingly &#39;simple&#39; measurements. Many subtle issues, often unaddressed in informal protocols, can arise when sampling, imaging, and analyzing particles. Sampling methods may be biased or not provide enough statistical power. The samples themselves may be poorly preserved or undergo alteration during immobilization. Images may not be of sufficient quality; overlapping particles, depth of field, magnification level, and various noise can all produce poor results. Poorly specified analysis can introduce bias, such as that produced by manual image thresholding and segmentation.
Affordability and throughput are desirable alongside reproducibility. An affordable, high throughput method can enable more frequent particle measurement, producing many images containing thousands of particles. A method that uses inexpensive reagents, a common dissecting microscope, and freely-available open source analysis software allows repeatable, accessible, reproducible, and partially-automated experimental results. Further, the product of such a method can be well-formatted, well-defined, and easily understood by data analysis software, easing both within-lab analyses and data sharing between labs.
We present a protocol that details the steps needed to produce such a product, including: sampling, sample preparation and immobilization in agar, digital image acquisition, digital image analysis, and examples of experiment-specific figure generation from the analysis results. We have also included an open-source data analysis pipeline to support this protocol.

The size and shape of particles in activated sludge are important parameters that are measured using varying methods. Inaccuracies arise from non-representative sampling, suboptimal images, and subjective analysis parameters. To minimize these errors and ease measurement, we present a protocol specifying every step, including an open source software pipeline.

형태와 오픈 소스 소프트웨어 파이프라인 Agar에 움직일 활성된 슬러지 입자의 크기 측정

Experimental bioreactors, such as those treating wastewater, contain particles whose size and shape are important parameters. For example, the size and ...

Xylem Water Distribution in Woody Plants Visualized with a Cryo-scanning Electron Microscope

A scanning electron microscope installed cryo-unit (cryo-SEM) allows specimen observation at subzero temperatures and has been used for exploring water distribution in plant tissues in combination with freeze fixation techniques using liquid nitrogen (LN2). For woody species, however, preparations for observing the xylem transverse-cut surface involve some difficulties due to the orientation of wood fibers. Additionally, higher tension in the water column in xylem conduits can occasionally cause artifactual changes in water distribution, especially during sample fixation and collection. In this study, we demonstrate an efficient procedure to observe the water distribution within the xylem of woody plants in situ&#160;by using a cryostat and cryo-SEM. At first, during sample collection, measuring the xylem water potential should determine whether high tension is present in the xylem conduits. When the xylem water potential is low (&#60; ca. &#8722;0.5 MPa), a tension relaxation procedure is needed to facilitate better preservation of the water status in xylem conduits during sample freeze fixation. Next, a watertight collar is attached around the tree stem and filled with LN2&#160;for freeze fixation of the water status of xylem. After harvesting, care should be taken to ensure that the sample is preserved frozen while completing the procedures of sample preparation for observation. A cryostat is employed to clearly expose the xylem transverse-cut surface. In cryo-SEM observations, time adjustment for freeze-etching is required to remove frost dust and accentuate the edge of the cell walls on the viewing surface. Our results demonstrate the applicability of cryo-SEM techniques for the observation of water distribution within xylem at cellular and subcellular levels. The combination of cryo-SEM with non-destructive in situ observation techniques will profoundly improve the exploration of woody plant water flow dynamics.

Observing the water distribution within the xylem provides significant information regarding water flow dynamics in woody plants. In this study, we demonstrate the practical approach to observe xylem water distribution in situ&#160;by using a cryostat and cryo-SEM, which eliminates artifactual changes in the water status during sample preparation.

극저온 스캐닝 전자 현미경으로 시각화된 우디 식물의 자일렘 물 분포

A scanning electron microscope installed cryo-unit (cryo-SEM) allows specimen observation at subzero temperatures and has been used for exploring water ...

Using Caenorhabditis elegans for Studying Trans- and Multi-Generational Effects of Toxicants

Information about toxicities of chemicals are essential in their application and waste management. For chemicals at low concentrations, the long-term effects are very important in judging their consequences in the environment and on human health. In demonstrating long-term influences, effects of chemicals over generations in recent studies provide new insight. Here, we describe protocols for studying effects of chemicals over multiple generations using free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Two aspects are presented: (1) trans-generational (TG) and (2) multi-generational effect studies, the latter of which is separated to multi-generational exposure (MGE) and multi-generational residual (MGR) effect studies. The TG effect study is robust with a simple purpose to determine whether chemical exposure to parents can result in any residual consequences on offspring. After the effects are measured on parents, sodium hypochlorite solutions are used to kill the parents and keep the offspring so as to facilitate effect measurement on the offspring. The TG effect study is used to determine whether the offspring are affected when their parent is exposed to the pollutants. The MGE and MGR effect study is systematical used to determine whether continuous generational exposure can result in adaptive responses in offspring over generations. Careful pick-up and transfer are used to distinguish generations to facilitate effect measurement on each generation. We also combined protocols to measure locomotion behavior, reproduction, lifespan, biochemical and gene expression changes. Some example experiments are also presented to illustrate the trans- and multi-generational effect studies.

Using Caenorhabditis elegans for Studying Trans- and Multi-Generational Effects of Toxicants

Trans- and multi-generational effects of persistent chemicals are essential in judging their long-term consequences in the environment and on the human health. We provide novel detailed methods for studying trans- and multi-generational effects using free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

독성물질의 트랜스 및 다세대 효과를 연구하기 위한 예쁜꼬마선충 사용

Information about toxicities of chemicals are essential in their application and waste management. For chemicals at low concentrations, the long-term ...