Name: sagittal plane kinematic gait analysis in c57bl/6 mice subjected to mog35-55 induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Uploaded: 2017-11-04T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sagittal Plane Kinematic Gait Analysis in C57BL/6 Mice Subjected to MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis at JoVE.com

We would like to acknowledge Sid Chedrawe for his technical assistance with filming. This work was supported by funding from the MS Society of Canada (EGID 2983).

This protocol is in accordance with the Canadian Council on Animal Care guidelines and was approved by the Dalhousie University Committee on Laboratory Animals.
1. Construct Reflective Markers:
<ol>
	<li>Using a hand-held hole punch, punch the desired number of small circles from a sheet of reflective paper. Each animal requires 5 markers for a single recording; two large and three small markers.</li>
	<li>Using fine scissors, make a straight cut extending from the perimeter to the center of...

<ol>
	<li>Giladi, N., Horak, F. B., Hausdorff, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classification+of+gait+disturbances:+distinguishing+between+continuous+and+episodic+changes.">Classification of gait disturbances: distinguishing between continuous and episodic changes.</a> Mov Disord. 28 (11), 1469-1473 (2013).</li><li>Kiehn, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decoding+the+organization+of+spinal+circuits+that+control+locomotion.">Decoding the organization of spinal circuits that control locomotion.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 17 (4), 224-238 (2016).</li><li>Akay, T., Tourtellotte, W. G., Arber, S., Jessell, T. 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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basso+Mouse+Scale+for+locomotion+detects+differences+in+recovery+after+spinal+cord+injury+in+five+common+mouse+strains.">Basso Mouse Scale for locomotion detects differences in recovery after spinal cord injury in five common mouse strains.</a> J Neurotrauma. 23 (5), 635-659 (2006).</li><li>Tatem, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+and+locomotor+measurements+using+an+open+field+activity+monitoring+system+for+skeletal+muscle+diseases.">Behavioral and locomotor measurements using an open field activity monitoring system for skeletal muscle diseases.</a> J Vis Exp. (91), e51785 (2014).</li><li>Hetze, S., Romer, C., Teufelhart, C., Meisel, A., Engel, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gait+analysis+as+a+method+for+assessing+neurological+outcome+in+a+mouse+model+of+stroke.">Gait analysis as a method for assessing neurological outcome in a mouse model of stroke.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 206 (1), 7-14 (2012).</li><li>Preisig, D. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-speed+video+gait+analysis+reveals+early+and+characteristic+locomotor+phenotypes+in+mouse+models+of+neurodegenerative+movement+disorders.">High-speed video gait analysis reveals early and characteristic locomotor phenotypes in mouse models of neurodegenerative movement disorders.</a> Behav Brain Res. 311, 340-353 (2016).</li><li>Leblond, H., L'Esperance, M., Orsal, D., Rossignol, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Treadmill+locomotion+in+the+intact+and+spinal+mouse.">Treadmill locomotion in the intact and spinal mouse.</a> J Neurosci. 23 (36), 11411-11419 (2003).</li><li>Ueno, M., Yamashita, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+analyses+reveal+impaired+locomotion+following+injury+of+the+motor+cortex+in+mice.">Kinematic analyses reveal impaired locomotion following injury of the motor cortex in mice.</a> Exp Neurol. 230 (2), 280-290 (2011).</li><li>Zorner, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Profiling+locomotor+recovery:+comprehensive+quantification+of+impairments+after+CNS+damage+in+rodents.">Profiling locomotor recovery: comprehensive quantification of impairments after CNS damage in rodents.</a> Nat Methods. 7 (9), 701-708 (2010).</li><li>Pearson, K. G., Acharya, H., Fouad, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+electrode+configuration+for+recording+electromyographic+activity+in+behaving+mice.">A new electrode configuration for recording electromyographic activity in behaving mice.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 148 (1), 36-42 (2005).</li><li>Balkaya, M., Krober, J. M., Rex, A., Endres, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessing+post-stroke+behavior+in+mouse+models+of+focal+ischemia.">Assessing post-stroke behavior in mouse models of focal ischemia.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 33 (3), 330-338 (2013).</li><li>Akay, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+measurement+of+muscle+denervation+and+locomotor+behavior+in+individual+wild-type+and+ALS+model+mice.">Long-term measurement of muscle denervation and locomotor behavior in individual wild-type and ALS model mice.</a> J Neurophysiol. 111 (3), 694-703 (2014).</li><li>Taylor, T. N., Greene, J. G., Miller, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+phenotyping+of+mouse+models+of+Parkinson's+disease.">Behavioral phenotyping of mouse models of Parkinson's disease.</a> Behav Brain Res. 211 (1), 1-10 (2010).</li><li>Chen, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+Histopathological+and+Behavioral+Outcomes+Eight+Weeks+after+Rat+Spinal+Cord+Injury+by+Contusion,+Dislocation,+and+Distraction+Mechanisms.">Differential Histopathological and Behavioral Outcomes Eight Weeks after Rat Spinal Cord Injury by Contusion, Dislocation, and Distraction Mechanisms.</a> J Neurotrauma. 33 (18), 1667-1684 (2016).</li><li>de Bruin, N. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+rodent+models+and+behavioral+measures+reveal+unexpected+responses+to+FTY720+and+DMF+in+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Multiple rodent models and behavioral measures reveal unexpected responses to FTY720 and DMF in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> Behav Brain Res. 300, 160-174 (2016).</li><li>Steinman, L., Zamvil, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+to+successfully+apply+animal+studies+in+experimental+allergic+encephalomyelitis+to+research+on+multiple+sclerosis.">How to successfully apply animal studies in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis to research on multiple sclerosis.</a> Ann Neurol. 60 (1), 12-21 (2006).</li><li>Emerson, M. R., Gallagher, R. J., Marquis, J. G., LeVine, S. 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(86), (2014).</li><li>Beeton, C., Garcia, A., Chandy, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+and+clinical+scoring+of+chronic-relapsing+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Induction and clinical scoring of chronic-relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> J Vis Exp. (5), e224 (2007).</li><li>Barthelmes, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+Experimental+Autoimmune+Encephalomyelitis+in+Mice+and+Evaluation+of+the+Disease-dependent+Distribution+of+Immune+Cells+in+Various+Tissues.">Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues.</a> J Vis Exp. (111), (2016).</li><li>Shaw, M. K., Zhao, X. Q., Tse, H. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Active+induction+of+experimental+allergic+encephalomyelitis.">Active induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.</a> Nat Protoc. 1 (4), 1810-1819 (2006).</li><li>Fiander, M. D., Stifani, N., Nichols, M., Akay, T., Robertson, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+gait+parameters+are+highly+sensitive+measures+of+motor+deficits+and+spinal+cord+injury+in+mice+subjected+to+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Kinematic gait parameters are highly sensitive measures of motor deficits and spinal cord injury in mice subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> Behav Brain Res. 317, 95-108 (2017).</li><li>Jones, M. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+and+pathological+outcomes+in+MOG+35-55+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Behavioral and pathological outcomes in MOG 35-55 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> J Neuroimmunol. 199 (1-2), 83-93 (2008).</li><li>van den Berg, R., Laman, J. D., van Meurs, M., Hintzen, R. Q., Hoogenraad, C. 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In mice with EAE, the two most common methods of measuring motor deficits are clinical scoring and fall latency from a rotarod27,28. These techniques have several limitations. Although convenient and widely used, clinical scoring is limited by yielding only ordinal level data, meaning that the magnitude of the differences between clinical scores are not known. Clinical scoring also suffers from being unable to provide precise information about the nature of the m...

Gait is a series of repetitive movements of the limbs used to achieve locomotion. Gait is comprised of step cycles, which are divided into two phases: the stance phase, which is when the foot is moving backwards on the ground to propel the body forwards; and the swing phase, where the foot is off the ground and moving forwards. Disturbances of gait are hallmark features of many neurodegenerative disorders, such as spinal cord injury (SCI), multiple sclerosis (MS), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD), and stroke; preclinical rodent models of these disorders often recapitulate their respective gait impairments1. The basic control mechanisms of locomotion in mice have been intensively studied2,3. Additionally, there are mouse models of many human neurological disorders4. Gait analysis in mice is therefore an attractive approach to measure multiple aspects of motor deficits that have known anatomical correlates. The study of gait in mouse models may provide insights into the neuropathological bases of locomotor deficits in neurodegenerative disorders, and enable the identification of potential treatments.
Some techniques that have been used to measure gait in rodents include visual inspection (e.g., the Basso mouse scale5 and open field test6) and analysis of gait from the ventral plane7. More recently, methods to measure sagittal plane kinematics of hindlimb movements have gained popularity because they provide more information about the execution of movement and consequently are more sensitive to subtle changes in gait8,9,10,11. Kinematic techniques developed to study hindlimb movement in sagittal plane while walking on a treadmill9,12 have been extensively studied in the context of SCI, ALS, traumatic cortical injuries, stroke, and Huntington&#39;s disease8,9,10,11,13,14,15,16. In contrast, these techniques have seen limited use in the study of locomotor deficits for mouse models of multiple sclerosis17.
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most commonly used mouse model of MS18. The two main methods of inducing EAE is via active or passive inoculation. In active EAE, mice are immunized with myelin antigens, causing autoreactive T cell-mediated neuroinflammation and demyelination in the spinal cord and cerebellum. Passive EAE, on the other hand, is induced by transferring autoreactive T cells from a mouse with active EAE to a na&#239;ve mouse19. As described elsewhere, the disease course and neuropathology are influenced by the central nervous system (CNS) antigen and mouse strain20,21,22,23,24,25. In EAE experiments, control mice are injected with complete Freund&#39;s adjuvant (CFA) without the myelin antigen. EAE is characterized by ascending paralysis that begins with tail weakness and can potentially involve the forelimbs, resulting in ataxia and paralysis20. We have recently characterized gait changes in C57Bl/6 mice subjected to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55)-induced EAE. These studies have shown gait analysis to be superior than classical behavioral analysis because deviations from normal ankle movement are highly correlated with the degree of white matter loss in the lumbar spinal cord of EAE mice26. By contrast, the strength of the correlation between white matter loss and two other traditional behavioral measures (clinical scoring and rotarod) was much weaker26.
We describe here the use of kinematic gait analysis to detect movement deficits in the sagittal plane of EAE mice walking on a treadmill. Five reflective markers were placed on a hindlimb to identify movement of the hip, knee, and ankle joints in high-speed video recordings. Motion analysis software was used to extract kinematic data about joint excursions. The utility of these techniques to quantify movement deficits for the MOG35-55 model of EAE are discussed. These techniques are also applicable to the study of gait deficits in other mouse models of neurodegenerative disorders.

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		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Camera</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">Nikon D750</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used to film the video</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Reflective tape</td>
			<td>B&#38;L Engineering</td>
			<td>MKR-Tape-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Fine scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15023-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11252-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Glue gun</td>
			<td>Craftsmart</td>
			<td>E231647</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">scalpel handle #4</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>R5-9884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Scalpel Blade No.10</td>
			<td>Feather</td>
			<td>2020-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td>Charles River Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:344px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Anesthetic machine</td>
			<td>EZ Anesthesia</td>
			<td>EZ-AF9000 Auto Flow System</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Recirculating water heating blanket</td>
			<td>Androit</td>
			<td>HTP-1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">topical eye lubricant</td>
			<td>Refresh</td>
			<td>DIN00210889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Shaver</td>
			<td>Oster</td>
			<td>78997-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">High speed camera</td>
			<td>Fastec</td>
			<td>Fastec IL3-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">High power light</td>
			<td>Smith Victor Corporation</td>
			<td>Model 700 SG (600 Watt quartz light, 120 Volts)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Light Stand</td>
			<td>Promaster</td>
			<td>LS1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Treadmill</td>
			<td colspan="2">Custom built at the Zoological Institute, University of Cologne</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Microsoft Excel 2016</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td>Version 2016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">KinemaJ</td>
			<td>Nicolas Stifani</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This is a script generated for use with ImageJ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">KinemaR</td>
			<td>Nicolas Stifani</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This is a script generated for use with Rstudio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Vicon Motus</td>
			<td>Vicon Motus</td>
			<td>Version 9.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GraphPad Prism</td>
			<td>GraphPad</td>
			<td>Version 6.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sagittal plane kinematic gait analysis in c57bl/6 mice subjected to mog35-55 induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Kinematic gait analysis in the sagittal plane has frequently been used to characterize motor deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS). We describe the application of these techniques to identify gait deficits in a mouse model of MS, known as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Paralysis and motor deficits in mice subjected to EAE are typically assessed using a clinical scoring scale. However, this scale yields only ordinal data that provides little information about the precise nature of the motor deficits. EAE disease severity has also been assessed by rotarod performance, which provides a measure of general motor coordination. By contrast, kinematic gait analysis of the hind limb in the sagittal plane generates highly precise information about how movement is impaired. To perform this procedure, reflective markers are placed on a hind limb to detect joint movement while a mouse is walking on a treadmill. Motion analysis software is used to measure movement of the markers during walking. Kinematic gait parameters are then derived from the resultant data. We show how these gait parameters can be used to quantify impaired movements of the hip, knee, and ankle joints in EAE. These techniques may be used to better understand disease mechanisms and identify potential treatments for MS and other neurodegenerative disorders that impair mobility.

Figure 1 is a schematic representation of the procedure used for kinematic gait analysis. First, reflective markers are made and placed on a mouse at 5 anatomical points. Gait is then recorded while the mouse is walking on a treadmill. Motion analysis software is used to extract kinematic data for subsequent analysis.
Figure 2A-C represent the step cycle of a control CFA mouse for the hip, knee, and ankle joint angles...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sagittal Plane Kinematic Gait Analysis in C57BL/6 Mice Subjected to MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis at JoVE.com

Sagittal Plane Kinematic Gait Analysis in C57BL/6 Mice Subjected to MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Kinematic gait analysis in the sagittal plane yields highly precise information about how movement is executed. We describe the application of these techniques to identify gait deficits for mice subjected to autoimmune-mediated demyelination. These methods may also be used to characterize gait deficits for other mouse models featuring impaired locomotion.

Kinematic gait analysis in the sagittal plane has frequently been used to characterize motor deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS). We describe the ...

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Neuroscience

Experimental Methods for Testing the Effects of Neurotrophic Peptide, ADNF-9, Against Alcohol-induced Apoptosis during Pregnancy in C57BL/6 Mice

Experimental designs for investigating the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure during early embryonic stages in fetal brain growth are challenging. This ...

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

Cortex-, Hippocampus-, Thalamus-, Hypothalamus-, Lateral Septal Nucleus- and Striatum-specific In Utero Electroporation in the C57BL/6 Mouse

In utero electroporation is a widely used technique for fast and efficient spatiotemporal manipulation of various genes in the rodent central nervous ...

Automated Gait Analysis in Mice with Chronic Constriction Injury

The von Frey test is a classical method that has been widely used to examine the sensory function of neuropathic pain animals. However, it has some ...

A Simple Approach to Induce Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis in C57BL/6 Mice for Functional and Neuropathological Assessments

Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a well-appreciated experimental model of autoimmune peripheral demyelinating diseases. EAN disease is induced by ...

Cochlear Implant Surgery and Electrically-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response Recordings in C57BL/6 Mice

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of ...

3D Kinematic Analysis for the Functional Evaluation in the Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of ...

Automated Gait Analysis to Assess Functional Recovery in Rodents with Peripheral Nerve or Spinal Cord Contusion Injury

Peripheral and central nerve injuries are mostly studied in rodents, especially rats, given the fact that these animal models are both cost-effective and ...

Comprehensive Understanding of Inactivity-Induced Gait Alteration in Rodents

It is well known that disuse affects neural systems and that joint motions become altered; however, which outcomes properly exhibit these characteristics ...

Imaging CD19+ B Cells in an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mouse Model using Positron Emission Tomography

Imaging CD19+ B Cells in an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mouse Model using Positron Emission Tomography

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) disease affecting young adults, often resulting in neurological ...

Isolating All CNS Resident Cell Types Simultaneously from Autoimmune Mice

Simultaneous Isolation of Principal Central Nervous System-Resident Cell Types from Adult Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice

Studying Neuroinflammatory Pathways Through Simultaneous Isolation of All Main CNS-Resident Cell Types (Video) | JoVE

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is the most common murine model for multiple sclerosis (MS) and is frequently used to further elucidate ...