연구 자금 절약 효과 평가 프로젝트 (CEAP)에서 때문에 가능 했다. 우리는 특히 감사 사이트 액세스 권한을 생산자에서 미국 농 무부-ARS-델타 물 관리 연구 단위, Ecotoxicology 연구 시설, 아칸소 주립 대학 직원에 의해 샘플 분석 위원에서 연구 지원에 대 한. 이 연구의 일부는 ARS 참여 프로그램, 미국 에너지 부와 농 무부 사이 부처간 합의 통해 과학 교육 (ORISE)에 대 한 오크 리 지 연구소에 의해 관리 하는 약속에 의해 지원 되었다. ORISE는 DOE 계약 번호 드-AC05-06OR23100에서 ORAU에 의해 관리 됩니다. 이 문서에 모든 의견 저자의 이며 반드시 정책 및 USDA, ARS, 미상, 또는 ORAU/ORISE을 반영 하지 않습니다.

<ol><li>Pellerin, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1752-1688.12386/pdf">Emerging Tools for Continuous Nutrient Monitoring Networks: Sensors Advancing Science and Water Resources Protection.</a> J Am Water Resour Assoc. 52 (4), 993-1008 (2016).</li>
<li>Rozemeijer, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Application+and+Evaluation+of+a+New+Passive+Sampler+for+Measuring+Average+Solute+Concentrations+in+a+Catchment+Scale+Water+Quality+Monitoring+Study%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Environ+Sci+Tech%22%5BJournal%5D)">Application and Evaluation of a New Passive Sampler for Measuring Average Solute Concentrations in a Catchment Scale Water Quality Monitoring Study.</a> Environ Sci Tech. 44 (4), 1353-1359 (2010).</li>
<li>Cassidy, R., Jordan, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169411003301">Limitations of instantaneous water quality sampling in surface-water catchments: Comparison with near-continuous phosphorus time-series data.</a> J. Hydrol. 405 (1-2), 182-193 (2011).</li>
<li>Facchi, A., Gandolfi, C., Whelan, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+comparison+of+river+water+quality+sampling+methodologies+under+highly+variable+load+conditions%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Chemosphere%22%5BJournal%5D)">A comparison of river water quality sampling methodologies under highly variable load conditions.</a> Chemosphere. 66 (4), 746-756 (2007).</li>
<li>Hamilton, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://pages.aquaticinformatics.com/web-report.html">Global hydrological monitoring industry trends</a>. , Aquatic Informatics. Vancouver, B.C. (2012).</li>
<li>Aryal, N., Reba, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880916305436">Transport and transformation of nutrients and sediment in two agricultural watersheds in Northeast Arkansas.</a> Agric Ecosyst Environ. 236, 30-42 (2017).</li>
<li>National Research Council (U.S.). <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=%22Confronting+the+nation%27s+water+problems%3A+The+role+of+research%22">Confronting the nation's water problems: The role of research</a>. , National Academies Press. (2004).</li>
<li>LMRRA (Lower Mississippi River Resource Assessment). <a target="_blank" href="http://www.mvm.usace.army.mil/Portals/51/docs/missions/projects/LMRRA/LMRRA_Final%20Assessment%20Public.pdf?ver=2016-09-15-141848-490">Final Assessment in Response to Section 402 of WRDA 2000 Public Review Draft</a>. , (2015).</li>
<li>MWNTF (Mississippi River/Gulf of Mexico Watershed Nutrient Task Force). <a target="_blank" href="https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/htf-goals-framework-2015.pdf">New Goal Framework</a>. , Washington, DC. (2008).</li>
<li>USDA-NRCS (The United States Department of Agriculture-Natural Resources Conservation Service). Mississippi River Basin Healthy Watersheds Initiative Maps and List of Watershed. , Available from:
 <a target="_blank" href="http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/programs/initiatives/?cid=nrcsdev11_023896">http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/national/programs/initiatives/?cid=nrcsdev11_023896</a> (2016).</li>
<li>Reba, M. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.jswconline.org/content/68/2/45A.full.pdf+html">A statewide network for monitoring agricultural water quality and water quantity in Arkansas.</a> J. Soil Water Conserv. 68 (2), 45a-49a (2013).</li>
<li>Duncan, D., Harvey, F., Walker, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=author%3aDuncan%2C+D+%22Australian+Water+Quality+Centre%22">Australian Water Quality Centre</a>. , Environment Protection Authority. Australia. (2007).</li>
<li>Hamilton, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://pages.aquaticinformatics.com/web-whitepaper-5-essentials.html">The 5 essential elements of a hydrological monitoring program</a>. , Aquatic Informatics. (2012).</li>
<li>Wagner, R. J., Boulger, R. W. Jr, Oblinger, C. J., Smith, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/tm/2006/tm1D3/pdf/TM1D3.pdf">Guidelines and standard procedures for continuous water-quaity monitors-Station operation, record computation, and data reporting:
 U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 1-D3</a>. , Virginia. (2006).</li>
<li>World Metorological Organization. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/hwrp/publications/stream_gauging/1044_Vol_I_en.pdf">Manual on Stream Gauging Volume I-Fieldwork</a>. , (2010).</li>
<li>American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, & Water Environment Federation. <a target="_blank" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&safe=off&q=%22Standard+methods+for+the+examination+of+water+%26+wastewater%22">Standard methods for the examination of water & wastewater</a>. , 21st ed, American Public Health Association. (2005).</li>
<li>ASTM (American Society of Testing and Materials) D3977-97. <a target="_blank" href="https://www.astm.org/DATABASE.CART/HISTORICAL/D3977-97.htm">Standard test methods for determining sediment concentration in water samples</a>. , ASTM International. West Conshohocken, PA. (1997).</li>
<li>O'Connor, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/WR003i001p00065/abstract">The temporal and spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen in streams.</a> Water Resour Res. 3 (1), 65-79 (1967).</li>
<li>Dabney, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.jswconline.org/content/53/3/207.abstract">Cover crop impacts on watershed hydrology.</a> J Soil Water Conserv. 53 (3), 207-213 (1998).</li>
<li>Udawatta, R. P., Motavalli, P. P., Garrett, H. E., Krstansky, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167880906001034">Nitrogen losses in runoff from three adjacent agricultural watersheds with claypan soils.</a> Agric Ecosyst Environ. 117 (1), 39-48 (2006).</li>
</ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

전반적으로, 양분 및 앙금의 지속적인 모니터링 잡아 샘플링 방법을 사용 하 여 모니터링 하는 여러 가지 장점이 있다. Hydrological와 물 품질 프로세스 시간의 아주 짧은 기간 동안 강우량에 의해 영향을 받습니다. 사용자는 영양분과 복잡 한 문제를 공부 하는 앙금에 높은 시간 해상도 데이터를 얻을 수 있습니다. 물 품질 같은 다른 매개 변수, 전도도, pH, 온도, 고 마, 동시에 그리고 질산염, 암모늄,...

수 질 모니터링 분수령 음모 또는 필드에서 범위 수 있습니다 기여 영역의 크기에 따라 다양 한 공간 스케일에서 오염 물질의 농도에 정보를 제공 합니다. 이 모니터링 수행 시간, 단일 이벤트, 하루, 계절, 또는 1 년의 기간 동안 됩니다. (예: 질소와 인) 영양분과 침전 물, 주로 관련 된 수 질 모니터링에서 획득 정보를 사용할 수 있습니다: 1) hydrological 프로세스와 전송 스트림, 오염 물질의 변화를 이해 등 농업 배수도 랑; 2) 양분 및 앙금 부하 감소 및 증가 수 질; 분수령에 적용 하는 관리 관행의 효율성을 평가 3) 평가 하류; 물에 침전 물과 영양분의 배달 그리고 4) 영양분과 토사는 hydrological 이해 및 물 오염 물질 수송 및 역학의 시간적, 공간적 범위 결정 하는 품질 프로세스의 모델링 개선.
이 정보는 수생 생태계 복원, 지속 가능한 계획, 및 물 자원1의 관리에 매우 중요 합니다.
가장 일반적으로 사용 되는 방법은 영양소에 대 한 그리고 침전 물 분수령에 모니터링 잡아 샘플링. 잡아 샘플링 샘플링2시 스냅숏 농도를 정확 하 게 나타냅니다. 자주 샘플링 한다면 그것 또한 시간 오염 물질 농도의 변화를 묘사할 수 있다. 그러나, 자주 샘플링은 집중 하 고 비싼, 자주 허무2그것을 만드는 시간 이다. 또한, 잡아 샘플링 아래 수 있습니다-또는 샘플링 시간2,,34외부 실제 오염 물질 농도과 대 평가. 따라서, 이러한 농도 사용 하 여 계산 하는 중 정확 하지 않을 수 있습니다.
또는 지속적인 모니터링 제공 정확 하 고 시기 적절 한 정보를 수 질 분, 시간, 또는 하루 등 미리 정해진된 시간 간격으로. 사용자는 그들의 요구에 따라 적절 한 시간 간격을 선택할 수 있습니다. 연구원, 계획자 및 관리자 샘플 컬렉션을 최적화할 수 있습니다 지속적인 모니터링 개발 하 고 모니터 시간 통합 통계, 총 최대 매일 같은 로드 (TMDLs); 평가 물 몸;의 레크리에이션 사용 평가 기준 스트림 조건; 그리고 공간 및 일시적으로 평가 원인-효과 관계를 확인 하 고 개발 관리 계획5,6에 오염 물질의 변형. 양분과 앙금의 지속적인 모니터링 최근 수신 진보로 인해 증가 관심 컴퓨팅 및 센서 기술, 저장 장치, 향상 된 용량 및 더 복잡 한 과정을 공부 하는 데 필요한 증가 데이터 요구 사항 1 , 5 , 7. 700 물 전문가의 세계적인 조사에서 sondes 여러 매개 변수를 사용 하 여 26%에서 2012 년 2002에서 61%로 증가 하 고 2022566%에 도달할 것으로 예상 된다. 같은 조사에서 응답자의 72%는 그들의 데이터에 맞게 그들의 모니터링 네트워크의 확장에 대 한 필요5필요 표시. 2012 년에 역 당 모니터링 변수의 수와 모니터링 네트워크에서 방송국의 수 20225각각 53%, 64%로 증가 예상 된다.
그러나, 지속적인 수 질 및 수량 농업 watersheds에서 모니터링 도전 이다. 큰 강 우 이벤트 침전 물 및 macrophytes, 센서 및 sondes에 높은 퇴적 부하와 파편 형성에 기여 하 고 씻어. 초과 질소와 인 농업 분야에 적용의 결선 현미경과 거시적인 생물의 성장에 대 한 그리고 특히 여름에 instream 센서와 sondes, 파울에 대 한 이상적인 조건을 만듭니다. 오염 및 침전 물 형성 실패, 드리프트, 신뢰할 수 없는 데이터를 생산 하는 센서를 발생할 수 있습니다. 이러한 어려움에도 불구 하 고 미세한 (분 당 낮은)으로 일시적인 해상도 데이터는 필요한 결선 프로세스 및 포인트 소스 오염, 공부 하 유역 특성 (예: 크기, 토양, 경사면, 등에 의해 영향을 받습니다. ) 타이밍 및 강 우7의 강도. 주의 필드 관찰, 자주 교정, 그리고 적절 한 청소 및 유지 보수는 센서와 미세한 시간 해상도 에서도 sondes에서 좋은-품질 데이터를 보장할 수 있습니다.
여기, 우리는 제자리에서 연속 다중 매개 물 품질 sondes, 지역 속도 및 압력 트랜스듀서 센서, autosamplers;을 사용 하 여 두 개의 농업 watersheds의 모니터링 하는 방법 토론 그들의 교정 및 유지 보수 분야; 그리고 데이터 처리입니다. 프로토콜에는 지속적인 수 질 모니터링 수행 될 수 있는 방법을 보여 줍니다. 프로토콜은 일반적으로 지속적인 수 질과 수량 어떤 종류 또는 크기 분수령의 모니터링에 적용 됩니다.
프로토콜은 작은 랑 유역 (HUC 080202040803, 53.4 km2 지역)에 동북 아칸소 낮은 세인트 프랜시스 분 지 (HUC 080202030801, 23.4 km2 지역)에서 실시 됐다. 이 두 watersheds 미시시피 강의 속국으로 배수. 미시시피 강의 지류를 모니터링 하기 위한 필요 더 낮은 미시시피 강 보존 위원회, 멕시코 Hypoxia 태스크 포스의 걸프 유역 관리 계획을 개발 하 고 관리 작업의 진행 상황을 기록 하 여 확인 되었다 8 , 9. 또한, 이러한 watersheds 초점 watersheds 미국 농 무부의 자연 자원 보존 서비스 (NRCS 미국 농 무부)에 의해 양분과 앙금 오염 감소에 대 한 잠재력을 기반으로 특징 수 질10개선. 가장자리의 필드 모니터링 되 고 수행 됩니다 이러한 watersheds에11주 미시시피 강 분 지 건강 한 분수령 이니셔티브 (MRBI) 네트워크 일환으로. (즉, 사이트 위치, 유역 특성, 등) watersheds의 자세한 내용은 (2017)6Aryal Reba에 제공 됩니다. 즉, 작은 강 버렸다고 분 지는 주로 갯벌 명 개 토양, 하 고 면화, 콩은 주요 작물, 반면 낮은 세인트 프랜시스 분 지는 주로 Sharkey 점토 토양, 그리고 쌀과 콩은 주요 작물. 각 유역에서 제자리에서 지속적인 물 수량 및 품질 (즉, 방전 온도, pH, 할, 탁도, 전도도, 질산염, 및 암모늄) 모니터링 실시 되었다 3 개의 역이 프로토콜을 사용 하 여 주류에서 오염 부하와 hydrological 과정에서 공간과 일시적인 가변성을 이해 합니다. 또한, 주간 물 샘플 수집 되었고 부유 토사 co에 대 한 분석ncentration입니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Multiparameter sonde</td><td>Hach Hydrolab</td><td>DS5X</td><td>measures temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, ammonium, turbidity</td></tr><tr><td>Area velocity flow module and sensor</td><td>Teledyne Isco</td><td>2150</td><td>measures average stream velocity and flow depth, and calculates flow rate and total flow based on provided cross-section area of the ditch. Stored data can be downloaded directly to computer.</td></tr><tr><td>Automatic portable water sampler</td><td>Teledyne Isco</td><td>ISCO 6712</td><td>automatically samples water in the set interval or in conjunction with flow module and sensor</td></tr><tr><td>Pressure Transducer</td><td>In-situ</td><td>Rugged Troll 100</td><td>measures presure, level and temperature in the water. Stored data can be directly downloaded to the computer</td></tr><tr><td>Portable flow meter</td><td>Flo-mate (Hach)</td><td>Marsh-McBirney 2000</td><td>For manual discharge measurement</td></tr><tr><td>Battery, 12 v, rechargeable</td><td>UPG</td><td>UB 1270</td><td>To power sonde</td></tr><tr><td>Battery, 12 v, rechargeable</td><td>Interstate Batteries</td><td>SRM 27</td><td>Lead acid battery to power autosampler</td></tr><tr><td>Solar panel</td><td>Alt E</td><td>ALT20-12P</td><td>To recharge battery at the site</td></tr><tr><td>C-8 batteries</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calibration standards</td><td>Hach or Fisher Scientific</td><td>mulitple</td><td>Standards of pH (4,7,10), conductivity (1412 uS/cm), nitrate (5 and 50 mg/L), ammonium (5 and 50 mg/L), and turbidity (50,100,200 NTU)</td></tr><tr><td>High nitrate standard</td><td>Hach</td><td>013810HY</td><td>50 mg/L</td></tr><tr><td>Low nitrate standard</td><td>Hach</td><td>013800HY</td><td>5 mg/L</td></tr><tr><td>High ammonium standard</td><td>Hach</td><td>002588HY</td><td>50 mg/L</td></tr><tr><td>Low ammonium standard</td><td>Hach</td><td>002587HY</td><td>5 mg/L</td></tr><tr><td>Turbidity standard</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>R8819050-500G</td><td>50 NTU</td></tr><tr><td>Turbidity standard</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>88-061-6</td><td>100 NTU</td></tr><tr><td>Turbidity standard</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>R8819200500 C</td><td>200 NTU</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride salt pellets</td><td>Hach</td><td>005376HY</td><td>to maintain electrolyte for pH electrode</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride standard</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>5890-16</td><td>1412 us/cm</td></tr><tr><td>Buffer solution, pH 4</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>SB99-1</td><td>for pH sensor calibration</td></tr><tr><td>Buffer solution, pH 7</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>SB108-1</td><td>for pH sensor calibration</td></tr><tr><td>Buffer solution, pH 10</td><td>Fisher scientific</td><td>SB116-1</td><td>for pH sensor calibration</td></tr><tr><td>Silicon sealant</td><td>Hach</td><td>00298HY</td><td>For sealing sensor battery cover water tight</td></tr><tr><td>All purpose cleaner</td><td>Sunshine Makers Inc</td><td>Simple green</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wipes</td><td>Kimberly-Clark</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-bracket</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Telsbar post</td><td>Unistrut Service Company</td><td></td><td>Secure sensors and sondes in the stream</td></tr><tr><td>Steel wire</td><td></td><td></td><td>supend sonde and PT sensor</td></tr><tr><td>Carabiner</td><td></td><td></td><td>supend sonde and PT sensor</td></tr><tr><td>Allen wrench</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Copper wire mesh</td><td>Bird B Gone</td><td></td><td>Rodent and bird control copper mesh roll</td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive Tape</td><td>Agri Drain Corporation</td><td></td><td>Tile tape, works in wet and cold weather</td></tr></tbody></table>

continuous instream monitoring of nutrients and sediment in agricultural watersheds

오염 물질 농도 및 watersheds 로드 시간과 공간으로 상당히 다릅니다. 수 자원 오염 물질의 크기에 대 한 정확 하 고 시기 적절 한 정보 및 결정 정보 물 자원 관리에 대 한 오염 부하의 드라이버를 이해 하기 위한 전제 조건입니다. 일반적으로 사용 되는 "샘플링 잡아" 방법 (즉, 스냅숏 농도) 샘플링 시간에 오염 물질의 농도 제공 하 고 아래 수 있습니다-또는 오염 물질 농도 및 로드 overpredict. 양분과 앙금의 지속적인 모니터링 최근 받았습니다 진보로 인해 더 많은 관심 컴퓨팅, 기술 및 저장 장치를 감지. 이 프로토콜에 센서, sondes, 계측 지속적으로 제자리에 질산염, 암모늄, 탁도, pH, 전도도, 온도 및 용 존된 산소 (DO)를 모니터링 하 고 두 개의 스트림 (도 랑)에서 부하 계산의 사용을 보여 줍니다. 2 농업 watersheds입니다. 적절 한 교정, 유지 보수, 및 센서 및 sondes 파울와 파편 형성 등 어려운 상황을 극복 하 여 좋은 수 질 데이터를 얻을 수 있습니다. 메서드 또한 다양 한 크기의 watersheds에서 사용 하 고 농업, 숲, 그리고/또한 도시 토지에 의해 특징 수 있습니다.

Aryal와 레바 (2017) 간행물에서이 프로토콜 전송 영양분과 두 개의 작은 농업 watersheds6에 앙금의 변화를 공부 하 고 사용 되었다. 이 프로토콜에서 추가 결과 아래 설명 되어 있습니다.
강 우 유출 수 질 관계:
지속적인 모니터링의 강도 15 분 데이터 (그?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds at JoVE.com

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

기술 및 최종 사용자 기대에 상승의 발전 필요 및 오염 부하 추정에 대 한 더 높은 시간 해상도 데이터의 사용 증가 했다. 이 프로토콜 연속 제자리에 수 질 모니터링 데이터를 얻기 위해 더 높은 시간 해상도 정보 물에 대 한 리소스 관리 결정 하는 방법을 설명 합니다.

연속 Instream 영양분과 농업 Watersheds에 앙금의 모니터링

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

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11.2K 조회수.  Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education (ORISE). 기술 및 최종 사용자 기대에 상승의 발전 필요 및 오염 부하 추정에 대 한 더 높은 시간 해상도 데이터의 사용 증가 했다. 이 프로토콜 연속 제자리에 수 질 모니터링 데이터를 얻기 위해 더 높은 시간 해상도 정보 물에 대 한 리소스 관리 결정 하는 방법을 설명 합니다.

비디오: Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination control. Developments of some techniques aiming to reduce trace metal contamination in the last couple of decades have resulted in concentrations reported now being orders of magnitude lower than those in the past. These low concentrations often necessitate preconcentration of water samples prior to instrumental analysis of samples. Since contamination can appear in all phases of trace metal analyses, including sample collection (and during preparation of sampling containers), storage and handling, pretreatments, and instrumental analysis, specific care needs to be taken in order to reduce contamination levels at all steps. The effort to develop and utilize "clean techniques" in trace metal studies allows scientists to investigate trace metal distributions and chemical and biological behavior in greater details. This advancement also provides the required accuracy and precision of trace metal data allowing for environmental conditions to be related to trace metal concentrations in aquatic environments.
This protocol that is presented here details needed materials for sample preparation, sample collection, sample pretreatment including preconcentration, and instrumental analysis. By reducing contamination throughout all phases mentioned above for trace metal analysis, much lower detection limits and thus accuracy can be achieved. The effectiveness of "clean techniques" is further demonstrated using low field blanks and good recoveries for standard reference material. The data quality that can be obtained thus enables the assessment of trace metal distributions and their relationships to environmental parameters.

Special care using "clean techniques" is required to properly collect and process water samples for trace metal studies in aquatic environments. A protocol for sampling, processing, and analytical procedures with the aim of obtaining reliable environmental monitoring data and results with high sensitivity for detailed trace metal studies is presented.

클린 샘플링 및 추적 금속 연구 강 하구 바다의 분석

Most of the trace metal concentrations in ambient waters obtained a few decades ago have been considered unreliable owing to the lack of contamination ...

연구

환경과학

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall short as a result of an inability to quantify and predict complex cumulative effects of current and future land use scenarios at relevant spatial scales. The goal of this manuscript is to provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework. Sites are first selected for inclusion within the watershed assessment by identifying sites that fall along independent gradients and combinations of known stressors. Field and laboratory techniques are then used to obtain data on the physical, chemical, and biological effects of multiple land use activities. Multiple linear regression analysis is then used to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for predicting aquatic conditions. Lastly, methods for incorporating cumulative effects models within a scenario analysis framework for guiding management and regulatory decisions (e.g., permitting and mitigation) within actively developing watersheds are discussed and demonstrated for 2 sub-watersheds within the mountaintop mining region of central Appalachia. The watershed assessment and management approach provided herein enables resource managers to facilitate economic and development activity while protecting aquatic resources and producing opportunity for net ecological benefits through targeted remediation.

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems in the face of uncertain future conditions. We provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework.

정량적 인 시나리오 분석 프레임 워크 내에서 계획을 유역

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Yet the in situ study of DOM is difficult as the molecular complexity of the DOM pool cannot be easily reproduced for experimental purposes. Nutrient additions to streams however, have been shown to repeatedly alter the in situ and ambient DOM pool. Here we demonstrate an easily replicable field-based method for manipulating the ambient pool of DOM at the ecosystem scale. During nutrient pulse experiments changes in the concentration of both dissolved organic carbon and dissolved organic nitrogen can be examined across a wide-range of nutrient concentrations. This method allows researchers to examine the controls on the DOM pool and make inferences regarding the role and function that certain fractions of the DOM pool play within ecosystems. We advocate the use of this method as a technique to help develop a deeper understanding of DOM biogeochemistry and how it interacts with nutrients. With further development this method may help elucidate the dynamics of DOM in other ecosystems.

Understanding Dissolved Organic Matter Biogeochemistry Through In Situ Nutrient Manipulations in Stream Ecosystems

Dissolved organic matter provides an important source of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. Here we demonstrate a field-based method to manipulate the ambient pool of dissolved organic matter in situ through easily replicable nutrient pulses.

을 통해 유기 물질 생지 화학을 용해의 이해<em&gt; 현장에서</em&gt; 스트림 생태계에서 영양소 조작을

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a highly diverse mixture of molecules providing one of the largest sources of energy and nutrients to stream ecosystems. ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

농업과 도시 유출수의 지표수 독성과 관련된 오염 물질 제거를위한 식물 처리 시스템

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage discharge events. Farm canals can be enriched by nutrients such as phosphorus (P) that are susceptible to transport. Phosphorus in the form of suspended particulates can significantly contribute to the overall P loads in drainage water. A settling tank experiment was conducted to capture suspended particulates during discrete drainage events. Farm canal discharge water was collected in a series of two 200 L settling tanks over the entire duration of the drainage event, so as to represent a composite subsample of the water being discharged. Imhoff settling cones are ultimately used to settle out the suspended particulates. This is achieved by siphoning water from the settling tanks via the cones. The particulates are then collected for physico-chemical analyses.

Nutrients present in particulate form can contribute significantly to the overall loads in agricultural drainage waters. This study describes a novel method to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canal drainage over the entire duration of the drainage event.

배수 이벤트 기간 동안 흐름 중 물과 농업 운하에서 일시 중단 된 입자를 캡처

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

지속적인 문학적 품질 모니터링 Vernal 연못의 물

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Measuring Phosphorus Release in Laboratory Microcosms for Water Quality Assessment

Phosphorus (P) is a critical limiting nutrient in agroecosystems requiring careful management to reduce transport risk to aquatic environments. Routine laboratory measures of P bioavailability are based on chemical extractions performed on dried samples under oxidizing conditions. While useful, these tests are limited with respect to characterizing P release under prolonged water saturation. Labile orthophosphate bound to oxidized iron and other metals can rapidly desorb to solution in reducing environments, increasing P mobilization risk to surface runoff and groundwater. To better quantify P desorption potential and mobility during extended saturation, a laboratory microcosm method was developed based on repeated sampling of porewater and overlying floodwater over time. The method is useful for quantifying P release potential from soils and sediments varying in physicochemical properties and can improve site-specific P mitigation efforts by better characterizing P release risk in hydrologically active areas. Advantages of the method include its ability to simulate in situ dynamics, simplicity, low cost, and flexibility.

Accurate quantification of phosphorus (P) desorption potential in saturated soils and sediments is important for P modeling and transport mitigation efforts. To better account for in situ soil-water redox dynamics and P mobilization under prolonged saturation, a simple approach was developed based on repeated sampling of laboratory microcosms.

수질 평가를 위한 실험실 소우주에서 인 방출 측정

Phosphorus (P) is a critical limiting nutrient in agroecosystems requiring careful management to reduce transport risk to aquatic environments. Routine ...

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture data has been slow due to inconsistent data collection, poor standardization, and typically short record duration. Soil moisture, or quantitatively volumetric soil water content (SWC), is measured using buried, in situ sensors that infer SWC from an electromagnetic response. This signal can vary considerably with local site conditions such as clay content and mineralogy, soil salinity or bulk electrical conductivity, and soil temperature; each of these can have varying impacts depending on the sensor technology.
Furthermore, poor soil contact and sensor degradation can affect the quality of these readings over time. Unlike more traditional environmental sensors, there are no accepted standards, maintenance practices, or quality controls for SWC data. As such, SWC is a challenging measurement for many environmental monitoring networks to implement. Here, we attempt to establish a community-based standard of practice for in situ SWC sensors so that future research and applications have consistent guidance on site selection, sensor installation, data interpretation, and long-term maintenance of monitoring stations.
The videography focuses on a multi-agency consensus of best-practices and recommendations for the installation of in situ SWC sensors. This paper presents an overview of this protocol along with the various steps essential for high-quality and long-term SWC data collection. This protocol will be of use to scientists and engineers hoping to deploy a single station or an entire network.

In Situ Soil Moisture Sensors in Undisturbed Soils

The determination of soil water content is a critical mission requirement for many state and federal agencies. This protocol synthesizes multi-agency efforts to measure soil water content using buried in situ sensors.

현장 방해받지 않는 토양의 토양 수분 센서

Soil moisture directly affects operational hydrology, food security, ecosystem services, and the climate system. However, the adoption of soil moisture ...

A Low-Cost Method of Measuring the In Situ Primary Productivity of Periphyton Communities of Lentic Waters

Measuring the in situ primary productivity of periphyton during the growing season gradient can elucidate the quantitative effect of environmental drivers (mainly phosphorus concentration and light intensity) and species composition on primary productivity. Primary productivity is mainly driven by light intensity, temperature, availability of nutrients, and distribution of the ionic species of the carbonate system in the respective depths of the euphotic zone. It is a complex system that is very difficult to simulate in the laboratory. This cheap, transportable, and easy-to-build floating barge allows measuring the primary productivity accurately-directly under the actual natural conditions. The methodology is based on measuring the primary productivity in real time using noninvasive oxygen sensors integrated into tightly sealed glass jars, enabling online oxygen flux monitoring and providing new insights into metabolic activities. Detailed seasonal in situ measurements of gross primary productivity of microbial mats (or other benthic organisms) can improve current knowledge of the processes controlling primary productivity dynamics in lentic waters.

A Low-Cost Method of Measuring the In Situ Primary Productivity of Periphyton Communities of Lentic Waters

Presented here is a cost-effective and transportable method/facility for measuring the primary productivity of microbial mats under actual in situ environmental temperature and light conditions. The experimental setup is based on widely available materials and can be used under various conditions while offering the advantages of laboratory-based models.

렌틱 해역의 페리피톤 군집의 현장 1차 생산성을 측정하는 저비용 방법

Measuring the in situ primary productivity of periphyton during the growing season gradient can elucidate the quantitative effect of environmental drivers ...

영양소 관리를 위한 생지화학적 데이터의 통합 시각화

Visualization of Productivity Zones Based on Nitrogen Mass Balance Model in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island

Primary productivity in the coastal regions, linked to eutrophication and hypoxia, provides a critical understanding of ecosystem function. Although primary productivity largely depends on riverine nutrient inputs, estimation of the extent of riverine nutrient influences in the coastal regions is challenging. A nitrogen mass balance model is a practical tool to evaluate coastal ocean productivity to understand biological mechanisms beyond data observations. This study visualizes the biological production zones in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, USA, where hypoxia frequently occurs, by applying a nitrogen mass balance model. The Bay is divided into three zones - brown, green, and blue zones - based on primary productivity, which are defined by the mass balance model results. Brown, green, and blue zones represent a high physical process, a high biological process, and a low biological process zone, depending on river flow, nutrient concentrations, and mixing rates. The results of this study can better inform nutrient management in the coastal ocean in response to hypoxia and eutrophication.

저자 스포트라이트: 효과적인 영양분 관리를 위한 강변 질소 영향 및 주요 생산성 이해

Here, we aim to visualize the zonation of biological productivity in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, based on the nitrogen mass balance model. The results will inform nutrient management in the coastal regions to reduce hypoxia and eutrophication.

Primary productivity in the coastal regions, linked to eutrophication and hypoxia, provides a critical understanding of ecosystem function. Although ...