저자는 생물 정보학 솔루션 Inc.의 조나단 크리거 박사에게 대표적인 실험을 위한 질량 분광계를 운영한 것에 대해 감사하고, 실험적인 설정 및 원고 피드백에 대한 지원을 Geddes-McAlister 그룹의 구성원에게 감사드립니다. 저자는 밴팅 연구 재단에서 자금 지원을 인정, 부분적으로, - Jarislowsky 펠로우십 디스커버리 상, 뉴 프론티어 연구 기금 - 탐사 (NFRFE-2019-00425), J.G.M에 대한 캐나다 혁신 재단 (JELF 38798), 뿐만 아니라 NSERC 캐나다 대학원 장학금 – 석사 및 온타리오 대학원.B 장학금.

<ol>
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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+antifungal+pipeline:+A+reality+check.">The antifungal pipeline: A reality check.</a> Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. , (2017).</li><li>Bermas, A., Geddes-McAlister, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combatting+the+evolution+of+anti-fungal+resistance+in+Cryptococcus+neoformans.">Combatting the evolution of anti-fungal resistance in Cryptococcus neoformans.</a> Molecular Microbiology. , 1-14 (2020).</li><li>Geddes-McAlister, J., Shapiro, R. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Opsonization+of+Cryptococcus+neoformans+by+human+anticryptococcal+glucuronoxylomannan+antibodies.">Opsonization of Cryptococcus neoformans by human anticryptococcal glucuronoxylomannan antibodies.</a> Infection and Immunity. , (1996).</li><li>Nicola, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+autophagy+in+immunity+to+Cryptococcus+neoformans+and+Candida+albicans.">Macrophage autophagy in immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans.</a> Infection and Immunity. , (2012).</li><li>Ball, B., Geddes-McAlister, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+Proteomic+Profiling+of+Cryptococcus+neoformans.">Quantitative Proteomic Profiling of Cryptococcus neoformans.</a> Current Protocols in Microbiology. , (2019).</li><li>Geddes-McAlister, J., Gadjeva, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+spectromerty-based+quantitative+proteomics+of+murine-derived+polymorphonuclear+neutrophils.">Mass spectromerty-based quantitative proteomics of murine-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils.</a> Current Protocols in Immunology. , (2019).</li><li>Geddes, J. M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secretome+profiling+of+Cryptococcus+neoformans+reveals+regulation+of+a+subset+of+virulence-associated+proteins+and+potential+biomarkers+by+protein+kinase+A.">Secretome profiling of Cryptococcus neoformans reveals regulation of a subset of virulence-associated proteins and potential biomarkers by protein kinase A.</a> BMC Microbiology. , (2015).</li><li>Geddes, J. M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+protein+kinase+a-regulated+proteome+of+Cryptococcus+neoformans+identifies+a+role+for+the+ubiquitin-proteasome+pathway+in+capsule+formation.">Analysis of the protein kinase a-regulated proteome of Cryptococcus neoformans identifies a role for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in capsule formation.</a> mBio. 7 (1), 1-15 (2016).</li><li>Al Shweiki, M. H. D. 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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organellar+Maps+Through+Proteomic+Profiling+-+A+Conceptual+Guide.">Organellar Maps Through Proteomic Profiling - A Conceptual Guide.</a> Molecular &amp; Cellular Proteomics. , (2020).</li><li>Gingras, A. C., Abe, K. 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저자는 이해 상충을 선언하지 않습니다.

프로토콜의 중요한 단계는 세포에 최소한의 중단을 가진 단백질 처리를 위한 대식세포 의 준비 그리고 공동 배양 견본의 집합을 포함합니다. 수집하기 전에 세포의 불필요한 용해를 방지하기 위해 씻고, 접종하고, 부착 된 대식세포 세포를 부드럽고 신중하게 제거하는 단계를 수행하는 것이 중요합니다. 실험에 대한 올바른 MOI를 확립하는 것은 지나치게 높은 MOI로 접종하면 급속한 대식세포 사망...

침습적 곰팡이 감염의 보급은 크게 증가하고 면역 결핍 성소1을가진 개별에서 가장 일반적으로 보고된 받아들일 수 없을 정도로 높은 사망률과 상관관계가 있습니다. Cryptococcus neoformans는 호스트 대식세포 세포 내의 세포 내 생존을 할 수 있는 악명 높은 기회성 곰팡이 병원체입니다. 부적절한 항진균 개입은 곰팡이 보급과 크립토 코칼 뇌막염 및 뇌막염2,3의생명을 위협하는 증상을 초래합니다. 면역 손상 상태의 글로벌 증가는 항진균제의 사용에 병렬 증가를 요구하고있다, 있는 많은 곰팡이 종, C. neoformans를 포함하여, 점점4,5,6을향해 저항을 진화하고있다. 따라서 호스트 방어 반응 및 미생물 병인에 관한 중요한 생물학적 질문에 답하기 위해 강력하고 효율적인 기술을 구현하는 것이 필수적입니다.
강력한 전산 및 생물정보 파이프라인 의 생성을 포함한 질량 분광법(MS)의 기술 발전의 새로운 시대는 호스트 병원체 연구7,8의대규모 분석을 위한 통합 비전의 토대를 제공한다. 기존의 병원성 중심의 프로테오믹 분석은 일반적으로 단백질 상관 관계 프로파일링, 프로테오믹스와 결합된 친화성 크로마토그래피, 및 상호작용제9와같은 포괄적인 방법론을 포함하여 숙주 또는 병원체 원근으로부터의 감염의 시야를 프로파일링한다. 호스트 시스템에 있는 위험한 병원체의 독성에 대한 조사는 엄청난 임상 중요성입니다; 그러나 단일 실험에서 이중 원근 분석을 적용한 것은 이전에는 달성할 수 없는 것으로 간주되었습니다. 예를 들어, 감염을 향한 병원균의 관점은 종종 풍부하게 풍부한 숙주 단백질에 의해 압도되어 저농축 곰팡이 단백질7의검출을 위한 감도가 감소한다. 더욱이, 높은 견본 복잡성은 단 하나 실험 시스템에서 조사하기 위하여 많은 표적을 초대하고 특정 병원체 단백질을 위한 행동의 기계장치를 해명하기 위하여 도전적이다는 것을 증명합니다.
상향식 프로테오믹스는 펩타이드가 서열 특이적 효소 소화에 의해 생성되는 관리식 시료 준비를 가능하게 하는 인기 있는 MS 기법이며, 이어서 MS10,11에의한 액체 크로마토그래피 분리, 식별 및 정량화가 뒤따릅니다. 여기서는 감염 기반 프로테오메 또는 '감염성'의 편견없는 커버리지를 달성하기 위한 데이터 의존적 획득 전략을 보여주는 방법을 제시합니다. 구체적으로, 라벨없는 정량화(LFQ)는 여러 프로테옴에 걸쳐 단백질 수준 변화를 견고하고 정확하게 식별하기 위해 화학 물질 또는 대사 라벨에 대한 의존도를 떨어뜨리고, 샘플 처리 및 처리단계(12,13)를감소시킵니다. 이 보편적인 응용 프로그램은 어떤 예상 된 단백질 생산과 는 별개로 세포 내에서 주어진 순간에 단백질을 생산; 따라서, 감염에 중요한 새로운 통찰력이 발견될 수 있습니다.
본 명세서에 기재된 워크플로우는 숙주 면역 세포를 가진 감염 모방 조건 동안 C. neoformans의 단백질 수준 변화를 탐구하도록 최적화된다(그림1). 세포 모형의 분리 및 분리에 의지하는 대신, 이 접근은 호스트와 병원체 proteome를 함께 추출하고, 종 특정 단백질 생산을 구별하기 위하여 2개의 유기체 특정 데이터베이스를 사용하여 생물정보 분리를 이용합니다. 이 방법은 동위원소 기반 라벨링 연구 또는 분수에 필요한 추가 비용이 많이 드는 준비 단계 없이 무제한의 샘플을 처리할 수 있는 이점을 제공합니다. 또한, 이 워크플로우는 숙주 면역 세포를 표적으로 하고 감염시킬 수 있는 광범위한 곰팡이 및 세균성 병원체로 이전할 수 있는 최적화된 단백질 추출 프로토콜을 지원합니다. 전반적으로, 이 프로토콜은 고분해능 MS를 위한 편견없는 단백질 추출 및 샘플 처리를 완료하는 단계를 설명하고, 그 다음에 는 데이터 및 통계 분석이 선행된 호스트 방어 반응의 포괄적인 프로파일링과 결합된 감염에 중요한 곰팡이 단백질에 대한 풍부한 지식을 제공할 수 있는 단계입니다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.5</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP152-1</td>
			<td>Maintain at 4&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 x 15 mm Dish, Nunclon Delta</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>174888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well cell culture plate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>140675</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile, MS grade</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>TS-51101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>1099510001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>34850-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium bicarbonate (ABC)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>A643-500</td>
			<td>Prepare a stock 50 mM ABC solution, stable at room temperature for up to one month.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bel-Art&#8482; HiFlow Vacuum Aspirator Collection System</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-717-300</td>
			<td>Not essential, serological pipettes can be used to remove media.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C18 resin</td>
			<td>3M Empore</td>
			<td>3M2215</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Scrapers</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10062-906</td>
			<td>Not essential, other methods to release macrophage cells can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifugal vaccuum concentrator</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>07-748-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Complete Filtration Unit</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10040-436</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical falcon tubes (15 mL)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-539-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Countess II Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AMQAX1000</td>
			<td>Not essential, haemocytometer can be used as an alternative.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxicity Assay</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>G1780</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>R0861</td>
			<td>Prepare bulk stock solution of 1 M DTT, flash frozen and stored at -20 &#176;C until use. Discard after each use (do not freeze-thaw repeatedly).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM, high glucose, GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10566016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12483020</td>
			<td>Heat inactivate by incubating at 60&#176;C for 30 minutes. Prepare 50 ml aliquots and flash freeze. Thaw prior to media preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Haemocytometer</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>15170-208</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>H3375</td>
			<td>Prepare 40 mM HEPES/8 M Urea in bulk stock solution, flash frozen, store at -20&#176;C until use. Discard after each use (do not freeze-thaw repeatedly).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-performance liquid chromatography system</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>LC140</td>
			<td>Gradient length is based on sample complexity, recommended 120 min gradient for infectome samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-resolution mass spectrometer</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>726042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodoacetamide (IAA)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I6125</td>
			<td>Prepare 0.55 M bulk stock solution, flash frozen, store at -20&#176;C until use. Discard after each use (do not freeze-thaw repeatedly).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td>Can be aliquot and frozen for storage. Thaw prior to media preparation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LoBind Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>13-698-794</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MaxQuant</td>
			<td>https://maxquant.org/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>MaxQuant is a public platform that offers tutorials, such as the MaxQuant Summer School, outlining the computational analysis steps of large MS data sets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>13864457</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin : Streptomycin 10k/10k</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CA12001-692</td>
			<td>Can be aliquot and frozen for storage. Thaw prior to media preparation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptide separation columns</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ES803</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Perseus Software</td>
			<td>http://maxquant.net/perseus/</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>CA12001-676</td>
			<td>Puchase not required. PBS can also be prepared but sterile filteration must be performed before use.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>&#160;23225</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette, Disposable Serological (10 mL)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-11E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette, Disposable Serological (25 mL) Basix</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14955235</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Probe sonciator</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>100-132-894</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Protease inhibitor cocktail tablet</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4693159001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>28364</td>
			<td>20% (w/v)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer (Nanodrop)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>ND-2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STAGE tipping centrifuge</td>
			<td>Sonation</td>
			<td>STC-V2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal Shaker</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>NO89232-908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trifluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td>85183</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin/Lys-C protease mix, MS grade</td>
			<td>Pierce</td>
			<td>A40007</td>
			<td>Maintain at -20 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic bath</td>
			<td>Bransonic</td>
			<td>A89375-450</td>
			<td>Stored in cold room (4C)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urea</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>U1250-1KG</td>
			<td>Prepare 40 mM HEPES/8 M Urea in bulk stock solution, flash frozen, store at -20 &#176;C until use. Discard after each use (do not freeze-thaw repeatedly).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast-extract peptone dextrose broth</td>
			<td>BD Difco</td>
			<td>BM20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

label-free quantitative proteomics workflow for discovery-driven host-pathogen interactions

질량 분석법 (MS)기반 정량 적 프로테오믹스의 기술적 성과는 다양한 조건에서 유기체의 글로벌 프로테오메를 분석하기위한 많은 알려지지 않은 길을 열어줍니다. 원하는 숙주로 미생물 병원체의 상호 작용에 적용되는 이 강력한 전략은 감염에 대한 두 관점을 포괄적으로 특성화합니다. 본 명세서에서, 워크플로우는 불멸의 대식세포 세포의 존재에서 치명적인 질병 크립토코코시스의 원인성 제제인 크립토코커스 네오포만의 감염체의 라벨없는 정량화(LFQ)를 설명한다. 이 프로토콜은 단일 실험 내에서 병원균 과 포유류 세포 모두에 적합한 단백질 제제 기술을 자세히 설명하여 액체 크로마토그래피 (LC)-MS / MS 분석을위한 적절한 펩타이드 제출을 초래합니다. LFQ의 높은 처리량 일반 특성은 광범위한 동적 단백질 식별 및 정량화뿐만 아니라 모든 숙주 병원체 감염 설정으로의 전달 가능성을 허용하여 극도의 감도를 유지합니다. 이 방법은 감염 모방 조건 내에서 병원균의 광범위하고 편견없는 단백질 풍부 프로파일을 카탈로그화하도록 최적화되어 있습니다. 구체적으로, 여기서 입증된 방법은 독성에 필요한 단백질 생산과 같은 C. neoformans 병인에 대한 필수 정보를 제공하고 미생물 침입에 대응하는 중요한 숙주 단백질을 식별한다.

위에서 설명한 프로토콜은 단일 실험에서 곰팡이 병원균, C. neoformans및 숙주, 대식세포 세포 모두에서 파생된 단백질의 식별 및 정량화를 가능하게 합니다. 공동 배양에 이어, 세포는 수집 및 처리되며 각 종에 특정한 펩타이드 프로파일을 기반으로 생체정보학적으로 분리된다. 이것은 감염 도중 호스트 병원체 관계의 상호 작용을 정의하기 위한 강력한 접근입니다. 실험에서 확인된 단백질...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Workflow for Discovery-Driven Host-Pathogen Interactions at JoVE.com

Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Workflow for Discovery-Driven Host-Pathogen Interactions

여기서, 우리는 질량 분광계 기지를 둔 proteomics에 의하여 감염 도중 호스트와 병원체 사이 상호 작용을 프로파일기 위하여 프로토콜을 제시합니다. 이 프로토콜은 단일 실험에서 호스트(예를 들어, 대식세포)와 병원체(예를 들어, Cryptococcus neoformans)의단백질 풍부도의 변화를 측정하기 위해 라벨이 없는 정량화를 사용합니다.

발견 중심의 숙주-병원균 상호 작용을 위한 라벨 프리 정량적 프로테오믹스 워크플로우

The technological achievements of mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics opens many undiscovered avenues for analyzing an organism&#8217;s ...

label-free-quantitative-proteomics-workflow-for-discovery-driven-host

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

6.5K 조회수.  University of Guelph. 여기서, 우리는 질량 분광계 기지를 둔 proteomics에 의하여 감염 도중 호스트와 병원체 사이 상호 작용을 프로파일기 위하여 프로토콜을 제시합니다. 이 프로토콜은 단일 실험에서 호스트(예를 들어, 대식세포)와 병원체(예를 들어, Cryptococcus neoformans)의단백질 풍부도의 변화를 측정하기 위해 라벨이 없는 정량화를 사용합니다.

비디오: Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Workflow for Discovery-Driven Host-Pathogen Interactions

Use of an Optical Trap for Study of Host-Pathogen Interactions for Dynamic Live Cell Imaging

Dynamic live cell imaging allows direct visualization of real-time interactions between cells of the immune system1, 2; however, the lack of spatial and temporal control between the phagocytic cell and microbe has rendered focused observations into the initial interactions of host response to pathogens difficult. Historically, intercellular contact events such as phagocytosis3 have been imaged by mixing two cell types, and then continuously scanning the field-of-view to find serendipitous intercellular contacts at the appropriate stage of interaction. The stochastic nature of these events renders this process tedious, and it is difficult to observe early or fleeting events in cell-cell contact by this approach. This method requires finding cell pairs that are on the verge of contact, and observing them until they consummate their contact, or do not. To address these limitations, we use optical trapping as a non-invasive, non-destructive, but fast and effective method to position cells in culture.
Optical traps, or optical tweezers, are increasingly utilized in biological research to capture and physically manipulate cells and other micron-sized particles in three dimensions4. Radiation pressure was first observed and applied to optical tweezer systems in 19705, 6, and was first used to control biological specimens in 19877. Since then, optical tweezers have matured into a technology to probe a variety of biological phenomena8-13.
We describe a method14 that advances live cell imaging by integrating an optical trap with spinning disk confocal microscopy with temperature and humidity control to provide exquisite spatial and temporal control of pathogenic organisms in a physiological environment to facilitate interactions with host cells, as determined by the operator. Live, pathogenic organisms like Candida albicans and Aspergillus fumigatus, which can cause potentially lethal, invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals15, 16 (e.g. AIDS, chemotherapy, and organ transplantation patients), were optically trapped using non-destructive laser intensities and moved adjacent to macrophages, which can phagocytose the pathogen. High resolution, transmitted light and fluorescence-based movies established the ability to observe early events of phagocytosis in living cells. To demonstrate the broad applicability in immunology, primary T-cells were also trapped and manipulated to form synapses with anti-CD3 coated microspheres in vivo, and time-lapse imaging of synapse formation was also obtained. By providing a method to exert fine spatial control of live pathogens with respect to immune cells, cellular interactions can be captured by fluorescence microscopy with minimal perturbation to cells and can yield powerful insight into early responses of innate and adaptive immunity.

A method is described to individually select, manipulate, and image live pathogens using an optical trap coupled to a spinning disk microscope. The optical trap provides spatial and temporal control of organisms and places them adjacent to host cells. Fluorescence microscopy captures dynamic intercellular interactions with minimal perturbation to cells.

동적 라이브 셀 이미징에 대한 호스트 병원체 상호 작용 연구를위한 광학 트랩의 사용

Dynamic live cell imaging allows direct visualization of real-time interactions between cells of the immune system1, 2; however, the lack of spatial and ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

Use of the EpiAirway Model for Characterizing Long-term Host-pathogen Interactions

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are human-adapted Gram-negative bacteria that can cause recurrent and chronic infections of the respiratory mucosa 1; 2. To study the mechanisms by which these organisms survive on and inside respiratory tissues, a model in which successful long-term co-culture of bacteria and human cells can be performed is required. We use primary human respiratory epithelial tissues raised to the air-liquid interface, the EpiAirway model (MatTek, Ashland, MA). These are non-immortalized, well-differentiated, 3-dimensional tissues that contain tight junctions, ciliated and nonciliated cells, goblet cells that produce mucin, and retain the ability to produce cytokines in response to infection. 
This biologically relevant in vitro model of the human upper airway can be used in a number of ways; the overall goal of this method is to perform long-term co-culture of EpiAirway tissues with NTHi and quantitate cell-associated and internalized bacteria over time. As well, mucin production and the cytokine profile of the infected co-cultures can be determined. This approach improves upon existing methods in that many current protocols use submerged monolayer or Transwell cultures of human cells, which are not capable of supporting bacterial infections over extended periods3. For example, if an organism can replicate in the overlying media, this can result in unacceptable levels of cytotoxicity and loss of host cells, arresting the experiment. The EpiAirway model allows characterization of long-term host-pathogen interactions. Further, since the source for the EpiAirway is normal human tracheo-bronchial cells rather than an immortalized line, each is an excellent representation of actual human upper respiratory tract tissue, both in structure and in function4.
For this method, the EpiAirway tissues are weaned off of anti-microbial and anti-fungal compounds for 2 days prior to delivery, and all procedures are performed under antibiotic-free conditions. This necessitates special considerations, since both bacteria and primary human tissues are used in the same biosafety cabinet, and are co-cultured for extended periods.

This method allows characterization of extended bacterial co-culture with EpiAirways, primary human respiratory epithelial tissue grown at the air-liquid interface, a biologically relevant in vitro model. The approach can be used with any microbe that is amenable to long-term co-culture.

장기 호스트 병원체 상호 작용을 특성화에 대한 EpiAirway 모델의 사용

Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae  (NTHi) are human-adapted Gram-negative bacteria that can cause recurrent and chronic infections of the respiratory ...

A Comparative Approach to Characterize the Landscape of Host-Pathogen Protein-Protein Interactions

Significant efforts were gathered to generate large-scale comprehensive protein-protein interaction network maps. This is instrumental to understand the pathogen-host relationships and was essentially performed by genetic screenings in yeast two-hybrid systems. The recent improvement of protein-protein interaction detection by a Gaussia luciferase-based fragment complementation assay now offers the opportunity to develop integrative comparative interactomic approaches necessary to rigorously compare interaction profiles of proteins from different pathogen strain variants against a common set of cellular factors.
This paper specifically focuses on the utility of combining two orthogonal methods to generate protein-protein interaction datasets: yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) and a new assay, high-throughput Gaussia princeps protein complementation assay (HT-GPCA) performed in mammalian cells.
A large-scale identification of cellular partners of a pathogen protein is performed by mating-based yeast two-hybrid screenings of cDNA libraries using multiple pathogen strain variants. A subset of interacting partners selected on a high-confidence statistical scoring is further validated in mammalian cells for pair-wise interactions with the whole set of pathogen variants proteins using HT-GPCA. This combination of two complementary methods improves the robustness of the interaction dataset, and allows the performance of a stringent comparative interaction analysis. Such comparative interactomics constitute a reliable and powerful strategy to decipher any pathogen-host interplays.

This article focuses on the identification of high-confident interaction datasets between host and pathogen proteins using a combination of two orthogonal methods: yeast two-hybrid followed by a high-throughput interaction assay in mammalian cells called HT-GPCA.

호스트 병원체 단백질 - 단백질 상호 작용의 풍경의 특성을 비교 접근

Significant efforts were gathered to generate  large-scale comprehensive protein-protein interaction network maps. This is  instrumental to understand the ...

Detection of Human Leukocyte Antigen Biomarkers in Breast Cancer Utilizing Label-free Biosensor Technology

According to the American Cancer Society, more than 200,000 women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer each year and approximately 40,000 will die from the disease. The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I samples peptides derived from proteasomal degradation of cellular proteins and presents these fragments on the cell surface for interrogation by circulating cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Generation of T-cell receptor mimic (TCRm) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which recognize breast cancer specific peptide/HLA-A*02:01 complexes such as those derived from macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF19-27) and NY-ESO-1157-165 enable detection and destruction of breast cancer cells in the absence of an effective anti-tumor CTL response. Intact class I HLA/peptide complexes are shed by breast cancer cells and represent potentially relevant cancer biomarkers. In this work, a breakthrough biomarker screening system for cancer diagnostics incorporating T-cell receptor mimic monoclonal antibodies combined with a novel, label-free biosensor utilizing guided-mode resonance (GMR) sensor technology is presented. Detection of shed MIF/HLA-A*02:01 complexes in MDA-MB-231 cell supernatants, spiked human serum, and patient plasma is demonstrated. The impact of this work could revolutionize personalized medicine through development of companion disease diagnostics for targeted immunotherapies.

Intact class I HLA/peptide complexes are shed by cancer cells, representing a potential relevant cancer biomarker. Utilizing label-free sensor technology and T-cell receptor mimicking monoclonal antibodies, detection of shed MIF/HLA-A*02:01 complexes in MDA-MB-231 cell supernatants, spiked human serum, and patient plasma is demonstrated, enabling development of a novel cancer diagnostic platform.

라벨이없는 바이오 센서 기술을 활용 유방암 인간 백혈구 항원 바이오 마커의 검출

According to the American Cancer Society, more than 200,000 women will be diagnosed with invasive breast cancer each year and approximately 40,000 will ...

Electroporation of Functional Bacterial Effectors into Mammalian Cells

The study of protein interactions in the context of living cells can generate critical information about localization, dynamics, and interacting partners. This information is particularly valuable in the context of host-pathogen interactions. Many pathogen proteins function within host cells in a variety of way such as, enabling evasion of the host immune system and survival within the intracellular environment. To study these pathogen-protein host-cell interactions, several approaches are commonly used, including: in vivo infection with a strain expressing a tagged or mutant protein, or introduction of pathogen genes via transfection or transduction. Each of these approaches has advantages and disadvantages. We sought a means to directly introduce exogenous proteins into cells. Electroporation is commonly used to introduce nucleic acids into cells, but has been more rarely applied to proteins although the biophysical basis is exactly the same. A standard electroporator was used to introduce affinity-tagged bacterial effectors into mammalian cells. Human epithelial and mouse macrophage cells were cultured by traditional methods, detached, and placed in 0.4 cm gap electroporation cuvettes with an exogenous bacterial pathogen protein of interest (e.g. Salmonella Typhimurium GtgE). After electroporation (0.3 kV) and a short (4 hr) recovery period, intracellular protein was verified by fluorescently labeling the protein via its affinity tag and examining spatial and temporal distribution by confocal microscopy. The electroporated protein was also shown to be functional inside the cell and capable of correct subcellular trafficking and protein-protein interaction. While the exogenous proteins tended to accumulate on the surface of the cells, the electroporated samples had large increases in intracellular effector concentration relative to incubation alone. The protocol is simple and fast enough to be done in a parallel fashion, allowing for high-throughput characterization of pathogen proteins in host cells including subcellular targeting and function of virulence proteins.

Electroporation was used to insert purified bacterial virulence effector proteins directly into living eukaryotic cells. Protein localization was monitored by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. This method allows for studies on trafficking, function, and protein-protein interactions using active exogenous proteins, avoiding the need for heterologous expression in eukaryotic cells.

포유 동물 세포에 기능 세균 이펙터의 전기

The study of protein interactions in the context of living cells can generate critical information about localization, dynamics, and interacting partners. ...

A New Method for Qualitative Multi-scale Analysis of Bacterial Biofilms on Filamentous Fungal Colonies Using Confocal and Electron Microscopy

Bacterial biofilms frequently form on fungal surfaces and can be involved in numerous bacterial-fungal interaction processes, such as metabolic cooperation, competition, or predation. The study of biofilms is important in many biological fields, including environmental science, food production, and medicine. However, few studies have focused on such bacterial biofilms, partially due to the difficulty of investigating them. Most of the methods for qualitative and quantitative biofilm analyses described in the literature are only suitable for biofilms forming on abiotic surfaces or on homogeneous and thin biotic surfaces, such as a monolayer of epithelial cells.
While laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) is often used to analyze in situ and in vivo biofilms, this technology becomes very challenging when applied to bacterial biofilms on fungal hyphae, due to the thickness and the three dimensions of the hyphal networks. To overcome this shortcoming, we developed a protocol combining microscopy with a method to limit the accumulation of hyphal layers in fungal colonies. Using this method, we were able to investigate the development of bacterial biofilms on fungal hyphae at multiple scales using both LSCM and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). This report describes the protocol, including microorganism cultures, bacterial biofilm formation conditions, biofilm staining, and LSCM and SEM visualizations.

This protocol describes a new method to grow and qualitatively analyze bacterial biofilms on fungal hyphae by confocal and electron microscopy.

새로운 방법 사상 진균 식민지에 세균 바이오 필름의 질적 다중 스케일 분석을 위해 사용 공 촛점 및 전자 현미경

Bacterial biofilms frequently form on fungal surfaces and can be involved in numerous bacterial-fungal interaction processes, such as metabolic ...

Label-free Neutrophil Enrichment from Patient-derived Airway Secretion Using Closed-loop Inertial Microfluidics

Airway secretions contain a large number of immune-related cells, e.g., neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, which can be used as a major resource to evaluate a variety of pulmonary diseases, both for research and clinical purposes. However, due to the heterogeneous and viscous nature of patient mucus, there is currently no reliable dissociation method that does not damage the host immune cells in the patient airway secretion. In this research, we introduce a sample preparation method that uses inertial microfluidics for the patient&#39;s immune assessment. Regardless of the heterogeneous fluidic properties of the clinical samples, the proposed method recovers more than 95% of neutrophils from airway secretion samples that are diluted 1,000-fold with milliliters of clean saline. By recirculating the concentrated output stream to the initial sample reservoir, a high concentration, recovery, and purity of the immune cells are provided; recirculation is considered a trade-off to the single-run syringe-based operation of inertial microfluidics. The closed-loop operation of spiral microfluidics provides leukocytes without physical or chemical disturbance, as demonstrated by the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced elastase release of sorted neutrophils.

In this research, we demonstrate a label-free neutrophil separation method from clinical airway secretions using closed-loop operation of spiral inertial microfluidics. The proposed method would expand the clinical in vitro assays for various respiratory diseases.

폐쇄 루프 관성 마이크로 사용 하 여 환자 파생 기도 분 비에서 레이블 없는 호 중구 농축

Airway secretions contain a large number of immune-related cells, e.g., neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes, which can be used as a major resource ...

Label-Free Identification of Lymphocyte Subtypes Using Three-Dimensional Quantitative Phase Imaging and Machine Learning

We describe here a protocol for the label-free identification of lymphocyte subtypes using quantitative phase imaging and machine learning. Identification of lymphocyte subtypes is important for the study of immunology as well as diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Currently, standard methods for classifying lymphocyte types rely on labeling specific membrane proteins via antigen-antibody reactions. However, these labeling techniques carry the potential risks of altering cellular functions. The protocol described here overcomes these challenges by exploiting intrinsic optical contrasts measured by 3D quantitative phase imaging and a machine learning algorithm. Measurement of 3D refractive index (RI) tomograms of lymphocytes provides quantitative information about 3D morphology and phenotypes of individual cells. The biophysical parameters extracted from the measured 3D RI tomograms are then quantitatively analyzed with a machine learning algorithm, enabling label-free identification of lymphocyte types at a single-cell level. We measure the 3D RI tomograms of B, CD4+ T, and CD8+ T lymphocytes and identified their cell types with over 80% accuracy. In this protocol, we describe the detailed steps for lymphocyte isolation, 3D quantitative phase imaging, and machine learning for identifying lymphocyte types.

We describe a protocol for the label-free identification of lymphocyte subtypes using quantitative phase imaging and a machine learning algorithm. Measurements of 3D refractive index tomograms of lymphocytes present 3D morphological and biochemical information for individual cells, which is then analyzed with a machine-learning algorithm for identification of cell types.

라벨-무료 3 차원 양적 위상 이미징 사용 하 여 림프 구의 식별 및 기계 학습

We describe here a protocol for the label-free identification of lymphocyte subtypes using quantitative phase imaging and machine learning. Identification ...

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a striking increase in life expectancy around the globe. Nonetheless, determining vaccine efficacy remains a challenge. Emerging evidence suggests that the current acellular vaccine (aPV) for Bordetella pertussis (B. pertussis) induces suboptimal immunity. Therefore, a major challenge is designing a next-generation vaccine that induces protective immunity without the adverse side effects of a whole-cell vaccine (wPV). Here we describe a protocol that we used to test the efficacy of a promising, novel adjuvant that skews immune responses to a protective Th1/Th17 phenotype and promotes a better clearance of a B. pertussis challenge from the murine respiratory tract. This article describes the protocol for mouse immunization, bacterial inoculation, tissue harvesting, and analysis of immune responses. Using this method, within our model, we have successfully elucidated crucial mechanisms elicited by a promising, next-generation acellular pertussis vaccine. This method can be applied to any infectious disease model in order to determine vaccine efficacy.

Here we present an elegant protocol for in vivo evaluation of vaccine effectiveness and host immune responses. This protocol can be adapted for vaccine models that study viral, bacterial, or parasitic pathogens.

호스트 병원 체 응답 및 쥐에 백신의 효능 평가

Vaccines are a 20th century medical marvel. They have dramatically reduced the morbidity and mortality caused by infectious diseases and contributed to a ...

Infection of Zebrafish Larvae with Aspergillus Spores for Analysis of Host-Pathogen Interactions

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is one of&#160;the most common fungal infections among immunocompromised individuals. Despite the availability of antifungal drugs, IA can cause &#62;50% mortality in infected immunocompromised patients. It is crucial to determine both host and pathogen factors that contribute to infection susceptibility and low survival rates in infected patients in order to develop novel therapeutics. Innate immune responses play a pivotal role in recognition and clearance of Aspergillus spores, though little is known about the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms. Reliable models are required to investigate detailed mechanistic interactions between the host and pathogen. The optical clarity and genetic tractability of zebrafish larvae make them an intriguing model&#160;to study host-pathogen interactions of multiple human bacterial and fungal infections in a live and intact host. This protocol describes a larval zebrafish Aspergillus infection model. First, Aspergillus spores are isolated and injected into the zebrafish hindbrain ventricle via microinjection. Then, chemical inhibitors such as immunosuppressive drugs are added directly to the larval water. Two methods to monitor the infection in injected larvae are described, including the 1) homogenization of larvae for colony forming unit (CFU) enumeration and 2) a repeated, daily live imaging setup. Overall, these techniques can be used to mechanistically analyze the progression of Aspergillus infection in vivo and can be applied to different host backgrounds and Aspergillus strains to interrogate host-pathogen interactions.

Infection of Zebrafish Larvae with Aspergillus Spores for Analysis of Host-Pathogen Interactions

This protocol describes an Aspergillus infection model in zebrafish larvae. Aspergillus spores are microinjected into the hindbrain of larvae, and chemical treatment is used to induce immunosuppression. Infection progression is monitored via a daily imaging setup to monitor fungal growth and immune responses as well as enumeration of live spores by colony forming unit plating.

호스트 병원체 상호 작용의 분석을 위한 아스퍼질러스 포자를 가진 얼룩말 물고기 애벌레의 감염

Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is one of&#160;the most common fungal infections among immunocompromised individuals. Despite the availability of antifungal ...