We thank Joon Kim for expert flow cytometry assistance. Research in the authors&#8217; labs is supported by the SCORE program of the National Institutes of Health (grant SC1-GM095402 to B.D.O) and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (to J.C.Z.P.). J.C.Z.P. is supported by a Canada Research Chair in Developmental Immunology. The biomedical research infrastructure of Hunter College is supported in part by the NIH Research Centers in Minority Institutions (RCMI) program via grant MD007599. We also acknowledge the New York State Stem Cell Science Program (NYSTEM) for its support of the initiation of stem cell research at Hunter College via grant C023048.

1. Preparation of Culture Media, Cytokines and Gelatinized Plates
<ol>
	<li>Prepare ES cell media by using Dulbecco&#8217;s Modification of Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM) with high glucose and sodium pyruvate. Add 20% ESC Qualified Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin, 1% L-glutamine, 1% HEPES Buffer, 1% Non-Essential Amino Acids, 0.1% Gentamicin (50 mg/ml) and 0.1% (55 &#956;M) &#946;-mercaptoethanol. Sterilize ES cell media by filtration.</li>
	<li>Prepare OP9 media by making 1 L of Alpha Minimum Essential Medium (&#945;-MEM) from powder according to the manufacturer&#8217;s instructions. Add 20% Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and 1% Penicillin/Streptomycin. Invert to mix. Sterilize by filtration into two 500 ml aliquots. 
	NOTE: The use of media made from powder is recommended and likely to yield improved OP9 cell maintenance and in vitro differentiation results. This approach has become our standard procedure. However, we also note that we have at times used pre-made liquid &#945;-MEM with adequate success.</li>
	<li>Prepare freezing media by adding 10% Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) to 90% FBS. Swirl gently and sterilize by filtration. Store at 4 &#176;C.</li>
	<li>Prepare 2,000x Flt-3 ligand (10 &#956;g/ml) by dissolving human recombinant Flt-3 ligand (Flt-3L) in complete OP9 media to 10 &#956;g/ml. Aliquot into 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes and store at -80 &#176;C. Follow the supplier&#8217;s recommendations regarding stability and storage. 
	NOTE: The stability of Flt-3L is short (1 month at 4 &#176;C or 3 months at -80 &#176;C).</li>
	<li>Prepare 1,000x IL-7 (1 &#956;g/ml) by using complete OP9 media. Aliquot into 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes and store at -80 &#176;C. Follow the supplier&#8217;s recommendations on stability and storage (IL-7 is stable for up to 12 months at -80 &#176;C).</li>
	<li>Prepare 1,000x Leukemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) (10 &#956;g/ml) by a 1:10 dilution of 107 units of LIF in ES cell media. Store aliquot at 4 &#176;C. Be sure to note the expiration date provided by the manufacturer on the aliquot vials. 
	NOTE: Product is stable in concentrated or diluted form at least 18 months from the date of manufacture.</li>
	<li>Prepare gelatinized 6-well plates by add 1.5 ml of 0.1% gelatin solution into each well of a 6-well plate. Leave dishes in the sterile hood at room temperature with lids on, allowing at least 30 min for coating. The dishes may also be left in a humidified incubator overnight. Remove any leftover gelatin solution right before cell seeding. Do not let the gelatin solution completely dry out in the well.</li>
</ol>
2. Preparation and Maintenance of Feeder Cells and Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (mESC)
NOTE: Incubate all cells in a humidified 37 &#176;C incubator with 5% CO2.
<ol>
	<li>Thawing Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEF)
	<ol>
		<li>Quick-thaw a frozen vial (~5 x 106 cells/vial) of mitomycin C-treated (or otherwise mitotically arrested) MEFs and transfer them to a 15 ml tube.</li>
		<li>Add 8 ml of ES cell media to the thawed cells, in a drop-wise fashion to gradually dilute the DMSO from the freezing medium.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge cells at 400 x g at 4 &#176;C for 5 min. Carefully remove the supernatant and resuspend the cell pellet in 3 ml of ES cell media.</li>
		<li>Prepare a 50 ml centrifuge tube with 33 ml of pre-warmed ES cell media. Add the 3 ml of resuspended MEFs to bring the final volume to 36 ml.</li>
		<li>Distribute 3 ml of the resuspended MEFs into each well of two gelatinized 6-well plates. Place the plates into the incubator for at least six hours to allow the cells to attach and spread out before seeding the mESCs on them. These mitotically arrested feeder layers may be usable for several days after initial seeding, if their media is changed every 2-3 days. 
		NOTE: Freshly arrested MEFs can also be used.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Seeding mESCs
	<ol>
		<li>Quick-thaw a vial with a frozen mESC clone in the 37 &#176;C water bath and prepare cells as described in 2.1.1-2.1.3. 
		NOTE: We freeze 2 vials of mESC from a confluent well of a 6-well plate.</li>
		<li>Remove media from one well (per mESC clone) of the 6-well plate with arrested MEF monolayers (prepared in step 2.1.5) and seed the 3 ml of mESCs on top of the MEF monolayer. Add 3 &#181;l of 1,000x LIF (10 ng/ml). Return dishes into the incubator.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>ES cell maintenance and trypsin mediated passage 
	NOTE: Change media daily, or split based on confluence of mESC. Optimally, harvest and split/re-plate the cells every other day.
	<ol>
		<li>Remove ES cell media and wash mESCs with 2 ml of PBS. Remove PBS. Add 1 ml of 0.25% trypsin and incubate at 37 &#176;C for 3-5 min.</li>
		<li>Collect trypsinized cells and transfer them into a 15 ml centrifuge tube. Vigorously pipet the cell suspension to break up clumps of mESCs. Add 2 ml of complete ES cell media to the cell suspension to neutralize the trypsin.</li>
		<li>Spin cells at 400 x g for 5 min at 4 &#176;C. Remove supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 3 ml ES cell media.</li>
		<li>Remove media from 6-well plates containing prepared arrested MEF monolayers. Add the appropriate amount of the cell suspension (based on the desired split ratio) in 3 ml of ES cell media to each well to be seeded. Add 3 &#956;l of 1,000x LIF. A confluent mESC well split 1:6 will be ready for passage in 2 days.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>OP9/OP9-DL1 cell maintenance
	<ol>
		<li>Thaw a vial of OP9 cells (follow the steps 2.1.1-2.1.3 using OP9 media)</li>
		<li>Add 7 ml OP9 media to 10 cm tissue culture dish. Add the 3 ml of resuspended cells in a drop-wise manner, distributing cells throughout the plate. Place the cells overnight in the incubator.</li>
		<li>Check the confluence of the OP9 cells the next day. If the dish contains many dead floating cells, remove the media and add 10 ml of fresh OP9 media. Return the dish to the incubator if nearly full confluence is not observed. Split (using trypsin) 1:4 the near confluent OP9 monolayer. 
		NOTE: Plates should reach same confluence level again in about 2 days. Take care not to let OP9 cells become over-confluent.</li>
		<li>Freeze the early passages of OP9 cells as expansion stocks. 
		NOTE: We freeze 2 vials of OP9 cells from one near confluent 10 cm dish. Each vial of expansion stock can be further propagated to create working stocks that are later used in mESC co-culture experiments. Keep all OP9 stocks frozen in liquid nitrogen rather than in the -80 &#176;C freezer, since fluctuating temperatures can negatively influence the quality of the freezes.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. OP9-DL1 Co-culture Procedure
<ol>
	<li>Co-culture preparations
	<ol>
		<li>Approximately one week prior to initiation of a co-culture, thaw MEFs, mESCs and OP9 cell working stocks. Since OP9-DL1 cells are not needed until co-culture day 8, thaw the OP9-DL1 cells during the first three days after co-culture initiation. Maintain or freeze all cells as needed.</li>
		<li>Determine the initial number of 10 cm plates with OP9 cell monolayers prepared to reach 80% confluence on co-culture day 0 based upon the scale of the experiment (e.g., number of mESC clones to be differentiated and number of co-culture time points to be analyzed). To prepare for a co-culture, split near confluent dish of OP9 cells between 1:4 and 1:6 two days ahead of when the monolayers will be needed. 
		NOTE: One will need at least one plate per ESC clone. Typically, a single ESC clone seeded on a single plate (as described below) on day 0 should yield enough cells to seed six plates at the day 5 passage. Each day 5 plate will enable one subsequent analysis time point.</li>
		<li>Since OP9 monolayers will be continually needed for co-culture passage, take care to always maintain an adequate number of additional OP9 culture plates in parallel with the co-culture.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Day 0: Initiation of co-culture
	<ol>
		<li>Collect mESC as in 2.3.1-2.3.4. Count the cells.</li>
		<li>For each mESC clone prepare 5 x 104 mESC in 10 ml of OP9 media per plate. 
		NOTE: Although we have not used it, we note that an alternative medium consisting of &#945;-MEM, 10% FBS, and 5 x 10-5 M &#946;-mercaptoethanol has also been reported for use in differentiation co-cultures.10</li>
		<li>Remove old media from OP9 dishes and add the 10 ml of mESC suspension to the dishes taking care to distribute the cells evenly throughout the plate. Place the dishes in the 37 &#176;C incubator.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Day 3: Media change
	<ol>
		<li>Remove dishes from the incubator and observe under the microscope. Colonies should begin to lose shininess and appear flattened.</li>
		<li>Remove media from dishes and gently add 10 ml of fresh OP9 media.</li>
		<li>Return the co-culture dishes to the incubator. Visually monitor mesoderm-like colony formation daily to inform the timing of OP9 feeder monolayer preparation for the next passage (day 5), which should not be carried out until ~80-90% of the colonies visually display mesoderm-like morphology. Maximum postponement of the day 5 cell transfer step is 2 days.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Day 5: Trypsin mediated passage with pre-plating. 
	NOTE: Prepare in advance an adequate number of 10 cm dishes with optimally confluent OP9 cells. Proceed with the next steps only if the co-cultures visually display the features described in step 3.3.3 (see also Representative Results).
	<ol>
		<li>Remove media from the co-culture dishes. Add 4 ml PBS to wash. Swirl the PBS and remove. Add 4 ml of 0.25% trypsin and place the dishes in incubator for ~5 min.</li>
		<li>Disrupt the layer of trypsinized cells by vigorous pipetting, taking care not to introduce excessive air bubbles, until a homogeneous, mostly single cell suspension is achieved.</li>
		<li>Add 4 ml of complete OP9 media and mix by pipetting. Transfer cells into a new, empty 10 cm dish and place in the incubator for 30 min to allow the OP9 cells to adhere to the dish. This &#8220;pre-plating&#8221; step reduces the number of OP9 cells transferred to the next step of co-culture.</li>
		<li>Prepare 50 ml centrifuge tubes with 40 &#956;m cell strainers.</li>
		<li>Collect non-adherent cells from the pre-plated dish and pass them through the cell strainer into the tube. Wash the dish gently with 6 ml of PBS and pass it through the same strainer, leaving the attached OP9 cells behind.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge cells at 400 x g 5 min at 4 &#176;C. Remove supernatant and resuspend pelleted cells in 3 ml of complete OP9 media. Count the cells.</li>
		<li>Remove the media from 10 cm plates with optimally confluent OP9 cells.</li>
		<li>For each analysis time point, seed 5 x 105 cells on the OP9 monolayer in 10 ml final volume.</li>
		<li>Add 5 ng/ml human recombinant Flt-3L and place the dishes in incubator.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Day 8: Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell (HPC) collection 
	NOTE: Prepare in advance an adequate number of 6-well plates with OP9 or OP9-DL1 cell monolayers so that they will be ~80% confluent in time for this step.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare 50 ml centrifuge tubes with 40 &#956;m strainers.</li>
		<li>Remove the dishes from the incubator and observe under the microscope. Shiny clusters of HPCs should be loosely attached to the OP9 monolayer. Collect as many of these cells as possible by washing (but not overly disrupting) the OP9 monolayer with a pipette and the existing media on the dish. To prevent foaming, always leave at least 1 ml of the media in the tip of the pipet during this HPC collection/washing step.</li>
		<li>Pass the cells through the 40 &#956;m strainer into a tube. Add 8 ml PBS to the same plate and check under the microscope if all HPCs were collected. Repeat the washing/collection step with PBS and (if necessary) with more forceful washing. Strain the cells into the tube already containing the cells from the same plate.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge cells at 400 x g for 5 min at 4 &#176;C.</li>
		<li>Prepare a master mix of 3 ml (per plate seeded on day 5) of OP9 media with 5 ng/ml Flt-3L and 1 ng/ml IL-7.</li>
		<li>Remove supernatant and resuspend pellet in OP9 media with Flt-3L+IL-7 master mix (3 ml for each 10 cm dish processed). Transfer the collected cells from each plate into one well of a 6-well plate with OP9 cells.
		<ol>
			<li>In order to drive cells toward monocytic, B cell or erythroid lineages, seed the collected cells onto OP9 cells. To derive T cells, seed the cells onto OP9-DL1 cell monolayers.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Place the 6-well plates into incubator.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Day 10: Media change
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare a 15 ml centrifuge tube for each distinct mESC clone-feeder cell type combination in co-culture.</li>
		<li>Prepare a master mix of OP9 media with 5 ng/ml of Flt-3L and 1 ng/ml of IL-7. Prepare 3 ml for each well.</li>
		<li>Gently collect media from each well of the 6-well plate combining media from multiple wells containing the same ESC clone-feeder cell type combination.</li>
		<li>Add 2 ml of OP9 media master mix (see 3.6.2) into each well.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge the collected media at 400 x g for 5 min at 4 &#176;C. Remove supernatant and resuspend each pellet (very small if visible) in 1 ml of OP9 media master mix (see 3.6.2) per well originally collected in step 3.6.3.</li>
		<li>Distribute 1 ml of cells back into each well from which the media was originally collected bringing the volume in each well to 3 ml. Return the dishes to the incubator.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Day 12: No trypsin passage 
	NOTE: Prepare in advance an adequate number of 6-well dishes with OP9 or OP9-DL1 cells so that they will be optimally confluent in time for this step. Day 12 is ideal for flow cytometry analyses of developing erythroid, monocytic, and early stage T cells.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare a master mix (3 ml for each well that will continue in co-culture) of OP9 media with 5 ng/ml of Flt-3L and 1 ng/ml of IL-7.</li>
		<li>Prepare 50 ml centrifuge tubes with 40 &#956;m strainers (one for each ESC clone-feeder cell type combination in co-culture).</li>
		<li>Vigorously pipette the existing media in each well to disaggregate all cells (including the monolayer) in the well. Continue with forceful pipetting until a state resembling a single cell suspension is achieved.</li>
		<li>Pass the collected cells through the strainer into the tube. Add 3 ml of PBS into each well to wash and collect all remaining cells. Pass cells through the same strainer. Combine cells from multiple wells containing the same ESC clone-feeder cell type combination.</li>
		<li>Discard the used cell strainer and remove an aliquot equivalent to one well (~6 ml) for any desired flow cytometry (or other) analyses to be carried out on that day. Store these aliquots on ice before use.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge cells at 400 x g for 5 min at 4 &#176;C. Remove supernatant. Resuspend the pellet from the 50 ml centrifuge tubes in 3 ml of master mix per well to be re-seeded. Add 3 ml per well of each cell suspension on to the appropriate feeder cell type and place the dishes in the incubator.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Day 14: Media change
	<ol>
		<li>Follow the steps outlined in section 3.6.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Day 16: No trypsin passage 
	NOTE: Prepare in advance 6-well dishes of optimally confluent OP9 or OP9-DL1 cells for this step. 
	NOTE: Day 16 is ideal for flow cytometry analyses of B lymphocytes and middle stage T cells.
	<ol>
		<li>Follow the steps outlined in section 3.7.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Day 18: Media change
	<ol>
		<li>Follow the steps outlined in section 3.6.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Day 20: No trypsin passage 
	NOTE: Day 20 is ideal for flow cytometry analyses of mid to late stage developing T cells.
	<ol>
		<li>Follow the steps outlined in section 3.7. If desired, carry differentiating cells past day 20 alternating media change and no trypsin passages every two days, with daily monitoring of the lymphocyte expansion rate.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<ol><li>Schmitt, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Induction+of+T+cell+development+and+establishment+of+T+cell+competence+from+embryonic+stem+cells+differentiated+in+vitro%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Nat+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Induction of T cell development and establishment of T cell competence from embryonic stem cells differentiated in vitro.</a> Nat Immunol. 5, 410-417 (2004).</li>
<li>Pui, J. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Notch1+expression+in+early+lymphopoiesis+influences+B+versus+T+lineage+determination%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Immunity%22%5BJournal%5D)">Notch1 expression in early lymphopoiesis influences B versus T lineage determination.</a> Immunity. 11, 299-308 (1999).</li>
<li>Nakano, T., Kodama, H., Honjo, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Generation+of+lymphohematopoietic+cells+from+embryonic+stem+cells+in+culture%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Science%22%5BJournal%5D)">Generation of lymphohematopoietic cells from embryonic stem cells in culture.</a> Science. 265, 1098-1101 (1994).</li>
<li>Schmitt, T. M., Zuniga-Pflucker, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Induction+of+T+cell+development+from+hematopoietic+progenitor+cells+by+delta-like-1+in+vitro%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Immunity%22%5BJournal%5D)">Induction of T cell development from hematopoietic progenitor cells by delta-like-1 in vitro.</a> Immunity. 17, 749-756 (2002).</li>
<li>Chen, J., Lansford, R., Stewart, V., Young, F., Alt, F. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((RAG-2-deficient+blastocyst+complementation%3A+an+assay+of+gene+function+in+lymphocyte+development%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America%22%5BJournal%5D)">RAG-2-deficient blastocyst complementation: an assay of gene function in lymphocyte development.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 90, 4528-4532 (1993).</li>
<li>de Pooter, R. F., Cho, S. K., Carlyle, J. R., Zuniga-Pflucker, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((In+vitro+generation+of+T+lymphocytes+from+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+prehematopoietic+progenitors%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Blood%22%5BJournal%5D)">In vitro generation of T lymphocytes from embryonic stem cell-derived prehematopoietic progenitors.</a> Blood. 102, 1649-1653 (2003).</li>
<li>Holmes, R., Zuniga-Pflucker, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((The+OP9-DL1+system%3A+generation+of+T-lymphocytes+from+embryonic+or+hematopoietic+stem+cells+in+vitro%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Cold+Spring+Harb+Protoc%22%5BJournal%5D)">The OP9-DL1 system: generation of T-lymphocytes from embryonic or hematopoietic stem cells in vitro.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2009, (2009).</li>
<li>Arsov, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((A+role+for+autophagic+protein+beclin+1+early+in+lymphocyte+development%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">A role for autophagic protein beclin 1 early in lymphocyte development.</a> J Immunol. 186, 2201-2209 (2011).</li>
<li>Lahiji, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Complete+TCR-alpha+gene+locus+control+region+activity+in+T+cells+derived+in+vitro+from+embryonic+stem+cells%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Complete TCR-alpha gene locus control region activity in T cells derived in vitro from embryonic stem cells.</a> J Immunol. 191, 472-479 (2013).</li>
<li>Hirashima, M., Kataoka, H., Nishikawa, S., Matsuyoshi, N., Nishikawa, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Maturation+of+embryonic+stem+cells+into+endothelial+cells+in+an+in+vitro+model+of+vasculogenesis%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Blood%22%5BJournal%5D)">Maturation of embryonic stem cells into endothelial cells in an in vitro model of vasculogenesis.</a> Blood. 93, 1253-1263 (1999).</li>
<li>Nishikawa, S. I., Nishikawa, S., Hirashima, M., Matsuyoshi, N., Kodama, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Progressive+lineage+analysis+by+cell+sorting+and+culture+identifies+FLK1%2BVE-cadherin%2B+cells+at+a+diverging+point+of+endothelial+and+hemopoietic+lineages%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22Development%22%5BJournal%5D)">Progressive lineage analysis by cell sorting and culture identifies FLK1+VE-cadherin+ cells at a diverging point of endothelial and hemopoietic lineages.</a> Development. 125, 1747-1757 (1998).</li>
<li>de Pooter, R. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?term=((Notch+signaling+requires+GATA-2+to+inhibit+myelopoiesis+from+embryonic+stem+cells+and+primary+hemopoietic+progenitors%5BTitle%5D)+AND+%22J+Immunol%22%5BJournal%5D)">Notch signaling requires GATA-2 to inhibit myelopoiesis from embryonic stem cells and primary hemopoietic progenitors.</a> J Immunol. 176, 5267-5275 (2006).</li>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The OP9-DL1 co-culture system has been utilized to study the role of various gene products during the development of blood cell types from stem cells.8,12,13 It has also proven an effective model to study the function of gene regulatory DNA during cellular differentiation.9,14 Using this approach as an alternative to whole mouse models can yield considerable savings in time and cost of experiments that address many basic questions in hematopoiesis. However, adaptation of this protocol for these purp...

A cell culture system has been established in which mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC) are differentiated to T cells in vitro.1 This system exploits the ability of Notch signaling to drive T cell differentiation.2 The OP9-DL1 cell line was created by transducing bone marrow-derived OP9 cells3 with a Notch ligand, Delta-like 1 (DL1).4 Activation of the Notch signaling cascade in vitro facilitates T cell development to the exclusion of other cell lineages. With the inclusion of appropriate cytokines, this system provides a cell culture &#8220;microenvironment&#8221; that supports the sequential advancement of mESC toward hematopoietic and ultimately T cell lineages. This system supports the flow cytometric identification of T cells at the various developmental stages seen during normal T cell ontogeny in the thymus. For investigating selected questions relating to T cell development, this procedure has become an attractive alternative to in vivo whole mouse models5 and in vitro fetal thymic organ culture methods used to elicit T cell development from mouse embryonic stem cell derived hematopoietic precursors.6 The major advantage of the OP9 co-culture system is that it involves standard and straightforward cell culture techniques and does not depend on the continual use of experimental animals. 
We follow a detailed, previously published protocol in our experiments using this approach.7 We have utilized this technology to examine the hematopoietic differentiation products of non-manipulated mESC clones, high quality mESC clones handpicked to make chimeric embryos8 and stably-transfected ESC clones coming directly out of drug selection.9 We have noted that the temporal kinetics of initial in vitro differentiation from mESC to mesoderm-like colonies in this model can be variable among individual clones. The mESC-OP9 co-cultures can be visually assessed for progression to mesoderm. While this will usually be completed by the fifth day of co-culture, among individual clones, completion can be delayed for one or two days. Quantitative (~80-90%) mesoderm formation must be achieved prior to transfer in order to obtain optimal hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) formation and robust lymphopoiesis. Thus, when working with multiple mESC clones, this &#8220;day 5&#8221; passage is best delayed until all clones complete the transition to mesoderm-like colonies. This enables synchrony of subsequent development among the clones after their transfer into hematopoietic differentiation conditions. Three days after the passaging of the 80-90% mesodermal formations, HPCs are collected from the OP9 monolayers. HPCs can be seeded on new OP9 cells to allow differentiation of monocytic, erythroid and B cell lineages. Alternatively, HPCs can be seeded on OP9-DL1 cells and driven towards T cell development. All in vitro differentiation cultures are provided Flt-3L beginning at day 5, with further addition of IL-7 beginning at day 8. Flow cytometry analyses performed at various time points during the experiment enable monitoring of progress through the stages and lineages of hematopoietic differentiation and T cell development. CD4/CD8 double positive (DP) T cells begin emerging by day 16 of the co-culture, and both DP and CD8 single positive (SP) cells are abundant by day 20. The general outcome and robustness of co-culture is greatly dependent on the ability to visually ascertain the completion of the significant developmental turning points that occur. This protocol aims to be a guide to the recognition of these milestones, as well as the other critical parameters, that are key to successful differentiation.

<table><tbody><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>Corning</td><td>15-013-CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stem cell qualified FBS</td><td>Gemini</td><td>100-125</td><td>Heat inactivated</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td><td>Corning</td><td>30-002-CI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-alanyl L-glutamine</td><td>Corning</td><td>25-015-CI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES buffer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Millipore</td><td>TMS-003-C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-Essential Amino Acids</td><td>ThermoScientific</td><td>SH30853.01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin Regent Solution (50 mg/ml)</td><td>Life Technologies&amp;nbsp;</td><td>15750-060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;beta;-mercaptoethanol (55 mM) in DPBS</td><td>Life Technologies&amp;nbsp;</td><td>21985-023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter Unit</td><td>Millipore</td><td>SCGPU05RE</td><td>0.22 &amp;mu;m PES membrane</td></tr><tr><td>Cell Culture Grade Water</td><td>Corning</td><td>25-055-CM</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;alpha;-MEM&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies&amp;nbsp;</td><td>12000-022</td><td>Powder, reconstitute per manufacture recommendation</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium bicarbonate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>S5761-500G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td>ThermoScientific</td><td>SH 30396.03</td><td>Testing of individual lots required&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl Sulphoxide&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>D2650</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Human Flt-3 Ligand</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>308-FK</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Murine IL-7</td><td>PeproTech</td><td>217-17</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LIF&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Millipore</td><td>ESG1107</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Utrapure water with 0.1% gelatin</td><td>Millipore</td><td>ES-006-B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEFs mitomycin C treated</td><td>Millipore</td><td>PMEF-CF</td><td>Any mitotically arresteded MEFs can be used</td></tr><tr><td>DPBS</td><td>Corning</td><td>21-031-CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell strainer (40 &amp;mu;m)</td><td>Fisher</td><td>22363547</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue culture dish 100 x 20 mm</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>353003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Multiwell 6-well</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>353046</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.5 ml microcentrifuge tubes</td><td>USA Scientific</td><td>1615-5500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 ml centrifuge tubes</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>352096</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 ml centrifuge tubes</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>352070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5 ml Polystyrene Round-Bottom Tube with Cell-Strainer Cap</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>352235</td><td>Tubes for FACS&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>ES R1 cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>SCRC-1011</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>OP9 cells</td><td></td><td></td><td>Cells can be obtained from the Riken Laboratory Cell Repository (Japan).</td></tr><tr><td>OP9-DL1 cells</td><td>&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td><td>Cells can be requested from the Z&amp;uacute;&amp;ntilde;iga-Pfl&amp;uuml;cker laboratory.</td></tr><tr><td>FlowJo software&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Tree Star</td><td></td><td>FACS data analyses</td></tr><tr><td>Flow Cytometer</td><td>BD</td><td></td><td>FACScan, FACSCalibur and FACSVantage have been used in our lab</td></tr></tbody></table>

derivation of t cells in vitro from mouse embryonic stem cells

The OP9/OP9-DL1 co-culture system has become a well-established method for deriving differentiated blood cell types from embryonic and hematopoietic progenitors of both mouse and human origin. It is now used to address a growing variety of complex genetic, cellular and molecular questions related to hematopoiesis, and is at the cutting edge of efforts to translate these basic findings to therapeutic applications. The procedures are straightforward and routinely yield robust results. However, achieving successful hematopoietic differentiation in vitro requires special attention to the details of reagent and cell culture maintenance. Furthermore, the protocol features technique sensitive steps that, while not difficult, take care and practice to master. Here we focus on the procedures for differentiation of T lymphocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESC). We provide a detailed protocol with discussions of the critical steps and parameters that enable reproducibly robust cellular differentiation in vitro. It is in the interest of the field to consider wider adoption of this technology, as it has the potential to reduce animal use, lower the cost and shorten the timelines of both basic and translational experimentation.

When grown on MEFs in the presence of LIF, mESCs can be maintained in an undifferentiated state. Under ideal conditions, they appear as compact colonies of cells surrounded by a shiny halo in phase contrast microscopy (Figure 1). These cultures must be monitored daily. Depending on the confluence of the cells, media can be changed or cells can be split. Neighboring mESC colonies should not come to the point of contact with one another. A normal, healthy culture of undifferentiated mESCs is an essential s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Derivation of T Cells In Vitro from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Derivation of T Cells In Vitro from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Mouse embryonic stem cells can be differentiated to T cells in vitro using the OP9-DL1 co-culture system. Success in this procedure requires careful attention to reagent/cell maintenance, and key technique sensitive steps. Here we discuss these critical parameters and provide a detailed protocol to encourage adoption of this technology.

Derivation of T Cells In Vitro from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

The OP9/OP9-DL1 co-culture system has become a well-established method for deriving differentiated blood cell types from embryonic and hematopoietic ...

derivation-of-t-cells-in-vitro-from-mouse-embryonic-stem-cells

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

11.0K Views.  City University of New York. Mouse embryonic stem cells can be differentiated to T cells in vitro using the OP9-DL1 co-culture system. Success in this procedure requires careful attention to reagent/cell maintenance, and key technique sensitive steps. Here we discuss these critical parameters and provide a detailed protocol to encourage adoption of this technology.

Video: Derivation of T Cells In Vitro from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Derivation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells from Murine Embryonic Stem Cells

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from the blastocyst of the early embryo and are pluripotent in differentiative ability.  Their vast differentiative potential has made them the focus of much research centered on deducing how to coax them to generate clinically useful cell types.  The successful derivation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) from mouse ESC has recently been accomplished and can be visualized in this video protocol.  HSC, arguably the most clinically exploited cell population, are used to treat a myriad of hematopoietic malignancies and disorders.  However, many patients that might benefit from HSC therapy lack access to suitable donors.  ESC could provide an alternative source of HSC for these patients.  The following protocol establishes a baseline from which ESC-HSC can be studied and inform efforts to isolate HSC from human ESC.  In this protocol, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies (EBs) for 6 days in commercially available serum pre-screened for optimal hematopoietic differentiation.  EBs are then dissociated and infected with retroviral HoxB4.  Infected EB-derived cells are plated on OP9 stroma, a bone marrow stromal cell line derived from the calvaria of  M-CSF-/- mice, and co-cultured in the presence of hematopoiesis promoting cytokines for ten days.  During this co-culture, the infected cells expand greatly, resulting in the generation a heterogeneous pool of 100s of millions of cells.  These cells can then be used to rescue and reconstitute lethally irradiated mice.

This protocol details the derivation of transplantable hematopoietic stem cells from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) and their subsequent injection into lethally irradiated recipient mice. Briefly, ESC are differentiated as embryoid bodies, which are then infected with retroviral HoxB4 and co-cultured with OP9 stromal cells and hematopoietic cytokines.

A stem cell is defined as a cell with the capacity to both self-renew and generate multiple differentiated progeny.  Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are ...

Biology

Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen presenting cells (APCs)1. This recognition leads to the activation of T-cells and a series of functional outcomes (e.g. cytokine production, killing of the target cells). Understanding the functional role of TCRs is critical to harness the power of the immune system to treat a variety of immunology related diseases (e.g. cancer or autoimmunity).
It is convenient to study TCRs in mouse models, which can be accomplished in several ways. Making TCR transgenic mouse models is costly and time-consuming and currently there are only a limited number of them available2-4. Alternatively, mice with antigen-specific T-cells can be generated by bone marrow chimera. This method also takes several weeks and requires expertise5. Retroviral transduction of TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells is a quick and relatively easy method to obtain T-cells of desired peptide-MHC specificity. Antigen-specific T-cells can be generated in one week and used in any downstream applications. Studying transduced T-cells also has direct application to human immunotherapy, as adoptive transfer of human T-cells transduced with antigen-specific TCRs is an emerging strategy for cancer treatment6.
Here we present a protocol to retrovirally transduce TCRs into in vitro activated mouse T-cells. Both human and mouse TCR genes can be used. Retroviruses carrying specific TCR genes are generated and used to infect mouse T-cells activated with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 antibodies. After in vitro expansion, transduced T-cells are analyzed by flow cytometry.

We present a protocol to produce antigen-specific mouse T-cells using retroviral transduction

T-cell receptors (TCRs) play a central role in the immune system. TCRs on T-cell surfaces can specifically recognize peptide antigens presented by antigen ...

Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

Characterizing thymic settling progenitors is important to understand the pre-thymic stages of T cell development, essential to devise strategies for T cell replacement in lymphopenic patients. We studied thymic settling progenitors from murine embryonic day 13 and 18 thymi by two complementary in vitro and in vivo techniques, both based on the &#8220;hanging drop&#8221; method. This method allowed colonizing irradiated fetal thymic lobes with E13 and/or E18 thymic progenitors distinguished by CD45 allotypic markers and thus following their progeny. Colonization with mixed populations allows analyzing cell autonomous differences in biologic properties of the progenitors while colonization with either population removes possible competitive selective pressures. The colonized thymic lobes can also be grafted in immunodeficient male recipient mice allowing the analysis of the mature T cell progeny in vivo, such as population dynamics of the peripheral immune system and colonization of different tissues and organs. Fetal thymic organ cultures revealed that E13 progenitors developed rapidly into all mature CD3+ cells and gave rise to the canonical &#947;&#948; T cell subset, known as dendritic epithelial T cells. In comparison, E18 progenitors have a delayed differentiation and were unable to generate dendritic epithelial T cells. The monitoring of peripheral blood of thymus-grafted CD3-/- mice further showed that E18 thymic settling progenitors generate, with time, larger numbers of mature T cells than their E13 counterparts, a feature that could not be appreciated in the short term fetal thymic organ cultures.

Characterization of Thymic Settling Progenitors in the Mouse Embryo Using In Vivo and In Vitro Assays

This article describes in vivo and in vitro methodology to characterize the thymic settling progenitors by the analysis of the kinetics of generation, phenotype and numbers of their T cell progeny.

Characterizing thymic settling progenitors is important to understand the pre-thymic stages of T cell development, essential to devise strategies for T ...

Developmental Biology

Derivation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Immunosurgery

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass. 


The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both medical applications and as a research 
tool for addressing fundamental questions in development and disease. Here, we provide a 
concise, step-by-step protocol for the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from embryos 
by immunosurgical isolation of the inner cell mass.

The ability of human embryonic stem cells to self-renew and differentiate into all cell types of 
the body suggests that they hold great promise for both ...

A Three-dimensional Thymic Culture System to Generate Murine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Tumor Antigen-specific Thymic Emigrants

The inheritance of pre-rearranged T cell receptors (TCRs) and their epigenetic rejuvenation make induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived T cells a promising source for adoptive T cell therapy (ACT). However, classical in vitro methods for producing regenerated T cells from iPSC result in either innate-like or terminally differentiated T cells, which are phenotypically and functionally distinct from na&#239;ve T cells. Recently, a novel three-dimensional (3D) thymic culture system was developed to generate a homogenous subset of CD8&#945;&#946;+ antigen-specific T cells with a na&#239;ve T cell-like functional phenotype, including the capacity for proliferation, memory formation, and tumor suppression in vivo. This protocol avoids aberrant developmental fates, allowing for the generation of clinically relevant iPSC-derived T cells, designated as iPSC-derived thymic emigrants (iTE), while also providing a potent tool to elucidate the subsequent functions necessary for T cell maturation after thymic selection.

This article describes a novel method to generate tumor antigen-specific induced pluripotent stem cell-derived thymic emigrants (iTE) by a three-dimensional (3D) thymic culture system. iTE are a homogenous subset of T cells closely related to na&#239;ve T cells with the capacity for proliferation, memory formation, and tumor suppression.

The inheritance of pre-rearranged T cell receptors (TCRs) and their epigenetic rejuvenation make induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived T cells a ...

Cancer Research

Derivation of Stem Cell Lines from Mouse Preimplantation Embryos

Mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) derivation is the process by which pluripotent cell lines are established from preimplantation embryos. These lines retain the ability to either self-renew or differentiate under specific conditions. Due to these properties, mESC are a useful tool in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and tissue engineering studies. This article describes a simple protocol to obtain mESC lines with high derivation efficiencies (60-80%) by culturing blastocysts from permissive mouse strains on feeder cells in defined medium supplemented with leukemia inhibitory factor. The protocol can also be applied to efficiently derive mESC lines from non-permissive mouse strains, by the simple addition of a cocktail of two small-molecule inhibitors to the derivation medium (2i medium). Detailed procedures on the preparation and culture of feeder cells, collection and culture of mouse embryos, and derivation and culture of mESC lines are provided. This protocol does not require specialized equipment and can be carried out in any laboratory with basic mammalian cell culture expertise.

This article describes a protocol to efficiently derive and culture pluripotent stem cell lines from mouse embryos at the blastocyst stage.

Mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) derivation is the process by which pluripotent cell lines are established from preimplantation embryos. These lines ...

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition of cognate antigen presented on MHC class II. The cytokine signals present in the environment at the time of TCR activation are a major factor in determining the effector fate of a na&#239;ve CD4+ T cell. Although the cytokine environment during na&#239;ve T cell activation may be complex and involve both redundant and opposing signals in vivo, the addition of various cytokine combinations during naive CD4+ T cell activation in vitro can readily promote the establishment of effector T helper lineages with hallmark cytokine and transcription factor expression. Such differentiation experiments are commonly used as a first step for the evaluation of targets believed to promote or inhibit the development of certain CD4+ T helper subsets. The addition of mediators, such as signaling agonists, antagonists, or other cytokines, during the differentiation process can also be used to study the influence of a particular target on T cell differentiation. Here, we describe a basic protocol for the isolation of na&#239;ve T cells from mouse and the subsequent steps necessary for polarizing na&#239;ve cells to various T helper effector lineages in vitro.

Mouse Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cell Isolation and In vitro Differentiation into T Cell Subsets

Na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells polarize to various subsets depending on the environment at the time of activation. The differentiation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells to various effector subsets can be achieved in vitro through the addition of T cell receptor stimuli and specific cytokine signals.

Antigen inexperienced (na&#239;ve) CD4+ T cells undergo expansion and differentiation to effector subsets at the time of T cell receptor (TCR) recognition ...

Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts

Specification of the trophectoderm is one of the earliest differentiation events of mammalian development. The trophoblast lineage derived from the trophectoderm mediates implantation and generates the fetal part of the placenta. As a result, the development of this lineage is essential for embryo survival. Derivation of trophoblast stem (TS) cells from mouse blastocysts was first described by Tanaka et al. 1998. The ability of TS cells to preserve the trophoblast specific property and their expression of stage- and cell type-specific markers after proper stimulation provides a valuable model system to investigate trophoblast lineage development whereby recapitulating early placentation events. Furthermore, trophoblast cells are one of the few somatic cell types undergoing natural genome amplification. Although the molecular pathways underlying trophoblast polyploidization have begun to unravel, the physiological role and advantage of trophoblast genome amplification remains largely elusive. The development of diploid stem cells into polyploid trophoblast cells in culture makes this ex vivo system an excellent tool for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of genome replication and instability in health and disease. Here we describe a protocol based on previous reports with modification published in Chiu et al. 2008.

In this video, we demonstrate the isolation of mouse blastocysts and the derivation of trophoblast stem cells from blastocysts. We also describe conditions for maintenance of the stem cell property as well as induction of differentiation in culture.

Specification of the trophectoderm is one of the earliest differentiation events of mammalian development. The trophoblast lineage derived from the ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Th17 Cell Differentiation from Naive CD4+ T-Cells Using Flow Cytometry

In Vitro Differentiation of Naive CD4+ T Cells into Pathogenic Th17 Cells in Mouse

In vitro T cell differentiation techniques are essential for both functional and mechanistic investigations of CD4+ T cells. Pathogenic Th17 cells have been linked to a wide range of diseases in recent times, including multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), sepsis, and other autoimmune disorders. However, the currently known in vitro differentiation protocols have difficulty achieving high purity of pathogenic Th17 cells, with the induction efficiency often below 50%, which is a key challenge in in vitro experiments. In this protocol, we propose an enhanced in vitro culture and differentiation protocol for pathogenic Th17 cells, which is used to directly differentiate naive CD4+ T cells isolated from mouse spleens into pathogenic Th17 cells. This protocol provides detailed instructions on splenocyte isolation, purification of naive CD4+ T cells, and differentiation of pathogenic Th17 cells. Through this protocol, we can achieve a differentiation purity of approximately 90% for pathogenic Th17 cells, which meets the basic needs of many cellular experiments.

Author Spotlight: Achieving High-Purity In Vitro Differentiation of Th17 Cells Using Cytokine Concentration Modulation

This protocol describes the differentiation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells into pathogenic Th17 cells in vitro. Specifically, when combined with a multi-parameter flow cytometry-based approach, 90% purity of pathogenic Th17 cells can be obtained from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells using this differentiation method.

In vitro T cell differentiation techniques are essential for both functional and mechanistic investigations of CD4+ T cells. Pathogenic Th17 cells have ...

Derivation of T Cells In Vitro from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

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