This work was supported by the New Jersey Governor&#39;s Council for Medical Research and Treatment of Autism (CAUT13APS010; CAUT14APL031; CAUT15APL041), Nancy Lurie Marks Family Foundation, Mindworks Charitable Lead Trust, and the Jewish Community Foundation of Greater MetroWest NJ.

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

The protocols presented here illustrate quick and simple methods to study fundamental neurodevelopmental processes and test growth factors and drugs using hiPSC-derived neural precursor cells. hiPSC technology has revolutionized the study of the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental diseases by providing us with unprecedented access to live human neuronal cells from affected individuals. Indeed, there have been numerous hiPSC studies of neurodevelopmental disorders including Rett Syndrome, Timothy Syndrome, Fragile-X syndro...

The use of simpler organisms and mouse models has elucidated the mechanisms of basic brain development as well as disease pathogenesis. Despite these advances, the etiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders remains elusive because not all findings in simpler organisms are directly relevant to complex aspects of human disease. Further, the greater complexity of the human brain often makes it difficult to model human development and disorders in animals. With the evolution and progress of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) technology, somatic cells can be reprogrammed into stem cells and then differentiated into neuronal cells to study human disease. Advances in hiPSCs and &#34;omic&#34; technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics) promise to revolutionize the understanding of human brain development. These technologies now make possible a &#34;precision medicine&#34; approach to the characterization of neuropsychiatric disease on a case-by-case basis.
The current staple in the hiPSC disease-modeling field is to differentiate cells into specific neuronal subtypes in a monolayer or to use a 3D culture system called an organoid to recapitulate aspects of brain development1,2,3. These systems have been incredibly valuable in studying and uncovering unique aspects of human development and disease4,5,6,7. However, both neuronal cultures and organoids often require anywhere from weeks to months in culture before they are ready to study. The time-consuming nature of these protocols and the amount of resources needed to maintain these culture systems often limit the number of experiments that can be performed and the number of variables (like growth factors or drugs) that can be tested. Moreover, many studies utilizing post-mitotic neurons and organoids have focused on processes such as dendrite outgrowth or synapse formation, which occur later in development. While these processes have been implicated in the pathology of developmental disorders such as autism and schizophrenia, earlier developmental events that occur before definitive neuronal differentiation are also important for disease pathogenesis8,9,10,11,12,13. Indeed, recent genomic studies show that the mid-fetal period, which is comprised of proliferation, process outgrowth, and migration, is particularly important in autism pathogenesis11,14. Thus, it is important to study neural stem and progenitor cell populations to better understand these earlier processes. Organoid systems, which are considered to better recapitulate human brain development because of their 3D nature and organized structure, do contain a progenitor pool that has been utilized to study some of these earlier events. However, the progenitor population in organoids is often sparse and more like radial glial cells than neural stem or progenitor cells5,15. Thus, it would be beneficial to have a high throughput method to study early stages of neurodevelopment in an actively proliferative cell population.
In the lab, we have created a protocol that uses hiPSC-derived neural precursor cells (NPCs), a mixed population of neural stem and progenitor cells that is highly proliferative, to study neurodevelopmental processes such as proliferation, cell migration, and initial process (neurite) extension. These assays were developed from techniques used in our lab for decades to successfully study neurodevelopment in rat and mouse cortical cultures16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23. Importantly, it was also shown that phenotypes and regulatory signals defined in the rat and mouse culture systems are highly predictive of mechanisms that are active in vivo, indicating the value of these techniques16,17,18,19,24. After initial differentiation of hiPSCs to NPCs, these methods allow us to study vital developmental processes in a matter of days. These methods have many advantages: (1) they require little sophisticated equipment and are easy to implement, (2) numerous experimental replicates can be conducted in a short period of time, allowing for rapid confirmation of the reproducibility of results, and (3) culture variables such as coating matrices, effects of growth factors, and activity of drugs can be tested quickly and cost-effectively. Furthermore, we take advantage of the well-established role of extracellular growth factors as critical regulators of diverse developmental processes. NPCs were exposed to select developmental signals that directly stimulate events like proliferation, neurite outgrowth, and cell migration, and have found they enhance the ability to identify defects that are not apparent in control conditions19,25,26,27,28. Likewise, the ease of assessing drugs provides a powerful avenue to adopt precision medicine techniques to test the efficacy of various therapeutic interventions. Thus, this protocol facilitates a high throughput, reproducible, and straightforward methodology to study early brain development, disease pathogenesis, and the potential beneficial effects of growth factors and drugs on neurodevelopmental phenotypes.

<table><tbody><tr><td>PSC Neural Induction Medium:&lt;br/&gt; Protocol Link: https://goo.gl/euub7a&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>A1647801</td><td>This is a kit that consists of Neurobasal (NB) medium and a 50x Neural Induction Supplement (NIS). The NIS is used to make 1X Neural Induction Medium and 100% Expansion Medium</td></tr><tr><td>Advanced DMEM/F12 Medium</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>12634-010</td><td>Component of 100% Expansion Medium</td></tr><tr><td>Neurobasal Medium</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>21103049</td><td>Component of both NIM and 100% Expansion Medium&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>hESC-qualified Matrigel</td><td>Corning</td><td>354277</td><td>hESC-qualified extracellular matrix-mimic gel (ECM-mimic gel)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Y-27632 (2HCl), 1 mg</td><td>Stem Cell Technologies</td><td>72302</td><td>ROCK inhibitor</td></tr><tr><td>6 well plates</td><td>Corning</td><td>COR-3506</td><td>Polystyrene plates used for NPC maintenance and for Neurosphere Migration Assay&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>24 well plates</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>2021-05</td><td>Polystyrene plates: Used for NPC DNA Synthesis Assay</td></tr><tr><td>35 mm dishes</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>2021-01</td><td>Polystyrene plates: Used for NPC S-Phase Entry and Neurite Assay</td></tr><tr><td>Natural Mouse Laminin</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>23017-015</td><td>Substrate for coating plates: Used for NPC DNA Synthesis, S-Phase Entry, and Cell Number Assays</td></tr><tr><td>Fibronectin</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F1141</td><td>Substrate for coating plates: Used for Neurite Assay&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Poly-D-Lysine</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P0899</td><td>Substrate for coating plates</td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/Streptomycin</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>15140122</td><td>Antibiotic, component of NIM, 100% Expansion and 30% Expansion Media&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>StemPro Accutase</td><td>Gibco</td><td>A11105-01</td><td>1X Cell Detachment Solution&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>2.5% Trypsin (10X)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15090-046</td><td>10X enzymatic solution</td></tr><tr><td>0.5 M EDTA</td><td>ThermoFischer Scientific</td><td>AM9261</td><td>used in trypsin solution for lifting cells for DNA synthesis assay</td></tr><tr><td>tritiated [&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;H]-thymidine</td><td>PerkinElmer</td><td>NET027E001</td><td>Radioactive tritium, thymidine</td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand 7 mL HDPE Scintillation Vials</td><td>Fisherbrand</td><td>03-337-1</td><td>Vials for liquid scintillation counting</td></tr><tr><td>EcoLite(+)</td><td>MP Biomedicals</td><td>0188247501&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Liquid scintillation cocktail</td></tr><tr><td>LS 6500 multi-purpose liquid scintillation counter</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>8043-30-1194</td><td>Liquid Scintillation Counter</td></tr><tr><td>Skatron Semi-automactic Cell Harvester Type 11019</td><td>Molecular Devices &amp;amp; Skatron Instruments, Inc.</td><td></td><td>Semi-automatic cell harvester</td></tr><tr><td>Click-iT EdU Alexa Fluor&amp;reg; 488 Imaging Kit</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>C10337</td><td>EdU and staining kit for S-Phase Entry Assay</td></tr><tr><td>Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>15250061</td><td>Assessing viability of cells</td></tr><tr><td>Grade GF/C filter paper</td><td>GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Whatman</td><td>1822-849</td><td>Glass fiber filter paper</td></tr><tr><td>Human Basic FGF-2</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>100-18B</td><td>growth factor</td></tr><tr><td>Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide (PACAP-38)</td><td>BACHEM</td><td>H-8430</td><td>neuropeptide</td></tr></tbody></table>

rapid detection of neurodevelopmental phenotypes in human neural precursor cells (npcs)

Human brain development proceeds through a series of precisely orchestrated processes, with earlier stages distinguished by proliferation, migration, and neurite outgrowth; and later stages characterized by axon/dendrite outgrowth and synapse formation. In neurodevelopmental disorders, often one or more of these processes are disrupted, leading to abnormalities in brain formation and function. With the advent of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology, researchers now have an abundant supply of human cells that can be differentiated into virtually any cell type, including neurons. These cells can be used to study both normal brain development and disease pathogenesis. A number of protocols using hiPSCs to model neuropsychiatric disease use terminally differentiated neurons or use 3D culture systems termed organoids. While these methods have proven invaluable in studying human disease pathogenesis, there are some drawbacks. Differentiation of hiPSCs into neurons and generation of organoids are lengthy and costly processes that can impact the number of experiments and variables that can be assessed. In addition, while post-mitotic neurons and organoids allow the study of disease-related processes, including dendrite outgrowth and synaptogenesis, they preclude the study of earlier processes like proliferation and migration. In neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, abundant genetic and post-mortem evidence indicates defects in early developmental processes. Neural precursor cells (NPCs), a highly proliferative cell population, may be a suitable model in which to ask questions about ontogenetic processes and disease initiation. We now extend methodologies learned from studying development in mouse and rat cortical cultures to human NPCs. The use of NPCs allows us to investigate disease-related phenotypes and define how different variables (e.g., growth factors, drugs) impact developmental processes including proliferation, migration, and differentiation in only a few days. Ultimately, this toolset can be used in a reproducible and high-throughput manner to identify disease-specific mechanisms and phenotypes in neurodevelopmental disorders.

One goal of these studies is to define the proliferative activity of the NPCs, that is, an increase in cell numbers. This is achieved by assessing DNA synthesis of the total cell population, a high-throughput approach that measures the incorporation of radioactive tracer tritiated thymidine into cell extracts, and reflects all cells engaged in S-phase, whether they are synthesizing for 5 minutes or the entire two hours. Additionally, these assays allow the determination of the proportion ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells NPCs at JoVE.com

Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells NPCs

Neurodevelopmental processes such as proliferation, migration, and neurite outgrowth are often perturbed in neuropsychiatric diseases. Thus, we present protocols to rapidly and reproducibly assess these neurodevelopmental processes in human iPSC-derived NPCs. These protocols also allow the assessment of the effects of relevant growth factors and therapeutics on NPC development.

Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells (NPCs)

Human brain development proceeds through a series of precisely orchestrated processes, with earlier stages distinguished by proliferation, migration, and ...

rapid-detection-neurodevelopmental-phenotypes-human-neural-precursor

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

9.9K Views.  Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School. Neurologische processen zoals proliferatie, migratie en neurite uitvloeisel zijn vaak verstoord in neuropsychiatrische ziekten. Dus presenteren we protocollen om te snel en reproducibly beoordelen deze neurologische processen in menselijke iPSC afkomstige NPC's. Deze protocollen toestaan ook de beoordeling van de gevolgen van relevante factoren die de groei en therapeutics NPC ontwikkelingssamenwerking.

Video: Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells NPCs

Generation of Neural Stem Cells from Discarded Human Fetal Cortical Tissue

Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside along the ventricular zone neuroepithelium during the development of the cortical plate. These early progenitors ultimately give rise to intermediate progenitors and later, the various neuronal and glial cell subtypes that form the cerebral cortex. The capacity to generate and expand human NSCs (so called neurospheres) from discarded normal fetal tissue provides a means with which to directly study the functional aspects of normal human NSC development 1-5. This approach can also be directed toward the generation of NSCs from known neurological disorders, thereby affording the opportunity to identify disease processes that alter progenitor proliferation, migration and differentiation 6-9. We have focused on identifying pathological mechanisms in human Down syndrome NSCs that might contribute to the accelerated Alzheimer's disease phenotype 10,11. Neither in vivo nor in vitro mouse models can replicate the identical repertoire of genes located on human chromosome 21. 
Here we use a simple and reliable method to isolate Down syndrome NSCs from aborted human fetal cortices and grow them in culture. The methodology provides specific aspects of harvesting the tissue, dissection with limited anatomical landmarks, cell sorting, plating and passaging of human NSCs. We also provide some basic protocols for inducing differentiation of human NSCs into more selective cell subtypes.

A simple and reliable method on isolation and culture of neural stem cells from discarded human fetal cortical tissue is described. Cultures derived from known human neurological disorders can be used for characterization of pathological cellular and molecular processes, as well as provide a platform to assess pharmacological efficacy.

Neural stem cells (NSCs) reside along the ventricular zone neuroepithelium during the development of the cortical plate. These early progenitors ...

Neuroscience

Efficient Derivation of Human Neuronal Progenitors and Neurons from Pluripotent Human Embryonic Stem Cells with Small Molecule Induction

There is a large unfulfilled need for a clinically-suitable human neuronal cell source for repair or regeneration of the damaged central nervous system (CNS) structure and circuitry in today's healthcare industry. Cell-based therapies hold great promise to restore the lost nerve tissue and function for CNS disorders. However, cell therapies based on CNS-derived neural stem cells have encountered supply restriction and difficulty to use in the clinical setting due to their limited expansion ability in culture and failing plasticity after extensive passaging1-3. Despite some beneficial outcomes, the CNS-derived human neural stem cells (hNSCs) appear to exert their therapeutic effects primarily by their non-neuronal progenies through producing trophic and neuroprotective molecules to rescue the endogenous cells1-3. Alternatively, pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) proffer cures for a wide range of neurological disorders by supplying the diversity of human neuronal cell types in the developing CNS for regeneration1,4-7. However, how to channel the wide differentiation potential of pluripotent hESCs efficiently and predictably to a desired phenotype has been a major challenge for both developmental study and clinical translation. Conventional approaches rely on multi-lineage inclination of pluripotent cells through spontaneous germ layer differentiation, resulting in inefficient and uncontrollable lineage-commitment that is often followed by phenotypic heterogeneity and instability, hence, a high risk of tumorigenicity7-10. In addition, undefined foreign/animal biological supplements and/or feeders that have typically been used for the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of hESCs may make direct use of such cell-specialized grafts in patients problematic11-13. To overcome these obstacles, we have resolved the elements of a defined culture system necessary and sufficient for sustaining the epiblast pluripotence of hESCs, serving as a platform for de novo derivation of clinically-suitable hESCs and effectively directing such hESCs uniformly towards clinically-relevant lineages by small molecules14 (please see a schematic in Fig. 1). Retinoic acid (RA) does not induce neuronal differentiation of undifferentiated hESCs maintained on feeders1, 14. And unlike mouse ESCs, treating hESC-differentiated embryoid bodies (EBs) only slightly increases the low yield of neurons1, 14, 15. However, after screening a variety of small molecules and growth factors, we found that such defined conditions rendered retinoic acid (RA) sufficient to induce the specification of neuroectoderm direct from pluripotent hESCs that further progressed to neuroblasts that generated human neuronal progenitors and neurons in the developing CNS with high efficiency (Fig. 2). We defined conditions for induction of neuroblasts direct from pluripotent hESCs without an intervening multi-lineage embryoid body stage, enabling well-controlled efficient derivation of a large supply of human neuronal cells across the spectrum of developmental stages for cell-based therapeutics.

We have established a protocol for induction of neuroblasts direct from pluripotent human embryonic stem cells maintained under defined conditions with small molecules, which enables derivation of a large supply of human neuronal progenitors and neuronal cell types in the developing CNS for neural repair.

There is a large unfulfilled need for a clinically-suitable human neuronal cell source for repair or regeneration of the damaged central nervous system ...

A cGMP-applicable Expansion Method for Aggregates of Human Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells Derived From Pluripotent Stem Cells or Fetal Brain Tissue

A cell expansion technique to amass large numbers of cells from a single specimen for research experiments and clinical trials would greatly benefit the stem cell community. Many current expansion methods are laborious and costly, and those involving complete dissociation may cause several stem and progenitor cell types to undergo differentiation or early senescence. To overcome these problems, we have developed an automated mechanical passaging method referred to as &#8220;chopping&#8221; that is simple and inexpensive. This technique avoids chemical or enzymatic dissociation into single cells and instead allows for the large-scale expansion of suspended, spheroid cultures that maintain constant cell/cell contact. The chopping method has primarily been used for fetal brain-derived neural progenitor cells or neurospheres, and has recently been published for use with neural stem cells derived from embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. The procedure involves seeding neurospheres onto a tissue culture Petri dish and subsequently passing a sharp, sterile blade through the cells effectively automating the tedious process of manually mechanically dissociating each sphere. Suspending cells in culture provides a favorable surface area-to-volume ratio; as over 500,000 cells can be grown within a single neurosphere of less than 0.5 mm in diameter. In one T175 flask, over 50 million cells can grow in suspension cultures compared to only 15 million in adherent cultures. Importantly, the chopping procedure has been used under current good manufacturing practice (cGMP), permitting mass quantity production of clinical-grade cell products.

This protocol describes a novel mechanical chopping method that allows the expansion of spherical neural stem and progenitor cell aggregates without dissociation to a single cell suspension.&#160; Maintaining cell/cell contact allows rapid and stable growth for over 40 passages.

A cell expansion technique to amass large numbers of cells from a single specimen for research experiments and clinical trials would greatly benefit the ...

A Neurite Outgrowth Assay and Neurotoxicity Assessment with Human Neural Progenitor Cell-Derived Neurons

Neurite outgrowth assay and neurotoxicity assessment are two major studies that can be performed using the presented method herein. This protocol provides reliable analysis of neuronal morphology together with quantitative measurements of modifications on neurite length and synaptic protein localization and abundance upon treatment with small molecule compounds. In addition to the application of the presented method in neurite outgrowth studies, neurotoxicity assessment can be performed to assess, distinguish and rank commercial chemical compounds based on their potential developmental neurotoxicity effect.
Even though cell lines are nowadays widely used in compound screening assays in neuroscience, they often differ genetically and phenotypically from their tissue origin. Primary cells, on the other hand, maintain important markers and functions observed in vivo. Therefore, due to the translation potential and physiological relevance that these cells could offer neurite outgrowth assay and neurotoxicity assessment can considerably benefit from using human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) as the primary human cell model.
The presented method herein can be utilized to screen for the ability of compounds to induce neurite outgrowth and neurotoxicity by taking advantage of the human neural progenitor cell-derived neurons, a cell model closely representing human biology.&#34;

The presented protocol describes a method for a neurite outgrowth assay and neurotoxicity assessment of small molecule compounds.

Neurite outgrowth assay and neurotoxicity assessment are two major studies that can be performed using the presented method herein. This protocol provides ...

Flow Cytometry Protocols for Surface and Intracellular Antigen Analyses of Neural Cell Types

Flow cytometry has been extensively used to define cell populations in immunology, hematology and oncology. Here, we provide a detailed description of protocols for flow cytometric analysis of the cluster of differentiation (CD) surface antigens and intracellular antigens in neural cell types. Our step-by-step description of the methodological procedures include: the harvesting of neural in vitro cultures, an optional carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeling step, followed by surface antigen staining with conjugated CD antibodies (e.g., CD24, CD54), and subsequent intracellar antigen detection via primary/secondary antibodies or fluorescently labeled Fab fragments (Zenon labeling). The video demonstrates the most critical steps. Moreover, principles of experimental planning, the inclusion of critical controls, and fundamentals of flow cytometric analysis (identification of target population and exclusion of debris; gating strategy; compensation for spectral overlap) are briefly explained in order to enable neurobiologists with limited prior knowledge or specific training in flow cytometry to assess its utility and to better exploit this powerful methodology.

We provide a detailed description of a protocol for flow cytometric analysis of surface antigens and/or intracellular antigens in neural cell types. Critical aspects of experimental planning, step-by-step methodological procedures, and fundamental principles of flow cytometry are explained in order to enable neurobiologists to exploit this powerful technology.

Flow cytometry has been extensively used to define cell populations in immunology, hematology and oncology. Here, we provide a detailed description of ...

Rapid and Efficient Generation of Neurons from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in a Multititre Plate Format

Existing protocols for the generation of neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are often tedious in that they are multistep procedures involving the isolation and expansion of neural precursor cells, prior to terminal differentiation. In comparison to these time-consuming approaches, we have recently found that combined inhibition of three signaling pathways, TGF&beta;/SMAD2, BMP/SMAD1, and FGF/ERK, promotes rapid induction of neuroectoderm from hPSCs, followed by immediate differentiation into functional neurons. Here, we have adapted our procedure to a novel multititre plate format, to further enhance its reproducibility and to make it compatible with mid-throughput applications. It comprises four days of neuroectoderm formation in floating spheres (embryoid bodies), followed by a further four days of differentiation into neurons under adherent conditions. Most cells obtained with this protocol appear to be bipolar sensory neurons. Moreover, the procedure is highly efficient, does not require particular expert skills, and is based on a simple chemically defined medium with cost-efficient small molecules. Due to these features, the procedure may serve as a useful platform for further functional investigation as well as for cell-based screening approaches requiring human sensory neurons or neurons of any type.

Protocols for neuronal differentiation of pluripotent human stem cells (hPSCs) are often time-consuming and require substantial cell culture skills. Here, we have adapted a small molecule-based differentiation procedure to a multititre plate format, allowing simple, rapid, and efficient generation of human neurons in a controlled manner.

Existing protocols for the generation of neurons from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are often tedious in that they are  multistep procedures ...

Biology

Post-differentiation Replating of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Neurons for High-content Screening of Neuritogenesis and Synapse Maturation

Neurons differentiated in two-dimensional culture from human pluripotent stem-cell-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) represent a powerful model system to explore disease mechanisms and carry out high content screening (HCS) to interrogate compound libraries or identify gene mutation phenotypes. However, with human cells the transition from NPC to functional, mature neuron requires several weeks. Synapses typically start to form after 3 weeks of differentiation in monolayer culture, and several neuron-specific proteins, for example the later expressing pan-neuronal marker NeuN, or the layer 5/6 cerebral cortical neuron marker CTIP2, begin to express around 4-5 weeks post-differentiation. This lengthy differentiation time can be incompatible with optimal culture conditions used for small volume, multi-well HCS platforms. Among the many challenges are the need for well-adhered, uniformly distributed cells with minimal cell clustering, and culture procedures that foster long-term viability and functional synapse maturation. One approach is to differentiate neurons in a large volume format, then replate them at a later time point in HCS-compatible multi-wells. Some main challenges when using this replating approach concern reproducibility and cell viability, due to the stressful disruption of the dendritic and axonal network. Here we demonstrate a detailed and reliable procedure for enzymatically resuspending human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neurons after their differentiation for 4-8 weeks in a large-volume format, transferring them to 384-well microtiter plates, and culturing them for a further 1-3 weeks with excellent cell survival. This replating of human neurons not only allows the study of synapse assembly and maturation within two weeks from replating, but also enables studies of neurite regeneration and growth cone characteristics. We provide examples of scalable assays for neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis using a 384-well platform.

This protocol describes a detailed procedure for resuspending and culturing human stem cell derived neurons that were previously differentiated from neural progenitors in vitro for multiple weeks. The procedure facilitates imaging-based assays of neurites, synapses, and late-expressing neuronal markers in a format compatible with light microscopy and high-content screening.

Neurons differentiated in two-dimensional culture from human pluripotent stem-cell-derived neural progenitor cells (NPCs) represent a powerful model ...

High-Content Screening Differentiation and Maturation Analysis of Fetal and Adult Neural Stem Cell-Derived Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Cultures

The main hurdle in developing drug screening techniques for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic strategies in complex diseases is striking a balance between in vitro simplification and recreating the complex in vivo environment, along with the main aim, shared by all screening strategies, of obtaining robust and reliable data, highly predictive for in vivo translation.
In the field of demyelinating diseases, the majority of drug screening strategies are based on immortalized cell lines or pure cultures of isolated primary oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) from newborn animals, leading to strong biases due to the lack of age-related differences and of any real pathological condition or complexity.
Here we show the setup of an in vitro system aimed at modeling the physiological differentiation/maturation of neural stem cell (NSC)-derived OPCs, easily manipulated to mimic pathological conditions typical of demyelinating diseases. Moreover, the method includes isolation from fetal and adult brains, giving a system which dynamically differentiates from OPCs to mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) in a spontaneous co-culture which also includes astrocytes. This model physiologically resembles the thyroid hormone-mediated myelination and myelin repair process, allowing the addition of pathological interferents which model disease mechanisms. We show how to mimic the two main components of demyelinating diseases (i.e., hypoxia/ischemia and inflammation), recreating their effect on developmental myelination and adult myelin repair and taking all the cell components of the system into account throughout, while focusing on differentiating OPCs.
This spontaneous mixed model, coupled with cell-based high-content screening technologies, allows the development of a robust and reliable drug screening system for therapeutic strategies aimed at combating the pathological processes involved in demyelination and at inducing remyelination.

We describe the production of mixed cultures of astrocytes and oligodendrocyte precursor cells derived from fetal or adult neural stem cells differentiating into mature oligodendrocytes, and in vitro modeling of noxious stimuli. The coupling with a cell-based high-content screening technique builds a reliable and robust drug screening system.

The main hurdle in developing drug screening techniques for assessing the efficacy of therapeutic strategies in complex diseases is striking a balance ...

Transplantation of Human Stem Cell-Derived GABAergic Neurons into the Early Postnatal Mouse Hippocampus to Mitigate Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A reduced number or dysfunction of inhibitory interneurons is a common contributor to neurodevelopmental disorders. Therefore, cell therapy using interneurons to replace or mitigate the effects of altered neuronal circuits is an attractive therapeutic avenue. To this end, more knowledge is needed about how human stem cell-derived GABAergic interneuron-like cells (hdINs) mature, integrate, and function over time in the host circuitry. Of particular importance in neurodevelopmental disorders is a better understanding of whether these processes in transplanted cells are affected by an evolving and maturing host brain. The present protocol describes a fast and highly efficient generation of hdINs from human embryonic stem cells based on the transgenic expression of the transcription factors Ascl1 and Dlx2. These neuronal precursors are transplanted unilaterally, after 7 days in vitro, to the hippocampus of neonatal 2-day-old mice. The transplanted neurons disperse in the ipsi- and contralateral hippocampus of a mouse model of cortical dysplasia-focal epilepsy syndrome and survive for up to 9 months after transplantation. This approach allows for investigating the cellular identity, integration, functionality, and therapeutic potential of transplanted interneurons over an extended time in developing healthy and diseased brains.

Transplantation of human pluripotent stem cell-derived GABAergic neurons generated by neuronal programming could be a potential treatment approach for neurodevelopmental disorders. This protocol describes the generation and transplantation of human stem cell-derived GABAergic neuronal precursors into the brains of neonatal mice, allowing long-term investigation of grafted neurons and evaluation of their therapeutic potential.

A reduced number or dysfunction of inhibitory interneurons is a common contributor to neurodevelopmental disorders. Therefore, cell therapy using ...

Culturing Human Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons for Phenotypic Profiling

Phenotypic Profiling of Human Stem Cell-Derived Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons

Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) is linked to a range of cell biological processes that cause midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron loss. Many current in vitro PD cellular models lack complexity and do not take multiple phenotypes into account. Phenotypic profiling in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived mDA neurons can address these shortcomings by simultaneously measuring a range of neuronal phenotypes in a PD-relevant cell type in parallel. Here, we describe a protocol to obtain and analyze phenotypic profiles from commercially available human mDA neurons. A neuron-specific fluorescent staining panel is used to visualize the nuclear, &#945;-synuclein, Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), and Microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) related phenotypes. The described phenotypic profiling protocol is scalable as it uses 384-well plates, automatic liquid handling and high-throughput microscopy. The utility of the protocol is exemplified using healthy donor mDA neurons and mDA neurons carrying the PD-linked G2019S mutation in the Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene. Both cell lines were treated with the LRRK2 kinase inhibitor PFE-360 and phenotypic changes were measured. Additionally, we demonstrate how multidimensional phenotypic profiles can be analyzed using clustering or machine learning-driven supervised classification methods. The described protocol will particularly interest researchers working on neuronal disease modeling or studying chemical compound effects in human neurons.

Author Spotlight: Generating Neuronal Phenotypic Profiles - A Protocol to Culture and Image Human Midbrain Dopaminergic Neurons 

This protocol describes the cell culturing of human midbrain dopaminergic neurons, followed by immunological staining and the generation of neuronal phenotypic profiles from acquired microscopic high-content images allowing the identification of phenotypic variations due to genetic or chemical modulations.

Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) is linked to a range of cell biological processes that cause midbrain dopaminergic (mDA) neuron loss. Many current in vitro ...

Rapid Detection of Neurodevelopmental Phenotypes in Human Neural Precursor Cells (NPCs)

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