We thank Jolanta Chmielowiec for helpful discussion regarding the protocol and manuscript. We also thank Benjamin Arenkiel for access to confocal microscope. This work was supported by the NIH (P30-DK079638 to M.B. and T32HL092332-13 to M.A.S. and M.B.), the McNair Medical Foundation (to M.B.), and the confocal core at the BCM Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (NIH U54 HD083092 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development).

All animal experiments described in this method were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Baylor College of Medicine.
1. Preparation of Mouse Embryonic Day 10.5 Pancreatic Progenitors
Note: This protocol does not need to be followed under sterile conditions until step 2, however it is optimal to sterilize dissection tools and spray with 70% ethanol prior to use.
<ol>
	<li>To set up for dissection, fill an ice bucket and place a container of phosphate buffered saline (PBS) in the ice. Clean two fine-tipped forceps and dissection scissors with 70% ethanol. Set near the dissection area, a container with at least three borosilicate capillary tubes, a mouth pipette, a lighter, and filtered 1,000 &#181;L pipette tips.
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare at least 1 mL of 1.25 mg/mL cold dispase diluted in sterilized water and place in the second well of a 12 well plate on ice. Put PBS in the first, third, and fourth wells of the 12 well plate. Place 1 mL of 0.05% Trypsin in a 1.5 mL tube on ice. Pre-warm a shaking incubator to 37 oC.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Euthanize e10.5 timed-pregnant mice in accordance with IACUC guidelines. Spray the abdomen with 70% ethanol to clean the region before making a V-shaped incision at the genital area of the mouse using scissors and forceps and continue it up to the diaphragm. 
	&#8203;NOTE: Appearance of a vaginal plug in this protocol indicates day 0.5. Using 5 - 6-week-old mice, a weight gain of more than 2 g acts as a secondary measure of successful impregnation.
	<ol>
		<li>Carefully excise the uterus by making an incision at the uppermost lateral portions of the uterus, pulling the organ upwards away from the mouse, and following this incision down to the genital region before repeating on the opposite side. Place it in a 10 cm Petri dish with the cold PBS. 
		NOTE: It is possible to obtain organoids from e11.5 dissociated cells, however unlike the e10.5 pancreatoids, these organoids are not yet characterized and thus may not retain the capacity to differentiate into all three major pancreatic lineages.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Under a light dissection microscope, place the Petri dish and carefully open the uterine tissue by placing two forceps between each embryo and peeling tissue away from the yolk sac. Transfer embryos by grasping the yolk sac gently with forceps and place in a 10 cm Petri dish with fresh, cold PBS. Place the Petri dish on ice. 
	NOTE: It is important to heedfully remove embryos, preferably maintained within the yolk sac, as forceful removal can pull the umbilical cord, ripping tissue of the embryo and compromising the structural integrity.</li>
	<li>Place multiple PBS drops on a 10 cm Petri dish lid. Use these droplets to transfer the embryo during dissection as extraembryonic tissues are removed to ensure visibility. Transfer an embryo to a PBS drop and gently remove from the yolk sac using forceps, while the remaining embryos stay in PBS on ice (Figure 1A). Remove the head before moving the embryo to a new PBS drop using forceps to lightly scoop the embryo up, to not damage the tissue (Figure 1B). 
	&#8203;NOTE: The tissue might need to be transferred more frequently to fresh PBS droplets than described here, depending on the opacity of the liquid.
	<ol>
		<li>In a new PBS drop, remove the forelimb buds using forceps (Figure 1B). Place forceps into the opening where limb bud was present and gently tear only the most external tissue anteriorly (Figure 1B). Rotate embryo and repeat in the posterior direction, stopping at the hindlimb bud. At this point, the gastrointestinal tract should be visible (Figure 1B).</li>
		<li>The posterior region of the gastrointestinal tract has a slight bend (Figure 1F). Insert forceps behind this bend in the opening between the gastrointestinal tract and the spinal region of the body wall. Detach the gastrointestinal tract, working slowly upwards until the most anterior region is reached where the cardiac region connects (Figure 1B-E). 
		OPTIONAL: Remove the primordial heart and the liver buds from the ventral regions of the gastrointestinal tract, leaving only the continuous gut tube. The first few times this protocol is performed it might be easier to leave the heart and liver as ventral landmarks until the morphology of the gastrointestinal tract and the dorsal pancreatic bud are more familiar (Figure 1C and D).</li>
		<li>Transfer the gastrointestinal tract to the fresh PBS droplet.</li>
		<li>Take forceps and gently pinch the tissue beneath the protruding bud and the intestine and slightly lift the outer tissue off (Figure 1D-F). 
		NOTE: The dorsal pancreatic bud is located between the stomach and intestine (Figure 1C-G). The pancreatic bud beneath should look like a round, knobby structure (Figure 1G).</li>
		<li>Place forceps where the bud connects to the intestine and pinch upward to loosen the bud (Figure 1G). Wash one time in a new PBS bubble before transferring the bud into the first well of the 12 well plate in cold PBS on ice. Repeat until all buds are collected from embryos and placed in the first well of the 12 well plate.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Place the 12 well dish under the light dissection microscope. Count the number of pancreatic buds successfully dissected to later calculate the split ratio.
	<ol>
		<li>Place a filtered 1,000 &#181;L pipette tip into the mouth pipette with a capillary tube attached. Flame sterilize the capillary tube and create a bend in the tube for the ease of use. Use the capillary to transfer buds to the second well containing cold dispase solution for 2 min before transferring to the third well with the clean PBS (Figure 1G). 
		NOTE: While transferring buds from dispase to PBS, avoid touching the tissue to the tip of the capillary tube. If the tissue gets stuck at the tip of the tube, pipette up and down or shake in the clean PBS solution until loosened.</li>
		<li>Pipette buds up and down, and transfer to the fourth well with clean PBS. Finally, using the capillary device transfer buds to the 1.5 mL tube with 0.05% Trypsin. Place the tube in the pre-warmed 37 oC shaker and shake at 1,500 rpm for 4 min.</li>
		<li>Vortex for approximately 10 s then immediately place the tube in a centrifuge and spin for 5 min at 200 g. Remove all but approximately 50 &#181;L of solution cautiously as to not disturb the centrifuged cells (Figure 1G).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Culturing Dissociated Progenitors to Form Pancreatoids
Note: The following should be performed in a sterile atmosphere in a standard tissue culture hood, using standard sterile procedures.
<ol>
	<li>For every bud collected, add 400 &#181;L organogenesis media16,17 (Table 1) to the centrifuged cells. Pulse vortex three times and plate 100 &#181;L per well of a low attachment 96 well plate, splitting buds at a 1:4 ratio (Figure 1G).</li>
	<li>Check under the microscope to visualize dissociated cells freely floating (Figure 1H).Place the culture dish in a 37 oC incubator with 5% CO2 on a rocker at medium speed.</li>
	<li>Monitor the progress of pancreatoids daily. Replace with 100 &#181;L of fresh media every 3 days, carefully pipetting media under microscopic control in the hood to remove while leaving pancreatoid in the well. Alternatively, fresh 100 &#181;L of media can be added to a new well and pancreatoid transferred using the borosilicate capillary tube attached to mouth pipette and 1000 &#181;L filtered pipette tip.</li>
</ol>
3. Processing Pancreatoids for Immunofluorescent Imaging
<ol>
	<li>To process pancreatoids for immunofluorescent images, first prepare 4% paraformaldehyde/PBS, pH7.4 (PFA) solution. Place 50 &#181;L of 4% PFA in wells of a 96 well plate.
	<ol>
		<li>Using the borosilicate capillary tubes and mouth pipette with the 1,000 &#181;L filtered pipette tip, transfer pancreatoids from culture medium taking as little media as possible into the fresh well with 4% PFA. Set on the rocker at room temperature for 15 min.</li>
		<li>Transfer pancreatoids from 4% PFA into a well with 100 &#181;L of fresh PBS, rock at room temperature for 5 - 10 min. Repeat for a total of three fresh PBS washes. 
		NOTE: The protocol can be paused here, with pancreatoids stored in 100 &#181;L of PBS at 4 oC for up to one week.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>For wholemount imaging (recommended if antibodies are suitable, alternative approach in section 3.3. and microscopy in 3.4.), transfer from PBS into 50 &#181;L 5% donkey serum in 1x PBS with 0.1% nonionic detergent (PBST) to block. Rock overnight at 4 oC or alternatively for 4 h at room temperature.
	<ol>
		<li>Transfer pancreatoids to a new well containing primary antibodies diluted in 50 &#181;L of 5% donkey serum in 1x PBST. Optimally, rock for 24 h at 4 oC (at least 12 h but up to 36 h). 
		NOTE: Antibodies listed in the Table of Materials against Chga (1:100), DBA (1:400), Vim (1:400), and Pdx1 (1:100) are suitable for wholemount staining; other antibodies may require optimization.</li>
		<li>Transfer pancreatoids to a well containing 100 &#181;L of fresh PBST to wash and rock for 30 min at room temperature. Repeat this step for a total of three fresh PBST washes.</li>
		<li>Transfer pancreatoids to a new well containing secondary antibodies diluted in 50 &#181;L of 5% donkey serum in 1x PBST. Protect the plate from light and place in 4 oC, rocking for optimally 24 h (at least 12 h but up to 36 h). 
		NOTE: All secondary antibodies listed in the Table of Materials and DAPI nuclear counterstain are suitable for wholemount staining.</li>
		<li>Transfer pancreatoids to a new well containing 100 &#181;L of 1x PBST and rock at room temperature for 30 min. Repeat for a total of three washes in 1x PBST. In the third and final wash, add 300 nM DAPI.</li>
		<li>Finally, place into 100 &#181;L of clean PBS and store at 4 oC protected from light for up to a week before imaging by confocal microscopy, although best results come from imaging immediately after staining. To prevent movement of pancreatoids during imaging but prevent drying out, place each pancreatoid into a 20 &#181;L droplet of PBS. If pancreatoids do not remain still, reduce PBS volume.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>For frozen sections, transfer pancreatoids from PBS into 30% sucrose solution overnight at 4 oC.
	<ol>
		<li>Add embedding media in a bubble under a dissection microscope. Using forceps under microscopic control, soak pancreatoids by gently pushing through the embedding media several times to remove residual sucrose before transferring to a tissue block with frozen embedding media.</li>
		<li>Place the tissue block on dry ice until frozen and section on the cryostat at 8 &#181;m. 
		NOTE: Sections can be stored at -80 oC or immunostained immediately.</li>
		<li>Allow sections from -80 oC to thaw at room temperature for approximately 5 min until dry. Draw a hydrophobic barrier using the hydrophobic pap pen around the tissue and the block using 5% donkey serum diluted in 1x PBST for 30 min at room temperature.</li>
		<li>Remove media and replace immediately with primary antibodies diluted in 5% donkey serum diluted in 1x PBST overnight at 4 oC.</li>
		<li>Remove the primary solution and wash tissues three times with 1x PBST for 10 min each. Following this, add secondary antibody solution diluted in 5% donkey serum diluted in 1x PBST for 1 h at room temperature and protect slides from light.</li>
		<li>Remove the secondary solution and wash slides three times in 1x PBST for 10 min each. In the final wash, add 300 nM DAPI.</li>
		<li>Remove media and add mounting media and a coverslip. Store slides away from light in 4 oC until ready to image.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Isolation of RNA from Pancreatoids for Transcript Analysis
<ol>
	<li>Collect pancreatoids using borosilicate capillary attached to a mouth pipette with a filtered 1,000 &#181;L pipette tip for sterility and place into 500 &#181;L of acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform solution in a 1.5 mL tube. Store at -80 oC or proceed immediately to RNA isolation.</li>
	<li>For RNA isolation, thaw samples on ice if necessary and add 100 &#181;L of chloroform. Vortex well and place in 4 oC for 15 min. Pre-cool a centrifuge to 4 oC.
	<ol>
		<li>Place tubes into centrifuge and spin for 20 min at 12,000 g at 4 oC.</li>
		<li>Carefully remove tubes to not disturb the separation of layers. Using a 200 &#181;L pipette, collect the clear aqueous solution and place into a new 1.5 mL tube, leaving behind a small amount to buffer from the white protein layer and pink DNA layer. Do not touch the tip of the pipette to anything in this process and do not touch the walls of the 1.5 mL tube.</li>
		<li>Add 500 &#181;L of 100% isopropanol to the new tube containing the aqueous layer and vortex. Let sit at room temperature for 20 min, longer on the ice, or for maximum precipitation leave overnight at -20 oC.</li>
		<li>Centrifuge at 12,000 g for 15 min at 4 oC to pellet the RNA. Remove the isopropanol without disturbing the pellet. 
		NOTE: As pancreatoids are small, it is likely the pellet will not be visible.</li>
		<li>Add cold, 75% ethanol and invert the tube several times. Place in the centrifuge and spin at 9,000 x g for 10 min at 4 oC. Remove the ethanol and spin for 2 min at 9,000 x g.</li>
		<li>Use a 200 &#181;L pipette to remove any remaining ethanol in the tube, without contacting the region the pellet resides in. Leave the cap open on the tube for 5 - 10 min at room temperature to ensure evaporation of residual ethanol.</li>
		<li>Resuspend pellet in by vortexing in 20 &#181;L of clean, nuclease-free water. 
		Optional: Heat the RNA at 65 oC for 3 min and immediately return to the ice. RNA can be stored at -80 oC or immediately used for reverse transcription and qPCR.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Clevers, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+Development+and+Disease+with+Organoids.">Modeling Development and Disease with Organoids.</a> Cell. 165 (7), 1586-1597 (2016).</li><li>Akkerman, N., Defize, L. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dawn+of+the+organoid+era:+3D+tissue+and+organ+cultures+revolutionize+the+study+of+development,+disease,+and+regeneration.">Dawn of the organoid era: 3D tissue and organ cultures revolutionize the study of development, disease, and regeneration.</a> Bioessays. 39 (4), (2017).</li><li>Guo, T., Landsman, L., Li, N., Hebrok, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+expressed+by+murine+embryonic+pancreatic+mesenchyme+enhance+generation+of+insulin-producing+cells+from+hESCs.">Factors expressed by murine embryonic pancreatic mesenchyme enhance generation of insulin-producing cells from hESCs.</a> Diabetes. 62 (5), 1581-1592 (2013).</li><li>Landsman, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreatic+mesenchyme+regulates+epithelial+organogenesis+throughout+development.">Pancreatic mesenchyme regulates epithelial organogenesis throughout development.</a> PLoS Biology. 9 (9), 1001143 (2011).</li><li>Lammert, E., Cleaver, O., Melton, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+pancreatic+differentiation+by+signals+from+blood+vessels.">Induction of pancreatic differentiation by signals from blood vessels.</a> Science. 294 (5542), 564-567 (2001).</li><li>Barker, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lgr5(+ve)+stem+cells+drive+self-renewal+in+the+stomach+and+build+long-lived+gastric+units+in+vitro.">Lgr5(+ve) stem cells drive self-renewal in the stomach and build long-lived gastric units in vitro.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 6 (1), 25-36 (2010).</li><li>Sato, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Single+Lgr5+stem+cells+build+crypt-villus+structures+in+vitro+without+a+mesenchymal+niche.">Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche.</a> Nature. 459 (7244), 262-265 (2009).</li><li>Spence, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+differentiation+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+into+intestinal+tissue+in+vitro.">Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells into intestinal tissue in vitro.</a> Nature. 470 (7332), 105-109 (2011).</li><li>Eiraku, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-organizing+optic-cup+morphogenesis+in+three-dimensional+culture.">Self-organizing optic-cup morphogenesis in three-dimensional culture.</a> Nature. 472 (7341), 51-56 (2011).</li><li>Xia, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+generation+of+kidney+organoids+by+differentiation+of+human+pluripotent+cells+to+ureteric+bud+progenitor-like+cells.">The generation of kidney organoids by differentiation of human pluripotent cells to ureteric bud progenitor-like cells.</a> Nature Protocols. 9 (11), 2693-2704 (2014).</li><li>Takasato, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kidney+organoids+from+human+iPS+cells+contain+multiple+lineages+and+model+human+nephrogenesis.">Kidney organoids from human iPS cells contain multiple lineages and model human nephrogenesis.</a> Nature. 526 (7574), 564-568 (2015).</li><li>Lancaster, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerebral+organoids+model+human+brain+development+and+microcephaly.">Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly.</a> Nature. 501 (7467), 373-379 (2013).</li><li>Loftus, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acinar+cell+apoptosis+in+Serpini2-deficient+mice+models+pancreatic+insufficiency.">Acinar cell apoptosis in Serpini2-deficient mice models pancreatic insufficiency.</a> PLoS Genetics. 1 (3), 38 (2005).</li><li>Kleeff, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+pancreatitis.">Chronic pancreatitis.</a> Nat Rev Dis Primers. 3, 17060 (2017).</li><li>Murtaugh, L. C., Melton, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genes,+signals,+and+lineages+in+pancreas+development.">Genes, signals, and lineages in pancreas development.</a> Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 19, 71-89 (2003).</li><li>Greggio, C., De Franceschi, F., Figueiredo-Larsen, M., Grapin-Botton, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+pancreas+organogenesis+from+dispersed+mouse+embryonic+progenitors.">In vitro pancreas organogenesis from dispersed mouse embryonic progenitors.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (89), 51725 (2014).</li><li>Greggio, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Artificial+three-dimensional+niches+deconstruct+pancreas+development+in+vitro.">Artificial three-dimensional niches deconstruct pancreas development in vitro.</a> Development. 140 (21), 4452-4462 (2013).</li><li>Sneddon, J. B., Borowiak, M., Melton, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-renewal+of+embryonic-stem-cell-derived+progenitors+by+organ-matched+mesenchyme.">Self-renewal of embryonic-stem-cell-derived progenitors by organ-matched mesenchyme.</a> Nature. 491 (7426), 765-768 (2012).</li><li>Scavuzzo, M. A., Yang, D., Borowiak, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organotypic+pancreatoids+with+native+mesenchyme+develop+Insulin+producing+endocrine+cells.">Organotypic pancreatoids with native mesenchyme develop Insulin producing endocrine cells.</a> Scientific Reports. 7 (1), 10810 (2017).</li><li>Murtaugh, L. C., Stanger, B. Z., Kwan, K. M., Melton, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Notch+signaling+controls+multiple+steps+of+pancreatic+differentiation.">Notch signaling controls multiple steps of pancreatic differentiation.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (25), 14920-14925 (2003).</li><li>Nelson, S. B., Schaffer, A. E., Sander, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+transcription+factors+Nkx6.1+and+Nkx6.2+possess+equivalent+activities+in+promoting+beta-cell+fate+specification+in+Pdx1++pancreatic+progenitor+cells.">The transcription factors Nkx6.1 and Nkx6.2 possess equivalent activities in promoting beta-cell fate specification in Pdx1+ pancreatic progenitor cells.</a> Development. 134 (13), 2491-2500 (2007).</li><li>Seymour, P. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SOX9+is+required+for+maintenance+of+the+pancreatic+progenitor+cell+pool.">SOX9 is required for maintenance of the pancreatic progenitor cell pool.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (6), 1865-1870 (2007).</li><li>Kawaguchi, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+the+transcriptional+regulator+Ptf1a+in+converting+intestinal+to+pancreatic+progenitors.">The role of the transcriptional regulator Ptf1a in converting intestinal to pancreatic progenitors.</a> Nature Genetics. 32 (1), 128-134 (2002).</li><li>Hara, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transgenic+mice+with+green+fluorescent+protein-labeled+pancreatic+beta+-cells.">Transgenic mice with green fluorescent protein-labeled pancreatic beta -cells.</a> American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism. 284 (1), 177-183 (2003).</li><li>Holthofer, H., Schulte, B. A., Spicer, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+binding+sites+for+Dolichos+biflorus+agglutinin+at+the+apical+aspect+of+collecting+duct+cells+in+rat+kidney.">Expression of binding sites for Dolichos biflorus agglutinin at the apical aspect of collecting duct cells in rat kidney.</a> Cell and Tissue Research. 249 (3), 481-485 (1987).</li><li>Reichert, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation,+culture+and+genetic+manipulation+of+mouse+pancreatic+ductal+cells.">Isolation, culture and genetic manipulation of mouse pancreatic ductal cells.</a> Nature Protocols. 8 (7), 1354-1365 (2013).</li><li>Winkler, H., Fischer-Colbrie, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+chromogranins+A+and+B:+the+first+25+years+and+future+perspectives.">The chromogranins A and B: the first 25 years and future perspectives.</a> Neuroscience. 49 (3), 497-528 (1992).</li><li>Burcelin, R., Knauf, C., Cani, P. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreatic+alpha-cell+dysfunction+in+diabetes.">Pancreatic alpha-cell dysfunction in diabetes.</a> Diabetes and Metabolism. 34, 49-55 (2008).</li><li>Del Prato, S., Marchetti, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta-+and+alpha-cell+dysfunction+in+type+2+diabetes.">Beta- and alpha-cell dysfunction in type 2 diabetes.</a> Hormone and Metabolic Research. 36 (11-12), 775-781 (2004).</li><li>Piciucchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exocrine+pancreatic+insufficiency+in+diabetic+patients:+prevalence,+mechanisms,+and+treatment.">Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in diabetic patients: prevalence, mechanisms, and treatment.</a> International Journal of Endocrinology. 2015, 595649 (2015).</li><li>Campbell-Thompson, M., Rodriguez-Calvo, T., Battaglia, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abnormalities+of+the+Exocrine+Pancreas+in+Type+1+Diabetes.">Abnormalities of the Exocrine Pancreas in Type 1 Diabetes.</a> Current Diabetes Reports. 15 (10), 79 (2015).</li><li>Shivaprasad, C., Pulikkal, A. A., Kumar, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pancreatic+exocrine+insufficiency+in+type+1+and+type+2+diabetics+of+Indian+origin.">Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in type 1 and type 2 diabetics of Indian origin.</a> Pancreatology. 15 (6), 616-619 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The progression of cell culture models is critical to properly model development, produce clinically relevant cell types, test drug efficacy, or even transplant to patients. However, artificially recapitulating development in a dish is challenging as we are still far from understanding the mechanisms of organogenesis and physiology in vivo. Thus in vitro cells are inefficiently generated, not fully functional, unable to be maintained for long periods of time, or harbor other abnormalities from comparabl...

Delineating the mechanisms of the normal development and the physiology is paramount to understand disease etiology and ultimately cultivate treatment methods. While culturing and differentiating stem cells enables quick and high-throughput analysis of development, it is limited by the existing body of knowledge regarding mechanisms regulating cell fate and artificially recapitulates development in a relatively homogenous, two-dimensional state1,2. Not only is in vivo development affected by extrinsic influences, with different cell types in the niche and milieu providing paracrine signals and organizational support to guide organogenesis, but the function of these cells also relies on their surroundings for guidance3,4,5. Given the importance of these external cues, the limitations of differentiation protocols, and the laborious nature of in vivo mouse models, new systems are needed to experimentally investigate basic developmental processes and physiology.
The emergence of protocols to generate three-dimensional, complex organoids provides a convenient and congruent system to study organogenesis, physiology, drug efficacy, and even pathogenesis. Establishing murine organoids for different systems such as the stomach6 and intestine7 have expanded our understanding of organogenesis, providing a tool to study developmental complexities with fewer restrictions than in vivo and in vitro models. Due to these advances in the murine organoid formation and the advent of human pluripotent stem cells, human intestinal8, retinal9, renal10,11, and cerebral12 organoids have been produced, and this repertoire is only limited by the existing knowledge regarding mechanisms of development.
Of particular interest is the generation of pancreatic organoids, as a myriad of diseases plagues different pancreatic cell types, including acinar cells and ducts in exocrine pancreatic insufficiency13, acinar cells in pancreatitis14, and beta cells in diabetes15. Gaining knowledge regarding the development of these different cell types could aid in understanding their pathology and can, also, act as a platform for personalized drug screening or transplantation. Previously, Greggio et al. developed a method to create murine pancreatic organoids that recapitulate in vivo morphogenesis and develop organized, three-dimensional, complex structures composed of all major pancreatic epithelial cell types16,17. This is a major step forward in the pancreatic field, especially as making cells in vitro can enable biological investigation of beta-cell development. However, a scarcity of endocrine cells formed in this protocol unless the organoids were transplanted into tissue, where the niche could interact and provide instructional cues17. The mesenchyme constitutes the largest portion of the niche, heavily enveloping the developing epithelium from early stages of organogenesis to later stages including endocrine delamination and differentiation3,4,18. The interaction of the mesenchyme with the developing pancreas is yet another example of extrinsic signaling and the importance of maintaining in vivo cellular complexity to study organogenesis.
Here, we describe how to generate three-dimensional pancreatic organoids, termed pancreatoids, from dissociated e10.5 murine pancreatic progenitors. These pancreatoids retain native mesenchyme, self-assemble in free-floating conditions, and generate all major pancreatic cell types, including a robust number of endocrine beta cells19. This approach is best suited for the analysis of endocrine development, as previous protocols lack robust endocrine differentiation. However, using the protocol for pancreatic organoids as described by Greggio et al. is better suited for analysis of pancreatic epithelial branching and morphogenesis, as branching is more limited in pancreatoids.

<table><tbody><tr><td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M6250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Aspirator Tube Assemblies for Calibrated Microcapillary Pipettes</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A5177</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BarnStead NanoPure Nuclease-free water</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>D119</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Borosilicate Capillary Tubes</td><td>Sutter Instruments</td><td>GB1007515</td><td>O.D. 1mm, I.D. 0.75mm, 1.5cm length</td></tr><tr><td>CaCl2</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C5080</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell-Repellent 96-Well Microplate</td><td>Greiner Bio-One</td><td>650970</td><td>U-bottom</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge 5424 R</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5401000013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chloroform</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>233306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chromogranin-A antibody</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab15160</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Compact, Modular Stereo Microscope M60</td><td>Leica</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Countess Automated Cell Counter</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>C10310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Countess Cell Counter Slides</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>C10312</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CryoStar NX70</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>957000L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D-(+)-Glucose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G7528</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DAPI (4&#039;,6-Diamidine-2&#039;-phenylindole-dihydrochloride)</td><td>Roche</td><td>10 236 276 001</td><td>Powder</td></tr><tr><td>DBA antibody</td><td>Vector Lab</td><td>RL-1032</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dispase II, Powder</td><td>Gibco</td><td>17105041</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM/F-12, HEPES</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11330032</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dnase I</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>18068-015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dumont #5 Forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11251-10</td><td>0.05 x 0.02 mm; Titanium; Biology tip</td></tr><tr><td>EGF (Epidermal growth factor)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E9644</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol, 200 Proof</td><td>Decon Laboratories</td><td>2716</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Forma Steri Cycle CO2 Incubators</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>370</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluoromount-G</td><td>Southern Biotech</td><td>OB10001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heparin sodium salt from porcine intestinal mucosa</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H3149-10KU</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>INSM1 Antibody</td><td>Santa Cruz BioTechnology</td><td>sc-271408</td><td>Polyclonal Mouse IgG</td></tr><tr><td>Isopropanol</td><td>Fisher</td><td>a4164</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isothesia Isoflurane, USP</td><td>Henry Schein</td><td>11695-6776-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Insulin Antibody</td><td>Dako</td><td>A056401</td><td>Polyclonal Guinea Pig</td></tr><tr><td>KAPA SYBR FAST Universal</td><td>KAPA Biosystems</td><td>KK4618</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>KaryoMax</td><td>10575090</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KnockOut Serum Replacement</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>10828028</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leica TCS SPE High-Resolution Spectral Confocal</td><td>Leica</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl2</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>442615</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse C-Peptide ELISA</td><td>ALPCO</td><td>80-CPTMS-E01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse Ultrasensitive Insulin ELISA</td><td>ALPCO</td><td>80-INSMSU-E01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MX35 Microtome Blades</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>3052835</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S7653</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO3</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S3817</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaH2PO4</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Normal Donkey Serum</td><td>Jackson Immuno Research</td><td>017-000-121</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>158127</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBS 1X</td><td>Corning</td><td>21-040-CV</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pdx1 antibody</td><td>DSHB</td><td>F6A11</td><td>Monoclonal Mouse MIgG1</td></tr><tr><td>Peel-A-Way Disposable Embedding Molds</td><td>VWR</td><td>15160-157</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution</td><td>Corning</td><td>MT30002CI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PMA (Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P1585</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protein LoBind Microcentrifuge Tubes</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>22431081</td><td>1.5mL Capacity</td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Human FGF-10 Protein</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>345-FG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Human FGF-Acidic</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>100-17A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Human R-Spondin I Protein</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>4546-RS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BenchRocker 2D</td><td>Benchmark</td><td>BR2000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose 500g</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S0389</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SuperFrost Plus Microscope Slides</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>12-550-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Super Pap Pen</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>71310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermomixer R</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>05-412-401</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue Tek O.C.T. Compound</td><td>Sakura</td><td>4583</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Triton X-100</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T8787</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TRIzol Reagent</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15596018</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TrypLE Express</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>12604039</td><td>(1x), no Phenol Red</td></tr><tr><td>Trypan Blue Stain</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15250061</td><td>For cell counting slides</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%)</td><td>Corning</td><td>25-052-CI</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)</td><td>Gibco</td><td>25200072</td><td>Phenol Red</td></tr><tr><td>Ultra-Low Attachment 24-Well Plate</td><td>Corning</td><td>3473</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultra-Low Attachment Spheroid Plate 96-Well</td><td>Corning</td><td>4520</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vimentin Antibody</td><td>EMD Millipore</td><td>AB5733</td><td>Polyclonal Chicken IgY</td></tr><tr><td>Vortex Genie</td><td>BioExpres</td><td>S-7350-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Y-27632 Dihydrochloride</td><td>R&amp;amp;D Systems</td><td>1254</td><td>Also known as ROCK inhibitor</td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss 710 Confocal Microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

generation of scaffold-free, three-dimensional insulin expressing pancreatoids from mouse pancreatic progenitors in vitro

The pancreas is a complex organ composed of many different cell types that work together to regulate blood glucose homeostasis and digestion. These cell types include enzyme-secreting acinar cells, an arborized ductal system responsible for the transportation of enzymes to the gut, and hormone-producing endocrine cells. 
Endocrine beta-cells are the sole cell type in the body that produce insulin to lower blood glucose levels. Diabetes, a disease characterized by a loss or the dysfunction of beta-cells, is reaching epidemic proportions. Thus, it is essential to establish protocols to investigate beta-cell development that can be used for screening purposes to derive the drug and cell-based therapeutics. While the experimental investigation of mouse development is essential, in vivo studies are laborious and time-consuming. Cultured cells provide a more convenient platform for screening; however, they are unable to maintain the cellular diversity, architectural organization, and cellular interactions found in vivo. Thus, it is essential to develop new tools to investigate pancreatic organogenesis and physiology.
Pancreatic epithelial cells develop in the close association with mesenchyme from the onset of organogenesis as cells organize and differentiate into the complex, physiologically competent adult organ. The pancreatic mesenchyme provides important signals for the endocrine development, many of which are not well understood yet, thus difficult to recapitulate during the in vitro culture. Here, we describe a protocol to culture three-dimensional, cellular complex mouse organoids that retain mesenchyme, termed pancreatoids. The e10.5 murine pancreatic bud is dissected, dissociated, and cultured in a scaffold-free environment. These floating cells self-assemble with mesenchyme enveloping the developing pancreatoid and a robust number of endocrine beta-cells developing along with the acinar and the duct cells. This system can be used to study the cell fate determination, structural organization, and morphogenesis, cell-cell interactions during organogenesis, or for the drug, small molecule, or genetic screening.

Careful dissection of mouse embryos at e10.5 from the uterine horn should yield undamaged embryos in PBS for further dissection (Figure 1A). The gastrointestinal tract can be efficiently removed from the embryo (Figure 1B), permitting discernment of the dorsal pancreatic bud at the junction of the intestine and stomach (Figure 1C-F). The e10.5 pancre...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro at JoVE.com

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

Here, we present a protocol to generate insulin expressing 3D murine pancreatoids from free-floating e10.5 dissociated pancreatic progenitors and the associated mesenchyme.

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

The pancreas is a complex organ composed of many different cell types that work together to regulate blood glucose homeostasis and digestion. These cell ...

generation-scaffold-free-three-dimensional-insulin-expressing

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

9.0K Views.  Baylor College of Medicine. Hier presenteren we een protocol voor het genereren van insuline 3D lymfkliertest pancreatoids uit de alvleesklier progenitoren vrij zwevende e10.5 losgekoppeld en de bijbehorende mesenchym uitdrukken.

Video: Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

In Vitro Colony Assays for Characterizing Tri-potent Progenitor Cells Isolated from the Adult Murine Pancreas

Stem and progenitor cells from the adult pancreas could be a potential source of therapeutic beta-like cells for treating patients with type 1 diabetes. However, it is still unknown whether stem and progenitor cells exist in the adult pancreas. Research strategies using cre-lox lineage-tracing in adult mice have yielded results that either support or refute the idea that beta cells can be generated from the ducts, the presumed location where adult pancreatic progenitors may reside. These in vivo cre-lox lineage-tracing methods, however, cannot answer the questions of self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation-two criteria necessary to define a stem cell. To begin addressing this technical gap, we devised 3-dimensional colony assays for pancreatic progenitors. Soon after our initial publication, other laboratories independently developed a similar, but not identical, method called the organoid assay. Compared to the organoid assay, our method employs methylcellulose, which forms viscous solutions that allow the inclusion of extracellular matrix proteins at low concentrations. The methylcellulose-containing assays permit easier detection and analyses of progenitor cells at the single-cell level, which are critical when progenitors constitute a small sub-population, as is the case for many adult organ stem cells. Together, results from several laboratories demonstrate in vitro self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation of pancreatic progenitor-like cells from mice. The current protocols describe two methylcellulose-based colony assays to characterize mouse pancreatic progenitors; one contains a commercial preparation of murine extracellular matrix proteins and the other an artificial extracellular matrix protein known as a laminin hydrogel. The techniques shown here are 1) dissociation of the pancreas and sorting of CD133+Sox9/EGFP+ ductal cells from adult mice, 2) single cell manipulation of the sorted cells, 3) single colony analyses using microfluidic qRT-PCR and whole-mount immunostaining, and 4) dissociation of primary colonies into single-cell suspensions and re-plating into secondary colony assays to assess self-renewal or differentiation.

In Vitro Colony Assays for Characterizing Tri-potent Progenitor Cells Isolated from the Adult Murine Pancreas

In vitro colony assays to detect self-renewal and differentiation of progenitor cells isolated from adult murine pancreas are devised. In these assays, pancreatic progenitors give rise to cell colonies in 3-dimensional space in methylcellulose-containing semi-solid medium. Protocols for handling single cells and characterization of individual colonies are described.

Stem and progenitor cells from the adult pancreas could be a potential source of therapeutic beta-like cells for treating patients with type 1 diabetes. ...

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to self renew and differentiate to multiple lineages, making them an attractive source for the generation of pancreatic progenitor cells that can be used for the study of and future treatment of diabetes. This article outlines a four-stage differentiation protocol designed to generate pancreatic progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). This protocol can be applied to a number of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines. The approach taken to generate pancreatic progenitor cells is to differentiate hESCs to accurately model key stages of pancreatic development. This begins with the induction of the definitive endoderm, which is achieved by culturing the cells in the presence of Activin A, basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) and CHIR990210. Further differentiation and patterning with Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) and Dorsomorphin generates cells resembling the posterior foregut. The addition of Retinoic Acid, NOGGIN, SANT-1 and FGF10 differentiates posterior foregut cells into cells characteristic of pancreatic endoderm. Finally, the combination of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Nicotinamide and NOGGIN leads to the efficient generation of PDX1+/NKX6-1+ cells. Flow cytometry is performed to confirm the expression of specific markers at key stages of pancreatic development. The PDX1+/NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors at the end of stage 4 are capable of generating mature &#946; cells upon transplantation into immunodeficient mice and can be further differentiated to generate insulin-producing cells in vitro. Thus, the efficient generation of PDX1+/NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors, as demonstrated in this protocol, is of great importance as it provides a platform to study human pancreatic development in vitro and provides a source of cells with the potential of differentiating to &#946; cells that could eventually be used for the treatment of diabetes.

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Here we describe a 4-stage protocol to differentiate human embryonic stem cells to NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors in vitro. This protocol can be applied to a variety of human pluripotent stem cell lines.

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to self renew and differentiate to multiple lineages, making them an attractive source for the generation of ...

Efficient Generation of Pancreas/Duodenum Homeobox Protein 1+ Posterior Foregut/Pancreatic Progenitors from hPSCs in Adhesion Cultures

Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived pancreatic cells are a promising cell source for regenerative medicine and a platform to study human developmental processes. Stepwise directed differentiation that recapitulates developmental processes is one of the major ways to generate pancreatic cells including pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1+ (PDX1+) pancreatic progenitor cells. Conventional protocols initiate the differentiation with small colonies shortly after the passage. However, in the state of colonies or aggregates, cells are prone to heterogeneities, which might hamper the differentiation to PDX1+ cells. Here, we present a detailed protocol to differentiate hPSCs into PDX1+ cells. The protocol consists of four steps and initiates the differentiation by seeding dissociated single cells. The induction of SOX17+ definitive endoderm cells was followed by the expression of two primitive gut tube markers, HNF1&#946; and HNF4&#945;, and eventual differentiation into PDX1+ cells. The present protocol provides easy handling and may improve and stabilize the differentiation efficiency of some hPSC lines that were previously found to differentiate inefficiently into endodermal lineages or PDX1+ cells.

Efficient Generation of Pancreas/Duodenum Homeobox Protein 1+ Posterior Foregut/Pancreatic Progenitors from hPSCs in Adhesion Cultures

Here, we present a detailed protocol to differentiate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into pancreas/duodenum homeobox protein 1+ (PDX1+) cells for the generation of pancreatic lineages based on the non-colony type monolayer growth of dissociated single cells. This method is suitable for producing homogenous hPSC-derived cells, genetic manipulation and screening.

Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived pancreatic cells are a promising cell source for regenerative medicine and a platform to study human ...

Scaffold-supported Transplantation of Islets in the Epididymal Fat Pad of Diabetic Mice

Islet transplantation has been clinically proven to be effective at treating type 1 diabetes. However, the current intrahepatic transplantation strategy may incur acute whole blood reactions and result in poor islet engraftment. Here, we report a robust protocol for the transplantation of islets at the extrahepatic transplantation site-the epididymal fat pad (EFP)-in a diabetic mouse model. A protocol to isolate and purify islets at high yields from C57BL/6J mice is described, as well as a transplantation method performed by seeding islets onto a decellularized scaffold (DCS) and implanting them at the EFP site in syngeneic C57BL/6J mice rendered diabetic by streptozotocin. The DCS graft containing 500 islets reversed the hyperglycemic condition within 10 days, while the free islets without DCS required at least 30 days. The normoglycemia was maintained for up to 3 months until the graft was explanted. In conclusion, DCS enhanced the engraftment of islets into the extrahepatic site of the EFP, which could easily be retrieved and might provide a reproducible and useful platform for investigating the scaffold materials, as well as other transplantation parameters required for a successful islet engraftment.

This protocol demonstrates murine islet isolation and seeding onto a decellularized scaffold. Scaffold-supported islets were transplanted into the epididymal fat pad of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice. Islets survived at the transplantation site and reversed the hyperglycemic condition.

Islet transplantation has been clinically proven to be effective at treating type 1 diabetes. However, the current intrahepatic transplantation strategy ...

Bioengineering

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Pancreatic Beta-Cell Precursors in a 2D Culture System

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are an excellent tool for studying early pancreatic development and investigating the genetic contributors to diabetes. hPSC-derived insulin-secreting cells can be generated for cell therapy and disease modeling,&#160;however,&#160;with limited efficiency and functional properties. hPSC-derived pancreatic progenitors that are precursors to beta cells and other endocrine cells, when co-express the two transcription factors PDX1 and NKX6.1, specify the progenitors to functional, insulin-secreting beta cells both in vitro and in vivo. hPSC-derived pancreatic progenitors are currently used for cell therapy in type 1 diabetes patients as part of clinical trials. However, current procedures do not generate a high proportion of NKX6.1 and pancreatic progenitors, leading to co-generation of non-functional endocrine cells and few glucose-responsive, insulin-secreting cells. This work thus developed an enhanced protocol for generating hPSC-derived pancreatic progenitors that maximize the co-expression of PDX1 and NKX6.1 in a 2D monolayer. The factors such as cell density, availability of fresh matrix, and dissociation of hPSC-derived endodermal cells are modulated that augmented PDX1 and NKX6.1 levels in the generated pancreatic progenitors and minimized commitment to alternate hepatic lineage. The study highlights that manipulating the cell&#39;s physical environment during in vitro differentiation can impact lineage specification and gene expression. Therefore, the current optimized protocol facilitates the scalable generation of PDX1 and NKX6.1 co-expressing progenitors for cell therapy and disease modeling.

The present protocol describes an enhanced method to increase the co-expression of PDX1 and NKX6.1 transcription factors in pancreatic progenitors derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in planar monolayers. This is achieved by replenishing the fresh matrix, manipulating cell density, and dissociating the endodermal cells.

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are an excellent tool for studying early pancreatic development and investigating the genetic contributors to ...

Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells into Insulin-Producing Islet Clusters

Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into insulin-secreting beta cells provides material for investigating beta cell function and diabetes treatment. However, challenges remain in obtaining stem cell-derived beta cells that adequately mimic native human beta cells. Building upon previous studies, hPSC-derived islet cells have been generated to create a protocol with improved differentiation outcomes and consistency. The protocol described here utilizes a pancreatic progenitor kit during Stages 1-4, followed by a protocol modified from a paper previously published in 2014 (termed "R-protocol" hereafter) during Stages 5-7. Detailed procedures for using the pancreatic progenitor kit and 400 &#181;m diameter microwell plates to generate pancreatic progenitor clusters, R-protocol for endocrine differentiation in a 96-well static suspension format, and in vitro characterization and functional evaluation of hPSC-derived islets, are included. The complete protocol takes 1 week for initial hPSC expansion followed by ~5 weeks to obtain insulin-producing hPSC islets. Personnel with basic stem cell culture techniques and training in biological assays can reproduce this protocol.

The differentiation of stem cells into islet cells provides an alternative solution to conventional diabetes treatment and disease modeling. We describe a detailed stem cell culture protocol that combines a commercial differentiation kit with a previously validated method to aid in producing insulin-secreting, stem cell-derived islets in a dish.

Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into insulin-secreting beta cells provides material for investigating beta cell function and ...

A Quantitative Assay for Insulin-expressing Colony-forming Progenitors

The field of pancreatic stem and progenitor cell biology has been hampered by a lack of in vitro functional and quantitative assays that allow for the analysis of the single cell. Analyses of single progenitors are of critical importance because they provide definitive ways to unequivocally demonstrate the lineage potential of individual progenitors. Although methods have been devised to generate "pancreatospheres" in suspension culture from single cells, several limitations exist. First, it is time-consuming to perform single cell deposition for a large number of cells, which in turn commands large volumes of culture media and space. Second, numeration of the resulting pancreatospheres is labor-intensive, especially when the frequency of the pancreatosphere-initiating progenitors is low. Third, the pancreatosphere assay is not an efficient method to allow both the proliferation and differentiation of pancreatic progenitors in the same culture well, restricting the usefulness of the assay.
To overcome these limitations, a semi-solid media based colony assay for pancreatic progenitors has been developed and is presented in this report. This method takes advantage of an existing concept from the hematopoietic colony assay, in which methylcellulose is used to provide viscosity to the media, allowing the progenitor cells to stay in three-dimensional space as they undergo proliferation as well as differentiation. To enrich insulin-expressing colony-forming progenitors from a heterogeneous population, we utilized cells that express neurogenin (Ngn) 3, a pancreatic endocrine progenitor cell marker. Murine embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived Ngn3 expressing cells tagged with the enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter were sorted and as many as 25,000 cells per well were plated into low-attachment 24-well culture dishes. Each well contained 500 &mu;L of semi-solid media with the following major components: methylcellulose, Matrigel, nicotinamide, exendin-4, activin &beta;B, and conditioned media collected from murine ES cell-derived pancreatic-like cells. After 8 to 12 days of culture, insulin-expressing colonies with distinctive morphology were formed and could be further analyzed for pancreatic gene expression using quantitative RT-PCR and immunoflourescent staining to determine the lineage composition of each colony.
In summary, our colony assay allows easy detection and quantification of functional progenitors within a heterogeneous population of cells. In addition, the semi-solid media format allows uniform presentation of extracellular matrix components and growth factors to cells, enabling progenitors to proliferate and differentiate in vitro. This colony assay provides unique opportunities for mechanistic studies of pancreatic progenitor cells at the single cell level.

A three-dimensional clonogenic assay that allows pancreatic-like progenitors to differentiate into insulin-expressing colonies is described. This method takes advantage of semi-solid media containing methylcellulose, Matrigel and growth factors, in which single progenitors proliferate and differentiate in vitro, permitting quantification of the number of functional progenitors in a population.

The field of pancreatic stem and progenitor cell biology has been hampered by a lack of in vitro functional and quantitative assays that allow for the ...

Biology

Pancreatic Tissue-Derived Extracellular Matrix Bioink for Printing 3D Cell-Laden Pancreatic Tissue Constructs

The transplantation of pancreatic islets is a promising treatment for patients who suffer from type 1 diabetes accompanied by hypoglycemia and secondary complications. However, islet transplantation still has several limitations such as the low viability of transplanted islets due to poor islet engraftment and hostile environments. In addition, the insulin-producing cells differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells have limited ability to secrete sufficient hormones that can regulate the blood glucose level; therefore, improving the maturation by culturing cells with proper microenvironmental cues is strongly required. In this article, we elucidate protocols for preparing a pancreatic tissue-derived decellularized extracellular matrix (pdECM) bioink to provide a beneficial microenvironment that can increase glucose sensitivity of pancreatic islets, followed by describing the processes for generating 3D pancreatic tissue constructs using a microextrusion-based bioprinting technique.

Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) can provide suitable microenvironmental cues to recapitulate the inherent functions of target tissues in an engineered construct. This article elucidates the protocols for the decellularization of pancreatic tissue, evaluation of pancreatic tissue-derived dECM bioink, and generation of 3D pancreatic tissue constructs using a bioprinting technique.

The transplantation of pancreatic islets is a promising treatment for patients who suffer from type 1 diabetes accompanied by hypoglycemia and secondary ...

A System for ex vivo Culturing of Embryonic Pancreas

The pancreas controls vital functions of our body, including the production of digestive enzymes and regulation of blood sugar levels1. Although in the past decade many studies have contributed to a solid foundation for understanding pancreatic organogenesis, important gaps persist in our knowledge of early pancreas formation2. A complete understanding of these early events will provide insight into the development of this organ, but also into incurable diseases that target the pancreas, such as diabetes or pancreatic cancer. Finally, this information will generate a blueprint for developing cell-replacement therapies in the context of diabetes.
 During embryogenesis, the pancreas originates from distinct embryonic outgrowths of the dorsal and ventral foregut endoderm at embryonic day (E) 9.5 in the mouse embryo3,4. Both outgrowths evaginate into the surrounding mesenchyme as solid epithelial buds, which undergo proliferation, branching and differentiation to generate a fully mature organ2,5,6. Recent evidences have suggested that growth and differentiation of pancreatic cell lineages, including the insulin-producing &beta;-cells, depends on proper tissue-architecture, epithelial remodeling and cell positioning within the branching pancreatic epithelium7,8. However, how branching morphogenesis occurs and is coordinated with proliferation and differentiation in the pancreas is largely unknown. This is in part due to the fact that current knowledge about these developmental processes has relied almost exclusively on analysis of fixed specimens, while morphogenetic events are highly dynamic.
 Here, we report a method for dissecting and culturing mouse embryonic pancreatic buds ex vivo on glass bottom dishes, which allow direct visualization of the developing pancreas (Figure 1). This culture system is ideally devised for confocal laser scanning microscopy and, in particular, live-cell imaging. Pancreatic explants can be prepared not only from wild-type mouse embryos, but also from genetically engineered mouse strains (e.g. transgenic or knockout), allowing real-time studies of mutant phenotypes. Moreover, this ex vivo culture system is valuable to study the effects of chemical compounds on pancreatic development, enabling to obtain quantitative data about proliferation and growth, elongation, branching, tubulogenesis and differentiation. In conclusion, the development of an ex vivo pancreatic explant culture method combined with high-resolution imaging provides a strong platform for observing morphogenetic and differentiation events as they occur within the developing mouse embryo.

A System for ex vivo Culturing of Embryonic Pancreas

Here, we describe a method for isolation, culture and manipulation of mouse embryonic pancreas. This represents an excellent ex vivo system for studying various aspects of pancreatic development, including morphogenesis, differentiation and growth. Pancreatic bud explants can be cultured for several days and used in a range of different applications, including whole-mount immunofluorescence and live imaging.

The pancreas controls vital functions of our body,  including the production of digestive enzymes and regulation of blood sugar  levels1. Although in the ...

In Vitro Pancreas Organogenesis from Dispersed Mouse Embryonic Progenitors

The pancreas is an essential organ that regulates glucose homeostasis and secretes digestive enzymes. Research on pancreas embryogenesis has led to the development of protocols to produce pancreatic cells from stem cells 1. The whole embryonic organ can be cultured at multiple stages of development 2-4. These culture methods have been useful to test drugs and to image developmental processes. However the expansion of the organ is very limited and morphogenesis is not faithfully recapitulated since the organ flattens. 
We propose three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions that enable the efficient expansion of dissociated mouse embryonic pancreatic progenitors. By manipulating the composition of the culture medium it is possible to generate either hollow spheres, mainly composed of pancreatic progenitors expanding in their initial state, or, complex organoids which progress to more mature expanding progenitors and differentiate into endocrine, acinar and ductal cells and which spontaneously self-organize to resemble the embryonic pancreas. 
We show here that the in vitro process recapitulates many aspects of natural pancreas development. This culture system is suitable to investigate how cells cooperate to form an organ by reducing its initial complexity to few progenitors. It is a model that reproduces the 3D architecture of the pancreas and that is therefore useful to study morphogenesis, including polarization of epithelial structures and branching. It is also appropriate to assess the response to mechanical cues of the niche such as stiffness and the effects on cell&#180;s tensegrity.

In Vitro Pancreas Organogenesis from Dispersed Mouse Embryonic Progenitors

The three-dimensional culture method described in this protocol recapitulates pancreas development from dispersed embryonic mouse pancreas progenitors, including their substantial expansion, differentiation and morphogenesis into a branched organ. This method is amenable to imaging, functional interference and manipulation of the niche.

The pancreas is an essential organ that regulates glucose homeostasis and secretes digestive enzymes. Research on pancreas embryogenesis has led to the ...

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

Samenvatting

Meer video's verkennen