Chapter 3
Pharmacokinetics: Drug Absorption
Fazy podawania leków i terapii: przegląd
Drugs are chemicals used for diagnosing, treating, or preventing diseases. The four phases of drug product preparation are pharmaceutic, pharmacokinetic, ...
Absorpcja leków: przegląd
The process of drug absorption involves the passage of a drug from its administration site into the plasma. It is influenced by factors like ...
Dostarczanie leków: Przegląd
The choice of a drug's delivery route depends on its physicochemical features, such as lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as ...
Podawanie leków: Droga dojelitowa
Enteral administration of drugs can occur via oral, sublingual, and buccal routes. Oral administration involves swallowing a pill; in sublingual delivery, ...
Podawanie leku: Droga pozajelitowa
The parenteral route delivers drugs directly into the systemic circulation. It facilitates rapid onset of action and is the preferred route for poorly ...
Dostawa leków: różne trasy
Drug delivery methods, such as oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal, and intrathecal injections, mostly offer ...
Błony komórkowe i transport leków
Drugs encounter multiple barriers to reach their target site within the body, including the multiple-cell layered skin, single-layered intestinal ...
Mechanizmy wchłaniania leków: transport parakomórkowy, transkomórkowy i pęcherzykowy
After administration, drugs must cross cell membranes to reach their target site in the body. For example, oral drugs must navigate intestinal epithelial ...
Dyfuzja pasywna: przegląd i kinetyka
Passive diffusion allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membranes along a concentration gradient. During this process, the drug absorption rate ...
Transport porów i transport par jonowych
Most drugs cross the membrane barriers through passive transport mechanisms, moving along the concentration gradient.
Many low molecular weight drugs move ...
Transport za pośrednictwem przewoźnika
Carrier-mediated transport facilitates the movement of lipid-insoluble drugs via membrane-spanning transporters.
As drug concentration increases during ...
Ułatwiona dyfuzja
The plasma membrane consists of several transporters or carrier proteins interspersed between the lipid bilayer that facilitate solute transport.
...
Aktywny transport
Active transport is the process of moving lipid-insoluble molecules against their concentration gradient using energy and specialized transporters.
There ...
Trasport pęcherzykowy: endocytoza, transcytoza i egzocytoza
Endocytosis is a process where the cell membrane folds inward as vesicles to engulf large-sized drugs.
This process includes pinocytosis and
...
Czynniki wpływające na wchłanianie leków: parametry anatomiczne
Drug absorption entails transporting drugs from the administration site to the bloodstream.
GI motility moves drugs through the digestive tract, entering ...
Czynniki wpływające na wchłanianie leków: stany chorobowe i farmakologia
Various disease conditions can influence the body's blood flow and the functioning of the gastrointestinal system, influencing the drug absorption ...
Czynniki wpływające na wchłanianie leków: parametry fizykochemiczne
The physicochemical properties of drugs are essential parameters for designing stable and bioavailable drug products.
A drug's solubility depends on ...
Czynniki wpływające na wchłanianie leków: parametry farmaceutyczne
For drug products like tablets and capsules, dissolution and absorption are greatly influenced by the manufacturing methods and inactive components or ...
Czynniki wpływające na wchłanianie leków: Rozpuszczanie leków
The drug absorption process from solid oral dosage forms, like tablets or capsules, into the systemic circulation involves sequential events.
Firstly, ...
Czynniki wpływające na wchłanianie leków: eliminacja przedukładowa
Most oral drugs are absorbed from the intestines into the hepatic portal vein, passing through the liver before entering the systemic circulation. This ...
Teorie rozpuszczania: model warstwy dyfuzyjnej
Dissolution, the process of drug particles dissolving in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model.
According to this model, initially, a thin ...
Teorie rozpadu: model Danckwertsa i model bariery międzyfazowej
Various dissolution theories elucidate factors impacting the dissolution rate.
Danckwert's model postulates that the dissolution medium shows ...
Czynniki wpływające na rozpuszczanie: wielkość cząstek i powierzchnia efektywna
Recall the Noyes-Whitney equation, which suggests a direct correlation between dissolution rate and a drug's surface area.
A solid drug's surface ...
Czynniki wpływające na rozpuszczanie: polimorfizm, amorfizm i pseudopolimorfizm
Drug dissolution is influenced by polymorphism, which refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms like polymorphs, solvates, ...
Czynniki wpływające na rozpuszczanie: pKa leku, lipofilowość i pH przewodu pokarmowego
Drug absorption in the gastrointestinal tract depends mainly on the absorption site's pH, the drug's dissociation constant, and lipophilicity.
The ...
Czynniki wpływające na rozpuszczanie: przepuszczalność, stabilność i stereochemia leku
Most orally administered drugs travel through the GI tract and diffuse passively through intestinal membranes to enter the systemic circulation.
The ...
Metody badania wchłaniania leków: in vitro
Various in vitro methods utilize different biological barriers to study drug absorption.
In the diffusion cell technique, a donor compartment with the ...
Metody badania wchłaniania leków: In situ
In situ drug absorption methods mimic in vivo conditions by perfusing a drug solution through an anesthetized rat's intestinal segment.
It includes ...
Niedoustne pozanaczyniowe drogi wchłaniania leków
Non-oral extravascular routes mainly diffuse drugs passively to reach the systemic circulation. Factors influencing extravascular drug absorption include ...
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