<p class="jove_content">We thank Paul Graham for serving as a camera man in the video presentation.</p>

<p class="jove_step">Starvation</p>
<ol>
<li>First, starve the fly.</li>
<li>Put a small piece of Kim-wipe soaked with water in an empty vial.</li>
<li>Transfer 20-30 well-fed flies to the empty vial.</li>
<li>Check every 12 -24 hours to make sure the paper is moist.</li>
<li>Starve the fly for 36-72 hours.</li>
</ol>
<p class="jove_step">Fix the fly</p>
<ol>
<li>Take one fly in an aspirator.</li>
<li>Place a 200 &micro;l yellow tip over the opening. Simultaneously flipping and blowing on it, you can squeeze the fly up into the yellow tip.</li>
<li>Gently apply some air to push the fly up to a point where it cannot move.</li>
<li>By using a razor, put a mark approximately at the fly's eye, then suck the fly back and cut off the tip.</li>
<li>Gently blow the fly back to position, but just before reaching the very end, make a slant cut at the position where the proboscis is going to be located. You can do without this slant cut, but it would definitely make the following process easier.</li>
</ol>
<p class="jove_step">Prepare sucrose wicks</p>
<ol>
<li>Twist a 6 mm wide strip of Kimwipes&reg; paper into a thread, and pull apart into small pieces of cone-like shaped wick (&lt; 1 cm).</li>
<li>These small wicks were dipped into sucrose solutions or water and presented to the proboscis by making contact.</li>
</ol>
<p class="jove_step">Prepare controls and experimental animals</p>
<ol>
<li>Before testing any tastants, give a 4% sucrose solution to the fly. This acts as a positive control. Discard any fly that did not respond.</li>
<li>Next, test dH<sub>2</sub>0 on the fly. This act as a negative control. Discard the fly if it did respond.</li>
<li>Test these controls after testing your tastants.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Dethier, V. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> <em style='font-style: italic'>The Hungry Fly</em>. , (1976).</li></ol>

<p class="jove_content">In this presentation, we've gone through all the steps for Proboscis extension response assay. The method sounds pretty straightforward but as in many other behavior assays, many small things can prevent the assay from working. We have gone through many such steps that need careful attention.  Here, I reemphasize some of the most important factors.</p>
<p class="jove_content">One such factor is the shape of the wick.  I have shown some of the very good examples, but of course, in reality everything would be a continuous...

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proboscis extension response (per) assay in drosophila

<p class="jove_content">Proboscis extension response (PER) is a taste behavior assay that has been used in flies as well as in honeybees.</p>
<p class="jove_content">On the surface of the fly's mouth (labellum), there are hair-like structures called sensilla which houses taste neurons.  When an attractive substance makes contact to the labellum, the fly extends its proboscis to consume the material.  Proboscis Extension Response (PER) assay measures this taste behavior response, and it is a useful method to learn about food preferences in a single fly.  Solutions of various sugars, such as sucrose, glucose and fructose, are very attractive to the fly.  The effect of aversive substances can also be tested as reduction of PER when mixed in a sweet solution.</p><p class="jove_content">Despite the simplicity of the basic procedure, there are many things that can prevent it from working.  One of the factors that requires attention is the fly's responsive state.  The required starvation time to bring the fly to the proper responsive state varies drastically from 36 to 72 hours.  We established a series of controls to evaluate the fly's state and which allows screening out of non-responsive or hyper-responsive individual animals.  Another important factor is the impact level and the position of the contact to the labellum, which would be difficult to describe by words.  This video presentation demonstrates all these together with several other improvements that would increase the reproducibility of this method.</p>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Proboscis Extension Response PER Assay in Drosophila at JoVE.com

Proboscis Extension Response PER Assay in Drosophila

<p class="jove_content">Proboscis extension response or PER is a taste behavior assay that has been used in flies as well as in honeybees.  When the proboscis makes contact with an attractive substance, the fly extends its proboscis to consume the substance. Solutions of various sugars are very attractive to the fly.</p>

Proboscis Extension Response (PER) Assay in Drosophila

Proboscis extension response (PER) is a taste behavior assay that has been used in flies as well as in honeybees.
On the surface of the fly's mouth ...

proboscis-extension-response-per-assay-in-drosophila

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

30.1K Views.  Yale University. Proboscis extension response or PER is a taste behavior assay that has been used in flies as well as in honeybees. When the proboscis makes contact with an attractive substance, the fly extends its proboscis to consume the substance. Solutions of various sugars are very attractive to the fly.