accessing and utilizing the webvr-based ncslab system for double-inverted pendulum experiments

WebVR-Based Virtual Reality Laboratory System for Immersive Online Experiments

With the advancement of the Internet and the popularity of mobile devices, the demand for online education is increasing1. In particular, during periods of widespread epidemics, traditional educational institutions often face challenges in conducting in-person instruction effectively, which highlights the importance of online education as an important pedagogical approach2. Theoretical courses are relatively easy to transfer to online platforms. They can be conducted with the help of tools such as remote video conferencing software and massive open online courses (MOOCs)3. However, practical courses face greater challenges as they require users to perform hands-on experiments in traditional laboratories.
Researchers have made significant contributions to addressing the challenge of making experimental equipment available online. Over the past two decades, extensive studies have been conducted on the concepts and technologies of online laboratories4,5. Online laboratories typically encompass remote laboratories6, virtual laboratories7, and hybrid laboratories8. These online laboratory approaches have found widespread application in various engineering disciplines, including control engineering9, mechanical engineering10, and software engineering11.
While significant progress has been made in terms of the convenience of experimental operations in online laboratories12, users still perceive a lack of realism and similar hands-on practical operations compared to traditional laboratory environments, which affects their overall experience13. This discrepancy in user experience motivates further research and development efforts to enhance realism and engagement in online laboratory environments.
To solve the above problems, virtual reality (VR) technology has been applied in virtual laboratories14 to improve the immersiveness and interactivity of virtual laboratories15. VR-based virtual laboratories provide users with a close-to-realistic experimental experience. Users can complete group assignments in the architectural education process through avatars16, performing the architectural surveying process together immersively, just as they would in a traditional classroom environment. Furthermore, the VR-based virtual laboratories allow users to enter the immersive environment of virtual laboratories and interact with virtual experimental equipment by wearing VR headsets and handles17, improving users' hands-on abilities18. For different educational purposes, we can design different virtual environments. For example, VR can be combined with gamification theory to enhance engineering education for the general public and to improve the efficiency of disseminating difficult-to-understand knowledge such as sustainable development19.
Similar to online laboratories, particularly virtual laboratories, WebVR-based virtual laboratories have many advantages. Firstly, they break through the time and space limitations of traditional laboratories, and users can conduct experiments anytime and anywhere20. Secondly, online laboratories can provide a safer experimental environment to avoid possible dangers and accidents in experimental operations21. Thirdly, virtual laboratories can also provide more experimental resources and simulation situations to extend users' experimental scope and experience22. Most importantly, WebVR-based virtual laboratories can stimulate users' learning interest and initiative and enhance their experimental experience and participation23.
Compared with other VR-based virtual laboratories, WebVR-based virtual laboratory seamlessly combines the merits of VR-based virtual laboratories with web-based online laboratories. Virtual Instrument Systems in Reality (VISIR)24 builds a basic analog electronic remote laboratory by constructing real circuit boards. Users can perform simulated experiments on the web interface to complete real circuit board experiments. Weblab-Deusto8 builds the water tank Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) laboratory where users can interact with the three-dimensional (3D) model of the water tank in the web platform without relying on other plug-ins. The system proposed in this paper introduces the capability to seamlessly integrate WebVR as a modular component into the existing virtual laboratory infrastructure. This integration can be achieved without destroying the original architectural framework of the laboratory, thus preserving the basic structure and function of the laboratory. This integration is also applicable to the framework of an online laboratory with separate front end and back end.
The system proposed in this paper is implemented based on Networked Control System Laboratory (NCSLab)25, which inherits the flexibility, interactivity, modularity, and cross-platform features of the NCSLab system. Users can conduct experiments according to different modules and can also customize algorithms and configuration interfaces, providing users with enough space for self-realization. Online experiments are driven in real-time according to the algorithms run by the user. Users can interact with the virtual model to change the inputs of the experimental algorithm when conducting VR experiments and can even change the parameters of the control algorithm through the components so that users can experience the principle of the control algorithm more realistically.
WebVR-based virtual laboratories bring great potential for online education. It can provide an immersive experimental experience, overcome the limitations of traditional laboratories, and promote hands-on practical skills and innovative thinking among users.

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Engineering Education via WebVR-Based Online Laboratories

Online Virtual Reality Networked Control Laboratory Applied in Control Engineering Education 

Accessing and Utilizing the WebVR-Based NCSLab System for Double-Inverted Pendulum Experiments

accessing-utilizing-webvr-based-ncslab-system-for-double-inverted

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

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