This work was supported by funding to DJJ through DFG project #JA2108/2-1.

NOTE: The following steps outline our method for conducting an in situ experiment on embryonic and larval stages of L. stagnalis. Where a step involves the use of a hazardous chemical this is indicated by the word &#39;CAUTION&#39; and all appropriate safety procedures should be adopted. Links to representative MSDS sheets for hazardous chemicals are provided in Supplementary File 1. Recipes for all reagents are provided in Supplementary File 2.
1. Assembly of Decapsulation Apparatus
<ol>
	<li>To do this, connect a 20 ml disposable syringe to silicon tubing (with an inner diameter of 1 mm and an outer diameter of 3 mm) using a P1,000 tip cut to an appropriate length as shown in Figure&#160;2A.</li>
	<li>Tape a standard microscope slide to an inverted large Petri dish. Tape the silicon tubing immediately adjacent to the microscope slide as shown in Figure&#160;2C and 2D.</li>
	<li>Rest a pulled glass needle on the microscope slide and gently insert it into the silicon tubing until the tip of the needle protrudes approximately 20% of the way across the inner diameter of the tubing (see Figure&#160;2C and 2D). Once the needle is in position tape it down to the Petri dish.</li>
	<li>Allow the free end of the silicon tubing to rest in another Petri dish that will collect the decapsulated material.</li>
</ol>
2. Sample Collection, Fixation and Decapsulation
NOTE: All steps are carried out at RT&#160;unless otherwise noted.
<ol>
	<li>Carefully collect egg strings from the walls of an aquarium. To do this, use a flat piece of flexible plastic as a spatula to scrape the egg string off the substrate, and use a plastic tea strainer to fish the floating egg string out of the water. Stage and sort the material under a microscope using the guide provided in Figure 1.</li>
	<li>Place the egg string onto a paper towel and make a longitudinal incision along the egg mass using the featherweight forceps. Roll the egg capsules out of the egg string and remove as much of the jelly material as possible from each capsule by pushing them around the paper towel using the featherweight forceps.</li>
	<li>Using the featherweight forceps, transfer the egg capsules into a Petri dish containing 5 ml of tap water. Continue to collect de-jellied egg capsules of the desired developmental stages into this dish. Collect enough capsules from all developmental stages for the planned WMISH experiment then proceed to the next step.</li>
	<li>When working with more developed larvae (5 days post first cleavage (dpfc) and older) anaesthetize them prior to fixation. 
	NOTE: This will prevent muscles from contracting which makes the interpretation of in situ staining patterns very difficult.
	<ol>
		<li>Relax larvae (while they are still in their capsules) in a 2% w/v solution of MgCl2&#8226;6H2O for 30 min prior to fixation.</li>
		<li>Assess the degree of relaxation after 30 min by submerging several larvae while still in their egg capsules in fixative solution and monitoring their response under a microscope. Incompletely relaxed larvae will retract into their shells, while fully relaxed larvae will not respond. Once these larvae have been relaxed proceed to the next step.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Transfer the egg capsules using a wide bore plastic pipette into a sealable tube that provides 10 times the volume of egg capsules (e.g., 1 ml of settled capsules would require a 10+ ml tube).</li>
	<li>Aspirate as much liquid as possible from the tube and replace with a volume of fixative solution that is 10x the volume of the settled egg capsules. Gently rotate the egg capsules in fixative at RT&#160;for the appropriate time for each developmental stage (see Figure 1).</li>
	<li>Discontinue rotation and allow the capsules to sink and aspirate the fixative solution into an appropriate waste container.</li>
	<li>Wash the egg capsules by replacing the fixative solution with Phosphate Buffered Saline with 0.1% Tween-20 (PBTw) and rotating at RT for 5 min. Aspirate the PBTw and repeat twice.</li>
	<li>Remove embryos and larvae from their capsules using the apparatus (see section 1 for details) shown in Figure 2. Draw the capsules up into the 20 ml syringe, attach the tubing and then dispel the capsules through the tubing and past the glass needle out into the collection dish. 
	NOTE: Normally, the majority (&#62;90%) of all capsules should need only one pass through the device. In many cases the capsule membrane is damaged but embryos and larvae remain inside the ruptured capsule. Reprocess this material by simply drawing it up into the syringe and dispelling it again.</li>
	<li>Collect the decapsulated embryos and larvae into a 1.5 ml tube using a micropipette (a P20 for 0 - 3 day old larvae, and a P200 for older larvae with the end of the tip cut off). 
	NOTE: A pause (for up to several months) in the protocol can be made at this stage. If this is required, the decapsuled material should be collected into a 1.5 ml tube for storage (continue to the next step). Otherwise continue immediately to Protocol 3.</li>
	<li>Allow embryos and larvae to sink to the bottom of the tube and aspirate the supernatant. Replace with 33% Ethanol (EtOH) in PBTw and let sit for 5 - 10 min. Repeat with 66% EtOH in PBTw and 100% EtOH. Wash larvae twice in 100% EtOH at RT. Store the material at -20 &#176;C in 100% EtOH.</li>
	<li>When ready to continue, re-hydrate the samples by removing the 100% EtOH and replacing with 66% EtOH in PBTw, let sit for 5 - 10 min. Repeat with 33% EtOH in PBTw, let sit for 5 - 10 min. Finally wash with 3x 5 min washes of PBTw to ensure all EtOH is removed.</li>
</ol>
3. Proteinase-K, TEA and Post-fixation
&#160;NOTE: We find performing the following steps in small baskets with a mesh floor the most efficient and gentle method for quickly exchanging time critical solutions. While these can be home made, we use baskets (medium size) that are compatible with the Intavis InSituPro-Vsi liquid handling robot (www.intavis.de/products/automated-ish-and-ihc). Such baskets can be quickly and easily moved between the wells of a 12 well tissue culture dish (TCD) in order to exchange solutions, or the solution can be aspirated from the well using a pipette. Alternatively, all solution exchanges can be performed without these baskets by simply aspirating the supernatant from the larvae. In this case a gentle swirling motion will concentrate all embryos and larvae to the center of the dish allowing the supernatant to be removed from the edge of the well. The following assumes the user is employing baskets for solution exchanges.
<ol>
	<li>Using a pipette, transfer embryos and larvae into a basket sitting in a 12 well TCD with 2 ml of PBTw. 
	NOTE: The number of embryos and/or larvae that can be added depends on the developmental stage being investigated, however a general rule of thumb is to maintain at least 25% of the floor space free of embryos/larvae (i.e., do not overcrowd the basket).</li>
	<li>Prepare an adjacent well with 2 ml of the appropriate Proteinase-K solution (see Figure 1), and another 2 wells with 2 ml of 0.2% Glycine each. Move each basket into the well containing the appropriate concentration of Proteinase-K and immediately start timing.</li>
	<li>After 10 min move each basket into a well containing 0.2% Glycine and incubate for 5 min. Then move each basket into the second well with 0.2% Glycine and incubate for 5 min. Wash out the Glycine with 3x 5 min exchanges of 3 ml PBTw.</li>
	<li>Remove the PBTw solution and treat the samples once with freshly prepared Triethanolamine (TEA) solution for 5 min CAUTION! Do not agitate. Replace with 3 ml of freshly prepared TEA solution for 5 min. Do not agitate. Aspirate the majority of the TEA solution from the samples. Add the freshly prepared Triethanolamine with Acetic Anhydride (TEAAA) solution and incubate for 5 min. CAUTION! Do not agitate.</li>
	<li>OPTIONAL - While the above step is incubating, prepare another fresh batch of TEAAA solution and repeat the above step. 
	NOTE: This second treatment with TEAAA is optional but may help to completely eliminate all background with probes prone to generating background.</li>
	<li>Remove the TEAAA solution by aspirating it from the well and replace with 3 ml of PBTw. Do not agitate. Remove the PBTw and apply 3 ml of 3.7%&#160;formaldehyde in PBTw. Gently swirl occasionally during a 30 min&#160;incubation.</li>
	<li>Remove the fixative by aspirating it from the well and replace with 3 ml of PBTw. Transfer the material into a 1.5 ml tube. Replace the PBTw with hybridization buffer and incubate for 5 min at RT - CAUTION.</li>
	<li>Place the tubes into a hot block at RT, and set the temperature to the desired hybridization temperature. 
	NOTE: The hybridization temperature is probe specific and will need to be empirically optimized, however we find 55 &#176;C to be a good temperature to initially trial. Allow the block to come to the hybridization temperature, and allow the samples to pre-hybridize for approximately 15 min (i.e., the time it takes to prepare the riboprobes, longer is not necessary). Prepare adequate volumes (normally 100 &#181;l) of the diluted riboprobes. We typically trial probe concentrations of 100 and 500 ng/ml as an initial range. We prepare riboprobes according to 12.</li>
	<li>Remove the hybridization buffer from the samples and add the probe in hybridization buffer to the samples. Overlay with 100 &#181;l (or an adequate volume to form a phase above the hybridization buffer) of mineral oil. 
	NOTE: The mineral oil prevents extensive condensation that will form during the lengthy hybridization step. Extensive condensation will significantly alter both the chemistry of the hybridization solution and the concentration of the probe.</li>
	<li>Denature the probe and the target RNA by heating the samples to 75 &#176;C for 10 min, then reduce the heat to the desired hybridization temperature. Allow hybridization to proceed for a minimum of 12 hr (O/N) or longer (24 - 48 hr).</li>
	<li>During hybridization remove a single tube from the heat block, rotate it rapidly between thumb and forefinger to suspend the larvae without disturbing the oil phase, and replace it in the heat block. Repeat this once every 6 - 12 hr or so.</li>
</ol>
4. Hot Washes and Immunodetection
NOTE: While we use a liquid handling robot for the following steps, these can also easily be done manually. In this case, embryos and larvae should be kept in the 1.5 ml tubes they were hybridized in. All subsequent solution exchanges are aspirated and added with a P1,000 pipette. When performed manually each of the following steps should employ 1 ml of each solution.
<ol>
	<li>Heat adequate volumes (3 ml each for each sample) of the 4x, 2x and 1x wash solutions to the hybridization temperature.</li>
	<li>Wash all samples three times in 4x wash buffer for 15 min each at the hybridization temperature. Wash all samples three times in 2x wash buffer for 15 min each at the hybridization temperature. Wash all samples three times in 1x wash buffer for 15 min each at the hybridization temperature.</li>
	<li>Wash all samples once with 1x Sodium Chloride Sodium Citrate buffer + 0.1% Tween (SSC + 0.1% Tween) at the hybridization temperature. Allow samples to cool to RT.</li>
	<li>Wash all samples twice in 1x SSC + 0.1% Tween for 15 min Replace this 1x SSC solution with Maleic Acid Buffer (MAB) and let sit for 10 min Repeat the MAB wash. Replace MAB with block solution and incubate for 1.5 hr.</li>
	<li>Exchange the block solution for antibody solution (1:10,000 dilution of antibody in block solution) and incubate for 12 hr (O/N) at RT with gentle agitation.</li>
</ol>
5. Color Development and Mounting
<ol>
	<li>Aspirate the antibody solution and wash 15 times with PBTw for 10 min each. Replace PBTw with 1x Alkaline Phosphatase Buffer (AP) and incubate for 10 min.</li>
	<li>While the above incubation step proceeds, prepare the AP staining solution (see Supplementary File 2) - CAUTION. Transfer the material into a TCD well and replace the 1x AP solution with AP staining solution. Note the time now so that the length of time the color reaction takes place for can be recorded. Monitor the development of the staining pattern until the signal to background ratio is optimal.</li>
	<li>To stop color development, remove the 1x AP staining solution (dispose in the appropriate waste container), and apply 2 ml of PBTw and note the time now. Rinse twice more with PBTw for 5 min each. Use one of these rinses to transfer the material into a 1.5 ml tube.</li>
	<li>Remove the PBTw and apply 1 ml of 3.7% formaldehyde in PBTw and agitate or rotate for least 30 min at RT (this can also be done O/N).</li>
	<li>Wash out the fixative with 3 washes of PBT (dispose the waste fixative in an appropriate waste container). Wash the samples 3 times at 50 &#176;C in de-ionized water. 
	NOTE: These washes eliminate the precipitation of salts that may become visible during clearing and visualization steps.</li>
	<li>Decide whether the samples should be mounted in Benzyl Benzoate:Benzyl Alcohol (BB:BA, also known as Murray&#39;s clear) or glycerol. 
	NOTE: We prefer the more powerful clearing agent BB:BA as L. stagnalis embryos are somewhat opaque. Samples to be mounted in BB:BA will first need to be dehydrated through an ethanol series. Samples to be mounted in 60% glycerol can be immediately mounted.</li>
	<li>Transfer the samples into the mounting solution (BB:BA or 60% glycerol) using a pipette. 
	NOTE: When mounting in BB:BA this must be done in a glass well (BB:BA will melt polycarbonate plastic).</li>
	<li>Allow the samples to clear for 5 - 10 min, and then mount them onto a slide using an appropriate number of stacked coverslips as spacers (1 coverslip for samples &#60;1 dpfc, 2 coverslips for samples &#62;1 dpfc). 
	NOTE: Whole mounts can now be imaged using a compound microscope with DIC optics.</li>
</ol>

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E., Sarashina, I., Kudoh, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left-right+asymmetric+expression+of+dpp+in+the+mantle+of+gastropods+correlates+with+asymmetric+shell+coiling.">Left-right asymmetric expression of dpp in the mantle of gastropods correlates with asymmetric shell coiling.</a> EvoDevo. 4 (1), 15 (2013).</li><li>Christodoulou, F., Raible, F., Tomer, R., Simakov, O., Trachana, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ancient+animal+microRNAs+and+the+evolution+of+tissue+identity.">Ancient animal microRNAs and the evolution of tissue identity.</a> Nature. 463, (2010).</li><li>Koga, M., Kudoh, T., Hamada, Y., Watanabe, M., Kageura, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+triple+staining+method+for+double+in+situ+hybridization+in+combination+with+cell+lineage+tracing+in+whole-mount+Xenopus+embryos.">A new triple staining method for double in situ hybridization in combination with cell lineage tracing in whole-mount Xenopus embryos.</a> Dev Growth Differ. 49 (8), 635-645 (2007).</li><li>Lauter, G., S&#246;ll, I., Hauptmann, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-color+fluorescent+in+situ+hybridization+in+the+embryonic+zebrafish+brain+using+differential+detection+systems.">Two-color fluorescent in situ hybridization in the embryonic zebrafish brain using differential detection systems.</a> BMC Dev. Biol. 11 (1), 43 (2011).</li><li>Davison, A., Frend, H. T., Moray, C., Wheatley, H., Searle, L. J., Eichhorn, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mating+behaviour+in+Lymnaea+stagnalis.+pond+snails+is+a+maternally+inherited,+lateralized+trait.">Mating behaviour in Lymnaea stagnalis. pond snails is a maternally inherited, lateralized trait.</a> Biol. Lett. 5 (1), 20-22 (2009).</li><li>Kuroda, R., Endo, B., Abe, M., Shimizu, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chiral+blastomere+arrangement+dictates+zygotic+left-right+asymmetry+pathway+in+snails.">Chiral blastomere arrangement dictates zygotic left-right asymmetry pathway in snails.</a> Nature. 462 (7274), 790-794 (2009).</li><li>Shibazaki, Y., Shimizu, M., Kuroda, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Body+handedness+is+directed+by+genetically+determined+cytoskeletal+dynamics+in+the+early+embryo.">Body handedness is directed by genetically determined cytoskeletal dynamics in the early embryo.</a> Curr. Biol. 14 (16), 1462-1467 (2004).</li><li>Lu, T. Z., Feng, Z. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sodium+leak+current+regulates+pacemaker+activity+of+adult+central+pattern+generator+neurons+in+Lymnaea+stagnalis.">A sodium leak current regulates pacemaker activity of adult central pattern generator neurons in Lymnaea stagnalis.</a> PLoS One. 6 (4), e18745 (2011).</li><li>Dawson, T. F., Boone, A. N., Senatore, A., Piticaru, J., Thiyagalingam, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+Splicing+of+an+Invertebrate+Beta+Subunit+(LCav-beta)+in+the+N-Terminal+and+HOOK+Domains+and+Its+Regulation+of+LCav1+and+LCav2+Calcium+Channels.">Gene Splicing of an Invertebrate Beta Subunit (LCav-beta) in the N-Terminal and HOOK Domains and Its Regulation of LCav1 and LCav2 Calcium Channels.</a> PLoS ONE. 9 (4), e92941 (2014).</li><li>Smith, S. A., Wilson, N. G., Goetz, F. E., Feehery, C., Andrade, S. C. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resolving+the+evolutionary+relationships+of+molluscs+with+phylogenomic+tools.">Resolving the evolutionary relationships of molluscs with phylogenomic tools.</a> Nature. 480 (7377), 364-367 (2011).</li><li>Gregory, T. R., Nicol, J. A., Tamm, H., Kullman, B., Kullman, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eukaryotic+genome+size+databases.">Eukaryotic genome size databases.</a> Nuc. Acids. Res. 35 (Database issue), D332-D338 (2007).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The method described here allows for the efficient visualization of RNA transcripts with presumably varying expression levels within all developmental stages of Lymnaea stagnalis. To remove embryos and larvae from their capsules we trialed a variety of chemical, osmotic shock and physical treatments reported for other encapsulated-developing model organisms. However, in our hands the method we describe here is the only high-throughput technique that removes the tough capsular membrane without damaging the embryo...

Molluscs are a group of animals that hold the interest of a broad diversity of scientific disciplines. Despite their morphological diversity1, species richness (second only to the Arthropods in terms of species number2) and relevance to a wide range of commercial3, medical4 and scientific issues5-8, there are relatively few molluscan species that can claim to be both well-equipped scientific models and easy to maintain in a laboratory environment. One mollusc that is much used by disciplines such as neurobiology9, ecotoxicology10 and more recently evolutionary biology11,12, is Lymnaea stagnalis, primarily because of its widespread distribution and extreme ease of maintenance. Despite its popularity as a &#39;model&#39; organism and its long history of use by developmental biologists13-19, the range and power of molecular tools available to the L. stagnalis scientific community lies far behind that of more traditional animal models (Drosophila, mouse, sea urchin, nematodes).
Our desire to develop Lymnaea as a molecular model stems from an interest in the molecular mechanisms that guide shell formation. This motivated us to refine a set of techniques that would allow for the efficient, consistent and sensitive visualization of gene expression during Lymnaea&#39;s development. Whole mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is widely employed for a variety of model organisms and has been in use for more than 40 years 20. In its different guises, ISH can be employed to spatially localize specific loci on chromosomes, rRNA, mRNA and micro-RNAs.
One of the challenges we needed to address prior to refining a WMISH method for L. stagnalis was the issue of gently and efficiently extracting embryos and larvae of varying stages from the egg capsules in which they are deposited. This extraction, or &#39;decapsulation&#39;, needs to be achieved efficiently in order to collect adequate material for a given in situ experiment, while at the same time maintaining morphological and cellular integrity. While other model organisms also undergo encapsulated development, in our hands none of the methods reported for those species could be successfully employed in L. stagnalis.
The overall goals of this method are therefore: to extract L. stagnalis embryos and larvae from their capsules in a high-throughput fashion, to apply pre-hybridization treatments that optimize the WMISH signal, to prepare embryos and larvae with satisfactory WMISHsignals for imaging.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="2203">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:380px;">Featherweight forceps</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Ehlert &#38; Partner</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">#4181119</td>
			<td style="width:1547px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Silicon tubing</td>
			<td>Glasger&#228;tebau OCHS GmbH</td>
			<td>760070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass capillaries</td>
			<td>Hilgenberg</td>
			<td>1403547</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">12 well tissue culture dishes</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>CE55.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">37% Formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>P733.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May cause cancer. Toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. Toxic: danger of very serious irreversible effects through inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>CN06.3</td>
			<td>CAUTION - CAUSES EYE IRRITATION. MAY CAUSE RESPIRATORY TRACT AND SKIN IRRITATION. Avoid breathing dust. Avoid contact with eyes, skin and clothing. Use only with adequate ventilation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>2189.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>9127.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May be harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through skin. May cause skin irritation. May cause eye irritation. May be harmful if swallowed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3957.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ficoll type 400</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>CN90.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (MW 40)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>4607.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May be harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through skin. May cause skin irritation. May cause eye irritation. May be harmful if swallowed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Nuclease freeBovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>8895.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Salmon sperm</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>5434.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Heparin</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>7692.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - ADVERSE EFFECTS INCLUDE HEMORRHAGE, LOCAL IRRITATION. POSSIBLE ALLERGIC REACTION IF INHALED, INGESTED/CONTACTED. EYES/SKIN/RESPIRATORY TRACT IRRITANT. POSSIBLE HYPERSENSITIZATION. DURING PREGNANCY HAS BEEN REPORTED TO INCREASE RISK OF STILLBIRTH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Proteinase-K</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>7528.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycine</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3790.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Deionised formamide</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>P040.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - Irritating to eyes and skin. May be harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. May cause harm to the unborn child. Hygroscopic.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Standard formamide</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>6749.3</td>
			<td>CAUTION - Irritating to eyes and skin. May be harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. May cause harm to the unborn child. Hygroscopic.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triethanolamine</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>6300.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - Avoid breathing vapor or mist. Avoid contact with eyes. Avoid prolonged or repeated contact with skin. Wash thoroughly after handling.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Acetic anhydride</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>4483.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - CAUSES SEVERE SKIN AND EYE BURNS. REACTS VIOLENTLY WITH WATER. HARMFUL IF SWALLOWED. VAPOR IRRITATING TO THE EYES AND RESPIRATORY TRACT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Maleic acid</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>K304.2</td>
			<td>CAUTION - Very hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, . Hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant), of inhalation (lung irritant). Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (permeator). Corrosive to eyes and skin.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Benzyl benzoate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B6630-250ML</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May be harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through skin. May cause skin irritation. May cause eye irritation. Harmful if swallowed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Benzyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>10,800-6</td>
			<td>CAUTION - Harmful if swallowed. Harmful if inhaled. Causes serious eye irritation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glycerol</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3783.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Blocking powder</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11096176001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Anti DIG Fab fragments AP conjugated</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11093274910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris-HCl</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>9090.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">4-Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride in dimethylformamide&#160;</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>4421.3</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May cause harm to the unborn child. Harmful by inhalation and in contact with skin. Irritating to eyes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>A155.3</td>
			<td>CAUTION - Potentially harmful if ingested. Do not get on skin, in eyes, or on clothing. Potential skin and eye irritant.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">N-acetyl cysteine</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>4126.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dithiothreitol</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>6908.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May cause eye and skin irritation. May cause respiratory and digestive tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tergitol</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>NP40S</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May be harmful if inhaled. May cause respiratory tract irritation. May be harmful if absorbed through skin. May cause skin irritation. May cause eye irritation. May be harmful if swallowed.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:380px;">Sodium dodecyl sulphate</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>CN30.3</td>
			<td>CAUTION - Harmful if swallowed. Toxic in contact with skin. Causes skin irritation. Causes serious eye damage. May cause respiratory irritation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>6781.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">di-Sodium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate (Na2HPO4.2H2O)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>4984.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3904.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">Tri sodium citrate dihydrate (C6H5Na3O7.2H2O)</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td>3580.1</td>
			<td>CAUTION - May cause eye, skin, and respiratory tract irritation. The toxicological properties of this material have not been fully investigated.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:380px;">Mineral oil&#160;</td>
			<td>Carl Roth</td>
			<td style="width:104px;">HP50.2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:380px;">InSituPro-Vsi&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:173px;">Intavis</td>
			<td style="width:104px;"></td>
			<td>www.intavis.de/products/automated-ish-and-ihc</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a whole mount in situ hybridization method for the gastropod mollusc lymnaea stagnalis

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a technique that allows for the spatial resolution of nucleic acid molecules (often mRNAs) within a &#39;whole mount&#39; tissue preparation, or developmental stage (such as an embryo or larva) of interest. WMISH is extremely powerful because it can significantly contribute to the functional characterization of complex metazoan genomes, a challenge that is becoming more of a bottleneck with the deluge of next generation sequence data. Despite the conceptual simplicity of the technique much time is often needed to optimize the various parameters inherent to WMISH experiments for novel model systems; subtle differences in the cellular and biochemical properties between tissue types and developmental stages mean that a single WMISH method may not be appropriate for all situations. We have developed a set of WMISH methods for the re-emerging gastropod model Lymnaea stagnalis that generate consistent and clear WMISH signals for a range of genes, and across all developmental stages. These methods include the assignment of larvae of unknown chronological age to an ontogenetic window, the efficient removal of embryos and larvae from their egg capsules, the application of an appropriate Proteinase-K treatment for each ontogenetic window, and hybridization, post-hybridization and immunodetection steps. These methods provide a foundation from which the resulting signal for a given RNA transcript can be further refined with probe specific adjustments (primarily probe concentration and hybridization temperature).

The representative WMISH staining patterns shown in Figure 3 were generated using the technique described above, and reflect a variety of spatial expression patterns for genes involved in a range of molecular processes ranging from shell formation (Novel gene 1, 2, 3 and 4), to cell-cell signaling (Dpp) to transcription regulation (Brachyury) across a range of developmental stages. While we have not quantified the expression levels of t...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis at JoVE.com

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

The goal of this protocol is to provide users with a set of methods for the high-throughput decapsulation of Lymnaea stagnalis embryos and larvae in preparation for whole mount in situ hybridization, and for subsequent pre- and post-hybridization treatments.

A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WMISH) is a technique that allows for the spatial resolution of nucleic acid molecules (often mRNAs) within a ...

a-whole-mount-situ-hybridization-method-for-gastropod-mollusc-lymnaea

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

8.7K Views.  Georg-August University of Göttingen. The goal of this protocol is to provide users with a set of methods for the high-throughput decapsulation of Lymnaea stagnalis embryos and larvae in preparation for whole mount in situ hybridization, and for subsequent pre- and post-hybridization treatments.

Video: A Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization Method for the Gastropod Mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis

Double Whole Mount in situ Hybridization of Early Chick Embryos

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying  gene expression in brain, neural tube, somite and heart primordia formation. This video demonstrates the different steps in 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, the embryo is processed for prehybridization. The embryo is then hybridized with two different probes, one coupled to DIG, and one coupled to FITC.  Following overnight hybridization, the embryo is incubated with DIG coupled antibody. Color reaction for DIG substrate is performed, and the region of interest appears blue. The embryo is then incubated with FITC coupled antibody. The embryo is processed for color reaction with FITC, and the region of interest appears red. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for phtograph and sectioning. A troubleshooting guide is also presented.

This video demonstrates 2-color whole mount in situ hybridization, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of 2 different genes can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by David Wilkinson, Domingos Henrique, Phil Ingham and David Ish -Horowicz.

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ...

Method for Whole Mount Antibody Staining in Chick

The chick embryo is a valuable tool in the study of early embryonic development. Its transparency, accessibility and ease of manipulation, make it an ideal tool for studying antibody expression in developing brain, neural tube and somite. This video demonstrates the different steps in whole-mount antibody staining using HRP conjugated secondary antibodies; First, the embryo is dissected from the egg and fixed in paraformaldehyde. Second, endogenous peroxidase is inactivated; The embryo is then exposed to primary antibody. After several washes, the embryo is incubated with secondary antibody conjugated to HRP. Peroxidase activity is revealed using reaction with diaminobenzidine substrate. Finally, the embryo is fixed and processed for photography and sectioning. The advantage of this method over the use of fluorescent antibodies is that embryos can be processed for wax sectioning, thus enabling the study of antigen sites in cross section. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell 1.

This video demonstrates whole mount immunohistochemistry, a method by which the spatial and temporal expression pattern of an antigen can be visualized in young chick embryos. This method was originally introduced by Jane Dodd and Tom Jessell.

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. The protocol is a modified version of the standard in situ hybridization using alkaline phosphatase and substrates such as NBT/BCIP and Fast Red 1,2. This protocol utilizes standard digoxygenin and fluorescein labeled probes along with tyramide signal amplification (TSA) 3. The commercially available TSA kits allow flexible experimental design as fluorescence emission from green to far-red can be used in combination with various nuclear stains, such as propidium iodide, or fluorescence immunohistochemistry for proteins. TSA produces a reactive fluorescent substrate that quickly covalently binds to moieties, typically tyrosine residues, in the immediate vicinity of the labeled antisense riboprobe. The resulting staining patterns are high resolution in that subcellular localization of the mRNA can be observed using laser scanning confocal microscopy 3,4. One can observe nascent transcripts at the chromosomal loci, distinguish nuclear and cytoplasmic staining and visualize other patterns such as cortical localization of mRNA. Studies in Drosophila indicate that roughly 70% of mRNAs exhibit specific patterns of subcellular localization that frequently correlate with the function of the encoded protein 5. When combined with computer-aided reconstruction of 3D confocal datasets, our protocol allows the detailed analysis of mRNA distribution with sub-cellular resolution in whole vertebrate embryos.

Zebrafish Whole Mount High-Resolution Double Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology. Here, we present a high-resolution double fluorescent in situ hybridization protocol for analyzing the precise expression pattern of a single gene and for determining the overlap of the expression domains of two genes. We include a propidium iodide nuclear counter-stain to highlight tissue organization.

Whole mount in situ hybridization is one of the most widely used techniques in developmental biology.  Here, we present a high-resolution double ...

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of specific mRNA transcripts within whole mount specimen. This technique (adapted from Albertson and Yelick, 2005) was used in an upper level undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom at Syracuse University. The first two thirds of the Comparative Vertebrate Biology lab course gave students the opportunity to study the embryology and gross anatomy of several organisms representing various chordate taxa primarily via traditional dissections and the use of models. The final portion of the course involved an innovative approach to teaching anatomy through observation of vertebrate development employing molecular techniques in which WISH was performed on zebrafish embryos. A heterozygous fibroblast growth factor 8 a (fgf8a) mutant line, ace, was used. Due to Mendelian inheritance, ace intercrosses produced wild type, heterozygous, and homozygous ace/fgf8a mutants in a 1:2:1 ratio. RNA probes with known expression patterns in the midline and in developing anatomical structures such as the heart, somites, tailbud, myotome, and brain were used. WISH was performed using zebrafish at the 13 somite and prim-6 stages, with students performing the staining reaction in class. The study of zebrafish embryos at different stages of development gave students the ability to observe how these anatomical structures changed over ontogeny. In addition, some ace/fgf8a mutants displayed improper heart looping, and defects in somite and brain development. The students in this lab observed the normal development of various organ systems using both external anatomy as well as gene expression patterns. They also identified and described embryos displaying improper anatomical development and gene expression (i.e., putative mutants).
For instructors at institutions that do not already own the necessary equipment or where funds for lab and curricular innovation are limited, the financial cost of the reagents and apparatus may be a factor to consider, as will the time and effort required on the part of the instructor regardless of the setting. Nevertheless, we contend that the use of WISH in this type of classroom laboratory setting can provide an important link between developmental genetics and anatomy. As technology advances and the ability to study organismal development at the molecular level becomes easier, cheaper, and increasingly popular, many evolutionary biologists, ecologists, and physiologists are turning to research strategies in the field of molecular biology. Using WISH in a Comparative Vertebrate Biology laboratory classroom is one example of how molecules and anatomy can converge within a single course. This gives upper level college students the opportunity to practice modern biological research techniques, leading to a more diversified education and the promotion of future interdisciplinary scientific research.

Using Whole Mount in situ Hybridization to Link Molecular and Organismal Biology

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) was used in an upper level undergraduate Comparative Vertebrate Biology course in addition to vertebrate dissections. This gave students the opportunity to study gene expression patterns as well as gross anatomy, linking the study of molecular and organismal biology within one course.

Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) is a common technique in molecular biology laboratories used to study gene expression through the localization of ...

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures are lengthy and technically demanding with multiple important steps that collectively contribute to the quality of the final result. This protocol describes in detail several key quality control steps for optimizing probe labeling and performance. Overall, our protocol provides a detailed description of the critical steps necessary to reproducibly obtain high quality results. First, we describe the generation of digoxygenin (DIG) labeled RNA probes via in vitro transcription of DNA templates generated by PCR. We describe three critical quality control assays to determine the amount, integrity and specific activity of the DIG-labeled probes. These steps are important for generating a probe of sufficient sensitivity to detect endogenous mRNAs in a whole mouse embryo. In addition, we describe methods for the fixation and storage of E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos for in situ hybridization. Then, we describe detailed methods for limited proteinase K digestion of the rehydrated embryos followed by the details of the hybridization conditions, post-hybridization washes and RNase treatment to remove non-specific probe hybridization. An AP-conjugated antibody is used to visualize the labeled probe and reveal the expression pattern of the endogenous transcript. Representative results are shown from successful experiments and typical suboptimal experiments.

Whole Mount in Situ Hybridization of E8.5 to E11.5 Mouse Embryos

This whole mount in situ hybridization protocol discusses critical steps that ensure reproducible high quality results for gene expression studies in E8.5-E11.5 day old mouse embryos.

Whole mount in situ hybridization is a very informative approach for defining gene expression patterns in embryos. The in situ hybridization procedures ...

In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants

With the advances in genomics research of the past decade, plant biology has seen numerous studies presenting large-scale quantitative analyses of gene expression. Microarray and next generation sequencing approaches are being used to investigate developmental, physiological and stress response processes, dissect epigenetic and small RNA pathways, and build large gene regulatory networks1-3. While these techniques facilitate the simultaneous analysis of large gene sets, they typically provide a very limited spatiotemporal resolution of gene expression changes. This limitation can be partially overcome by using either profiling method in conjunction with lasermicrodissection or fluorescence-activated cell sorting4-7. However, to fully understand the biological role of a gene, knowledge of its spatiotemporal pattern of expression at a cellular resolution is essential. Particularly, when studying development or the effects of environmental stimuli and mutants can the detailed analysis of a gene's expression pattern become essential. For instance, subtle quantitative differences in the expression levels of key regulatory genes can lead to dramatic phenotypes when associated with the loss or gain of expression in specific cell types. 
Several methods are routinely used for the detailed examination of gene expression patterns. One is through analysis of transgenic reporter lines. Such analysis can, however, become time-consuming when analyzing multiple genes or working in plants recalcitrant to transformation. Moreover, an independent validation to ensure that the transgene expression pattern mimics that of the endogenous gene is typically required. Immunohistochemical protein localization or mRNA in situ hybridization present relatively fast alternatives for the direct visualization of gene expression within cells and tissues. The latter has the distinct advantage that it can be readily used on any gene of interest. In situ hybridization allows detection of target mRNAs in cells by hybridization with a labeled anti-sense RNA probe obtained by in vitro transcription of the gene of interest. 
Here we outline a protocol for the in situ localization of gene expression in plants that is highly sensitivity and specific. It is optimized for use with paraformaldehyde fixed, paraffin-embedded sections, which give excellent preservation of histology, and DIG-labeled probes that are visualized by immuno-detection and alkaline-phosphatase colorimetric reaction. This protocol has been successfully applied to a number of tissues from a wide range of plant species, and can be used to analyze expression of mRNAs as well as small RNAs8-14.

In Situ Hybridization for the Precise Localization of Transcripts in Plants

The in situ hybridization protocol described here allows a direct localization of mRNA and small RNA expression at the cellular level with high sensitivity and specificity. The procedure is optimized for paraffin-embedded plant tissue sections, is applicable to a wide range of plants and tissues, and can be completed within ten days.

With the advances in genomics research of the past decade, plant biology has seen numerous studies presenting large-scale quantitative analyses of gene ...

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Assessing the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for understanding its biological function during development. RNA in situ hybridization (RNA-ISH) is a powerful method used for visualizing RNA distribution properties, be it at the organismal, cellular or subcellular levels 1. RNA-ISH is based on the hybridization of a labeled nucleic acid probe (e.g. antisense RNA, oligonucleotides) complementary to the sequence of an mRNA or a non-coding RNA target of interest 2. As the procedure requires primary sequence information alone to generate sequence-specific probes, it can be universally applied to a broad range of organisms and tissue specimens 3. Indeed, a number of large-scale ISH studies have been implemented to document gene expression and RNA localization dynamics in various model organisms, which has led to the establishment of important community resources 4-11. While a variety of probe labeling and detection strategies have been developed over the years, the combined usage of fluorescently-labeled detection reagents and enzymatic signal amplification steps offer significant enhancements in the sensitivity and resolution of the procedure 12. Here, we describe an optimized fluorescent in situ hybridization method (FISH) employing tyramide signal amplification (TSA) to visualize RNA expression and localization dynamics in staged Drosophila embryos. The procedure is carried out in 96-well PCR plate format, which greatly facilitates the simultaneous processing of large numbers of samples.

Whole Mount RNA Fluorescent in situ Hybridization of Drosophila Embryos

Here we describe a whole-mount fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) protocol for determining the expression and localization properties of RNAs expressed during embryogenesis in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.

Assessing  the expression pattern of a gene, as well as the subcellular localization  properties of its transcribed RNA, are key features for ...

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

Marine elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity and have unique mechanisms for osmoregulation 1-3. As the most primitive living jawed-vertebrates with paired appendages, elasmobranchs are an evolutionarily important model, especially for studies in evolution and development. Marine elasmobranchs have also been used to study aquatic toxicology and stress physiology in relationship to climate change 4. Thus, development and adaptation of methodologies is needed to facilitate and expand the use of these primitive vertebrates to multiple biological disciplines. Here I present the successful adaptation of RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histological techniques to study gene expression and cell histology in elasmobranchs.
Monitoring gene expression is a hallmark tool of developmental biologists, and is widely used to investigate developmental processes 5. RNA whole mount in situ hybridization allows for the visualization and localization of specific gene transcripts in tissues of the developing embryo. The expression pattern of a gene's message can provide insight into what developmental processes and cell fate decisions a gene may control. By comparing the expression pattern of a gene at different developmental stages, insight can be gained into how the role of a gene changes during development.
While whole mount in situ's provides a means to localize gene expression to tissue, histological techniques allow for the identification of differentiated cell types and tissues. Histological stains have varied functions. General stains are used to highlight cell morphology, for example hematoxylin and eosin for general staining of nuclei and cytoplasm, respectively. Other stains can highlight specific cell types. For example, the alcian blue stain reported in this paper is a widely used cationic stain to identify mucosaccharides. Staining of the digestive tract with alcian blue can identify the distribution of goblet cells that produce mucosaccharides. Variations in mucosaccharide constituents on short peptides distinguish goblet cells by function within the digestive tract 6. By using RNA whole mount in situ's and histochemical methods concurrently, cell fate decisions can be linked to gene-specific expression.
Although RNA in situ's and histochemistry are widely used by researchers, their adaptation and use in marine elasmobranchs have met limited and varied success. Here I present protocols developed for elasmobranchs and used on a regular basis in my laboratory. Although further modification of the RNA in situ's hybridization method may be needed to adapt to different species, the protocols described here provide a strong starting point for researchers wanting to adapt the use of marine elasmobranchs to their scientific inquiries.

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

By combining methods for RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histology, gene expression can be linked with cell fate decisions in the developing embryo. These methods have been adapted to marine elasmobranchs and facilitate the use of these animals as model organisms for biomedical, toxicology and comparative studies.

Marine  elasmobranchs are valued animal models for biomedical and genomic studies as  they are the most primitive vertebrates to have adaptive immunity ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function

This article focuses on whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) of zebrafish embryos. The WISH technology facilitates the assessment of gene expression both in terms of tissue distribution and developmental stage. Protocols are described for the use of WISH of zebrafish embryos using antisense RNA probes labeled with digoxigenin. Probes are generated by incorporating digoxigenin-linked nucleotides through in vitro transcription of gene templates that have been cloned and linearized. The chorions of embryos harvested at defined developmental stages are removed before incubation with specific probes. Following a washing procedure to remove excess probe, embryos are incubated with anti-digoxigenin antibody conjugated with alkaline phosphatase. By employing a chromogenic substrate for alkaline phosphatase, specific gene expression can be assessed. Depending on the level of gene expression the entire procedure can be completed within 2-3 days.

High Resolution Whole Mount In Situ Hybridization within Zebrafish Embryos to Study Gene Expression and Function

The zebrafish, a small tropical fish, has become a popular model for studying gene function during vertebrate development and disease. The temporal and spatial expression of target genes can be determined by in situ hybridization. Our improved protocol allows for the detection of low abundant transcripts with low non-specific background signal.

This article focuses on whole-mount in situ hybridization (WISH) of zebrafish embryos. The WISH technology facilitates the assessment of gene expression ...