The study was sponsored and funded by Baxter Healthcare, manufacturer/Licensee of OliClinomel N4. ProScribe was used in compliance with global guidelines for good publication practice.

For this prospective, randomized, multicenter, active-controlled, parallel-group investigational trial, the Ethics Committees of Shanghai Sixth People&#8217;s Hospital approved the study protocol.
1. Patient recruitment and enrollment
<ol>
	<li>Recruit patients as per the inclusion criteria specified in the protocol. Seek informed consent from patients and perform screening assessments not more than 3 days prior to the scheduled surgery.</li>
	<li>Randomize enrolled subjects to one of the two study treatments (olive-oil-based 3CBsor soybean-oil-based CoBs), based on the randomization schedule.
	<ol>
		<li>Randomize subjects undergoing surgery who were not scheduled for preoperative PN after a surgical procedure (Figure 1). Randomize subjects undergoing surgery and who were scheduled for preoperative PN prior to the surgery (Figure 2). Randomize subjects who were not scheduled to undergo surgery if they meet the enrollment criteria (Figure 3).</li>
		<li>Do not blind the data management personnel, biostatistician, and/or the personnel at the central laboratory for the assignment of study treatment.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Unblind the designated pharmacist for the preparation of the study treatment. Enter the blinded data into the database. Reveal the treatment group assignments after the database lock. 
	&#8203;NOTE: For this study, the study treatment assignment was delegated to the site pharmacist.</li>
	<li>Perform the allocation of patient numbers using an interactive voice-recognition system/interactive web-based recognition system (IVRS/IWRS) according to the randomization code contained in the randomization list.
	<ol>
		<li>Stratify randomization by study site and surgical category (no surgery, medium-complexity, and high-complexity, i.e. each type of surgery is categorized based on the complexity and the length of surgery) within each study site. In addition, specify the block size in the randomization code algorithm.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Study population
<ol>
	<li>Inclusion criteria
	<ol>
		<li>Enroll subjects into the study if all the following criteria are met:
		<ol>
			<li>Ensure that the subject is male or female aged 18 to 80 years.</li>
			<li>Ensure that the subject is inpatient but hospitalized for fewer than 14 days prior to enrollment in the study.</li>
			<li>Ensure that the subject requires PN because enteral nutrition was not feasible, inadequate, or inadvisable</li>
			<li>Ensure that the subject is capable of completing at least 5 days of study treatment and having a functional visible peripheral vein for IV delivery of PN.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Exclusion criteria
	<ol>
		<li>Exclude subjects from the study if any of the following criteria are met:
		<ol>
			<li>Exclude if the patient has a life expectancy of fewer than 6 days from the start of study treatment, as determined by the investigator.</li>
			<li>Exclude if the patient has established hypersensitivity to the individual constituents of any of the study treatments.</li>
			<li>Exclude if the patient has used forbidden medications (e.g., glucocorticosteroids or antitumor chemotherapeutic agents) within 30 days prior to enrollment in the study.</li>
			<li>Exclude patients with a confirmed clinically relevant serious condition that prevents inclusion in the study (e.g., congestive heart failure with New York Heart Association class IV) or severe renal insufficiency without adequate compensation (e.g., hemofiltration, hemodialysis, or peritoneal dialysis), etc. or known chronic active hepatitis, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) &#62;4x upper limit of normal (ULN), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) &#62;4x ULN; total serum bilirubin &#62;2x ULN; history of human immunodeficiency virus infection</li>
			<li>Exclude patients with confirmed inborn abnormalities related to the metabolism of amino acids (e.g., phenylketonuria, maple syrup urine disease, homocystinuria, or tyrosinemia, etc.), severe dyslipidemia with triglyceride level &#62;2x ULN or &#62;4.52 mM (&#62;400 mg/dL).</li>
			<li>Exclude patients with severe hyperglycemia; serum glucose levels &#62;20 mM (&#62;360 mg/dL); and with clinically relevant abnormalities of plasma electrolytes, such as sodium (&#60;130 mM or &#62;150 mM), potassium (&#60;3.0 mM or &#62;5.5 mM), magnesium (&#60;0.70 mM or &#62;1.10 mM), calcium (&#60;2.0 mM or &#62;3.0 mM), or phosphorus (&#60;0.96 mM or &#62;1.62 mM).</li>
			<li>Exclude pregnant and lactating patients.</li>
			<li>Exclude patients previously enrolled in the current study, or who participated in a study of any investigational drug or device concurrently or within 30 days before enrollment in this study.</li>
			<li>Exclude for any reason, as per the investigator&#8217;s opinion, that renders the subject unsuitable for the trial.</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Removal of patients from therapy or assessment
	<ol>
		<li>Discontinuation of study treatment/early release from study
		<ol>
			<li>Exclude patients who do not continue to meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria after surgery (assessed either in the recovery room or just after transfer to the surgical ward).</li>
			<li>Exclude and consider the patient discontinued if any enrolled patient who, continued the study after surgery, and for whom study treatment was prematurely terminated (i.e., completion of &#60;5 full days of post-surgery study treatment).</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Withdrawal from study
		<ol>
			<li>Withdraw the patient if the patient did not continue to fulfill the inclusion or exclusion criteria.</li>
			<li>Withdraw the patient if the patient experienced an adverse event (AE) or developed an inter-current illness, condition, or procedural complication that would interfere with continued participation</li>
			<li>Withdraw the patient if the patient voluntarily withdrew consent/authorization for the study</li>
			<li>Withdraw the patient if the patient was found to be in violation of the protocol and for whom the physician deemed it in their best medical interests to terminate involvement in the study</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. Method and clinical parameters
<ol>
	<li>Efficacy Assessments
	<ol>
		<li>Assess the primary efficacy outcome measure of the serum prealbumin level on day 5. 
		NOTE: Secondary efficacy parameters included:
		<ol>
			<li>Time for preparation of the study treatment (Table 1)</li>
			<li>Duration to achieve tolerability of oral nutrition</li>
			<li>Infectious complication</li>
			<li>Length of hospitalization</li>
			<li>Nutrition markers: Albumin and fatty acids (including linoleic, oleic acid, arachidonic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid)</li>
			<li>Infection and inflammatory markers: Including procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1</li>
			<li>Oxidative stress markers: Including malondialdehyde and F2-isoprostane</li>
			<li>Metabolism markers: Including urine markers of metabolism (urinary urea nitrogen, urinary 3-methylhistidine); hormonal markers of metabolism (thyroid panel, cortisol, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1 [IGF-1], and testosterone)</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Draw venous blood via a peripheral vein in a contralateral appendage from the peripheral IV study treatment administration at the time points indicated in the schedule of assessment (Table 1).</li>
		<li>Transfer the samples to a central laboratory for analysis of efficacy parameters. Use EDTA anticoagulant tubes for the hematology test. Use common serum tubes which are free of additives for the serum biochemical and serological tests.</li>
		<li>Collect 2-3 mL of blood per sample. If the test was performed 4 hours after collection, store the blood in the 4 &#176;C refrigerator.</li>
		<li>Collect urine over a 6-hour period, according to the schedule of assessment (Table 1). Record the collected volume of the urine for the applicable treatment day and store in the 4 &#176;C refrigerator. Take an aliquot from the urine collection and transfer it to a central laboratory for analysis of efficacy parameters.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Safety assessments 
	NOTE: The safety assessments in this study included:
	<ol>
		<li>Adverse events and SAEs</li>
		<li>Vital sign assessment and physical examination findings, including body weight and injection-site rating by the investigator</li>
		<li>Clinical laboratory assessments: Hematology, serum chemistry, urinalysis, and other required laboratory assessments by the investigator</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
4. Study treatments
<ol>
	<li>Dosage Forms and Administration 
	NOTE: For this study, the treatments were intended to provide 25 kilocalories per kilogram per day (kcal/kg/day) using a PN admixture that contained 910 kcal/1.5 L, with a dextrose-to-lipid ratio of 62:38 and 5.4 grams (g) nitrogen/1.5 L. The study treatment was delivered over 12 to 22 hours.
	<ol>
		<li>For Treatment A (test treatment) which comprises olive-oil-based 3CBs, use dextrose (D-glucose) solution (final mixed concentration 80 g/L) with calcium (final mixed concentration 2 mmol/L); a middle chamber that contains a solution of 15 amino acids (final mixed concentration 22 g/L), with electrolytes including sodium (final mixed concentration 21 mmol/L),potassium (final mixed concentration 16 mmol/L), magnesium(final mixed concentration 2.2 mmol/L), and phosphate (final mixed concentration 8.5 mmol/L); and a smaller outer chamber that contains a lipid emulsion comprising 80 % olive oil and 20 % soybean oil (final mixed concentration 20 g/L).</li>
		<li>For Treatment B (control treatment), use a compounded ternary PN admixture that has the same volume, energy, nitrogen and dextrose-to-lipid ratio as Treatment A. It comprises soybean-oil based CoBs, compound amino acid, and intralipid compounded as a 1.5-L admixture in the pharmacy.</li>
		<li>Give each research site a table containing the exact composition of different weights to ensure the consistency of prescriptions. Electrolytes, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements were allowed to be prescribed for addition to either treatment group according to the clinical requirement of different patients.</li>
		<li>Administer the treatments through a peripheral IV catheter via a control pump. If the infusion is not possible or inadvisable via peripheral IV due to the integrity of the peripheral vein, infuse the study treatment via a peripherally inserted central catheter or a central IV line. Increase the flow rate gradually during the first hour.</li>
		<li>Provide a daily volume of 46.6 mL/h and limit the administer duration between 12-22 h. Gradually increase the flow rate during the first hour (50-100 mL/h at the first hour). Adjust the administration rate considering the dose being administered, the daily volume intake, and the duration of the infusion. Do not increase the rate of intake over 150 mL/h.</li>
		<li>Administer the treatments for a minimum of 5 days up to 14 days. On days 1 through 5, administer only the study treatment (i.e., PN). On day 6 and until the end of the study period, allow the addition of liquid oral nutrition to the study treatment in order to meet the calculated daily nutrition requirements.</li>
		<li>Stop the study treatment once the subject receives at least 80% of the calculated daily nutrition requirements by the administered liquid oral nutrition or the completion of day-14 study treatment, whichever comes first.</li>
		<li>Terminate treatment for patients who met the discontinuation or withdrawal criteria. Upon completion or termination of treatment, perform the end-of-treatment procedures for subjects.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Contraindicated medications and therapies
	<ol>
		<li>Do not administer additional lipids or amino acids during the clinical trial (from screening through completion of the study treatment period, inclusive), to the study subjects. Do not allow the use of glucocorticosteroids within 30 days prior to enrollment.</li>
		<li>Administer glucocorticosteroids during the clinical trial (from enrollment through completion of the study treatment period, inclusive) only if medically necessary. Similarly, do not allow the use of antitumor chemotherapeutic agents, whether for treatment of cancer or for other diseases, within 30 days prior to enrollment.</li>
		<li>Administer antitumor chemotherapeutic agents during the clinical trial (from enrollment through completion of the study treatment period, inclusive) only if medically necessary. Record the administered concomitant medications on the case report forms (CRFs).</li>
		<li>Allow the use of dextrose-containing IV solutions for maintenance of fluid status from randomization until the study treatment is discontinued.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Acceptable medications and therapies
	<ol>
		<li>Dilute the medications that need to be delivered via the IV route in saline-based solutions; however, limit the volume to 50 mL per medication if a medication is diluted in a dextrose-containing IV solution.</li>
		<li>Record these medications on the CRFs, including details about the type of IV solution used as the diluent. Administer dextrose solutions for the treatment of hypoglycemia, and record details on the CRFs.</li>
		<li>Do not restrict the use of other concomitant therapies (e.g., drugs, blood and plasma transfusion products, albumin, and other treatments) if these treatments are commercially available. Maintain a detailed record (including dose and duration) of medical treatments, including vitamins, electrolytes, and trace elements.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
5. Statistical methods
NOTE: The assumption for the sample size calculation in this noninferiority trial was made such that the true ratio was 1, the coefficient of variance was 0.5, and the noninferiority margin was 20 %. A sample size of 98 patients per study treatment came out of all the assumptions, providing 90% power to claim noninferiority between groups for the primary efficacy endpoint (i.e., prealbumin levels on day 5).
<ol>
	<li>To achieve a total of 400 subjects, required for primary efficacy assessment, randomize approximately 500 subjects. Determine the sample size based on the assumption that up to 20% of the randomized subjects would drop out of the study before the day-5 analysis.</li>
	<li>As the intention-to-treat (ITT) population is the primary analysis population for demographic and other baseline characteristics, draw statistical inferences for the 2 treatment groups.</li>
	<li>Use analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare continuous data, and use the chi-square test/Fisher&#39;s Exact test to compare categorical data. In the case of significant imbalances for certain variables, review the results using covariate adjustments and subgroup analyses.</li>
	<li>Use the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model to analyze the log-transformed primary efficacy endpoint. For the stated model, treatment and study site were the main effects and baseline serum prealbumin was the covariate.</li>
	<li>Test the interaction between the 2 main effects and remove from the model if it was statistically insignificant. Determine the least squared geometric mean ratio of the treatment difference for olive-oil-based 3CBs to soybean-oil-based CoBs, as well as the 2-sided 95% CI. 
	NOTE: The primary comparison hypothesis was that olive-oil-based 3CBs were non-inferior to soybean-oil-based CoBs for increasing or maintaining serum prealbumin levels. Noninferiority was ascertained if the anti-log of the lower limit of the 95 % CI of treatment difference was at least 0.80.</li>
	<li>Use the Kruskal-Wallis test to analyze differences between treatment groups to determine the preparation time of the study treatment (days 1 to 5).</li>
	<li>Use the Kaplan-Meier method to summarize the time required to achieve tolerability of oral nutrition, and the parameter was compared using a log-rank test. Fatty acids, such as linoleic and oleic acids; infection and inflammatory markers; markers of oxidative stress; markers of nutrition; and markers of metabolism were analyzed in the same fashion as the primary endpoint - using the ANCOVA model with the treatment and study site as the main effects. The least squared geometric mean ratio of the treatment differences for olive-oil-based 3CBs to soybean-oil-based CoBs, as well as the 2-sided 95% CI, was determined.</li>
	<li>For the safety variables, make statistical comparisons between the two treatment groups. Use the ANOVA method to compare continuous data; use the chi-square test/Fisher&#39;s exact test to compare categorical data. Use the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel test with modified ridit scores to compare the relationship and severity of AEs.</li>
	<li>Complete statistical analyses using statistical analysis software. A p-value &#60;0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Jeejeebhoy, K. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parenteral+nutrition+in+the+intensive+care+unit.">Parenteral nutrition in the intensive care unit.</a> Nutrition Reviews. 70 (11), 623-630 (2012).</li><li>Simmer, K., Rakshasbhuvankar, A., Deshpande, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standardised+parenteral+nutrition.">Standardised parenteral nutrition.</a> Nutrients. 5 (4), 1058-1070 (2013).</li><li>Vanek, V. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A.S.P.E.N.+position+paper:+Clinical+role+for+alternative+intravenous+fat+emulsions.">A.S.P.E.N. position paper: Clinical role for alternative intravenous fat emulsions.</a> Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 27 (2), 150-192 (2012).</li><li>Singer, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ESPEN+guidelines+on+parenteral+nutrition:+Intensive+care.">ESPEN guidelines on parenteral nutrition: Intensive care.</a> Clinical Nutrition. 28 (4), 387-400 (2009).</li><li>Calder, P. C., Jensen, G. L., Koletzko, B. V., Singer, P., Wanten, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lipid+emulsions+in+parenteral+nutrition+of+intensive+care+patients:+Current+thinking+and+future+directions.">Lipid emulsions in parenteral nutrition of intensive care patients: Current thinking and future directions.</a> Intensive Care Medicine. 36 (5), 735-749 (2010).</li><li>Umpierrez, G. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+double-blind,+randomized+clinical+trial+comparing+soybean+oil-based+versus+olive+oil-based+lipid+emulsions+in+adult+medical-surgical+intensive+care+unit+patients+requiring+parenteral+nutrition.">A double-blind, randomized clinical trial comparing soybean oil-based versus olive oil-based lipid emulsions in adult medical-surgical intensive care unit patients requiring parenteral nutrition.</a> Critical Care Medicine. 40 (6), 1792-1798 (2012).</li><li>Jia, Z. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Safety+and+efficacy+of+an+olive+oil-based+triple-chamber+bag+for+parenteral+nutrition:+A+prospective,+randomized,+multi-center+clinical+trial+in+China.">Safety and efficacy of an olive oil-based triple-chamber bag for parenteral nutrition: A prospective, randomized, multi-center clinical trial in China.</a> Nutrition Journal. 14, 119 (2015).</li><li>Tetzlaff, J. M., Moher, D., Chan, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developing+a+guideline+for+clinical+trial+protocol+content:+Delphi+consensus+survey.">Developing a guideline for clinical trial protocol content: Delphi consensus survey.</a> Trials. 24 (13), 176 (2012).</li><li>Glasser, S. P., Howard, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+trial+design+issues:+At+least+10+things+you+should+look+for+in+clinical+trials.">Clinical trial design issues: At least 10 things you should look for in clinical trials.</a> Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 46 (10), 1106-1115 (2006).</li><li>Ruikar, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interactive+voice/Web+response+system+in+clinical+research.">Interactive voice/Web response system in clinical research.</a> Perspectives in Clinical Research. 7 (1), 15-20 (2016).</li><li>Kulkarni, P. M., Meadows, E. S., Ahuja, S., Muram, D., Plouffe, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rationale+for+a+non-inferiority+clinical+trial+design+focused+on+subpopulations.">Rationale for a non-inferiority clinical trial design focused on subpopulations.</a> Current Medical Research and Opinion. 20 (10), 1641-1647 (2004).</li><li>Efird, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blocked+randomization+with+randomly+selected+block+sizes.">Blocked randomization with randomly selected block sizes.</a> International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 8 (1), 15-20 (2011).</li><li>Teitelbaum, D. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proceedings+From+FDA/A.S.P.E.N.+Public+Workshop:+Clinical+Trial+Design+for+Intravenous+Fat+Emulsion+Products.">Proceedings From FDA/A.S.P.E.N. Public Workshop: Clinical Trial Design for Intravenous Fat Emulsion Products.</a> Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 39 (7), 768-786 (2015).</li><li>Pocock, S. J., Clayton, T. C., Stone, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Challenging+issues+in+clinical+trial+design:+Part+4+of+a+4-Part+series+on+statistics+for+clinical+trials.">Challenging issues in clinical trial design: Part 4 of a 4-Part series on statistics for clinical trials.</a> Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 66 (25), 2886-2898 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

The randomized clinical trial protocol is a multi-purpose document. It not only provides guidance for the conduct of trial to the investigators, but it also makes ethics committees and institutional review boards aware of appropriate measures adopted to protect participants&#8217; safety and interests. A proper design is crucial for the success of a clinical trial. It is often noted that the design of a trial is connected with its successes/failures8.
Additionally, sele...

Parenteral nutrition is an essential component of overall therapy for a wide spectrum of indications, such as major gastrointestinal surgery, transient enteral intolerance, severe burns, coma; or for use in critically ill patients. Improvements in intravenous (IV) nutritional formulations and knowledge advancement regarding the implementation of therapy allow the safe and clinically efficacious administration of IV nutrition. These characteristics are particularly important in a metabolically stressed patient1.
Parenteral nutrition is commonly administered to patients by mixing nutrients that are compounded in the hospital pharmacy. Compounding total parenteral nutrition solutions from individual components is a multi-step, time-intensive process associated with a greater risk of human error. Recently, triple-chamber bag (3CB) systems have been developed in which individual components are separated by nonpermanent breakable seals. The contents of a 3CB include a glucose solution, an amino-acid solution, a lipid emulsion, with or without electrolytes. Prior to administration, the seal separating the various components of the 3CB is broken, enabling the components of the chambers to be admixed. The advantages offered by the 3CB includes increased physio-chemical shelf life of components, reduction the extent of contamination during preparation, and cutting down on the steps required in the preparation of a PN product2.
Lipid emulsion is an important ingredient in a PN formula; it can produce different clinical effects, depending upon the constituent fatty acids. Soybean-oil-based lipid emulsions primarily consist of long-chain linoleic acid (&#969;-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid [&#969;-6 PUFA]), which is mainly proinflammatory. Experimental data suggest that &#969;-6 PUFA-rich lipid emulsions may amplify the inflammatory response during stress and traumatic conditions, as well as increasing the infection rate3. On the other hand, olive-oil-based lipid emulsions, which consist of long-chain oleic acid (&#969;-9 monounsaturated fatty acids, [&#969;-9 MUFAs]), have a neutral response on the immune system3,4. Substituting soybean-oil-based &#969;-6 PUFAs with olive-oil-based &#969;-9 MUFAs can make the PN safe and further widen its clinical application5,6. However, there are limited clinical data in this connection.
Therefore, the present study aims to evaluate the rate of infections in two different lipid emulsions that varied in the content of linoleic acid, in addition to having the primary objective of assessing the safety and efficacy of 3CBs compared to CoBs for delivering PN. The assessment was carried out in adult hospitalized patients scheduled to undergo surgery for whom enteral nutrition was either not possible, inadequate, or inadvisable.

a clinical trial assessing the safety, efficacy, and delivery of olive-oil-based three-chamber bags for parenteral nutrition

Limited evidence exists to precisely estimate efficacy and safety differences between parenteral nutrition (PN) prepared using olive-oil-based three-chamber bags (3CBs) and soybean-oil-based compounded bags (CoBs) in hospitalized adult patients. We designed a multicenter, randomized, prospective, open-label, noninferiority protocol to compare the efficacy, safety, and distribution of olive-oil-based 3CBs and soybean-oil-based CoB formulations in adult Chinese patients requiring PN during surgical intervention. Subjects were randomized to receive either one of the study treatments using an interactive voice or web-based recognition system in accordance with the randomization code. Randomization was further stratified based on the study site and surgical category. Both treatment groups received similar amounts of calories and protein. In addition, the two study treatments contained a similar composition of the amino-acid component. The only difference between the two PN formulations was the lipid constitution. The duration of administration of study treatments was a minimum of 5 days up to a maximum of 14 days after the surgical procedure. The primary efficacy endpoint was serum prealbumin levels on day 5 of the study. Noninferiority was proved if the anti-log of the lower bound of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of the treatment difference was at least 0.80. Other efficacy measures included treatment preparation time; duration to achieve tolerability of oral nutrition; associated infectious complications; length of hospitalization; and laboratory assessment of markers of nutrition, inflammation, metabolism, and oxidative stress. A total of 458 patients were enrolled in the study. The results showed that olive-oil-based 3CBs were non-inferior to soybean-based CoBs, besides being well tolerated. The infection rate was found to be significantly lower in the olive-oil-based 3CB group. Thus, this study may be used as a reference for future research on lipid emulsion and 3CBs.

Patient Disposition 
Out of the 480 patients who gave their consent, a total of 458 patients were enrolled and randomized in the study. The ITT population included all randomized patients, of whom 226 constituted the test group and 232 the control group. The safety population included a total of 453 patients, of whom 222 belonged to the test group and 231 to the control group. The modified intention-to-treat (mITT) population comprised a total of 443 patients, of whom 219 were in the test group and ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition at JoVE.com

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Here, we present a protocol for a study comparing the efficacy, safety, and delivery of olive-oil-based 3CB and soybean-oil-based CoB formulations in adults requiring parenteral nutrition. The results revealed that olive-oil-based 3CBs is non-inferior and well tolerated compared to soybean formulations.

Limited evidence exists to precisely estimate efficacy and safety differences between parenteral nutrition (PN) prepared using olive-oil-based ...

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10.6K Views.  Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital. Here, we present a protocol for a study comparing the efficacy, safety, and delivery of olive-oil-based 3CB and soybean-oil-based CoB formulations in adults requiring parenteral nutrition. The results revealed that olive-oil-based 3CBs is non-inferior and well tolerated compared to soybean formulations.

Video: A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

E-Patient Counseling Trial (E-PACO): Computer Based Education versus Nurse Counseling for Patients to Prepare for Colonoscopy

Improving patient education focusing on bowel preparation before a colonoscopy leads to cleaner colons. Endoscopy units must obtain informed consent and perform a risk assessment for sedative use prior to a colonoscopy. The current practice in the Netherlands to achieve these goals is nurse counseling in an outpatient setting. This is costly and has disadvantages in terms of uniformity and time consumption for both the patient and the hospital. The hypothesis is that computer-based education with use of video and 3D animations may replace nurse counseling in most cases, without losing quality of bowel cleanliness during colonoscopy.
This multicenter, randomized, endoscopist blinded clinical trial evaluates a primary outcome measure (bowel preparation) during colonoscopy. Secondary outcome measures are sickness absence, patient anxiety after instruction and prior to colonoscopy, patient satisfaction and information re-call. The study will be performed in four endoscopy units of different levels (rural, urban, and tertiary). Inclusion criteria are adult age and referral for complete colonoscopy. Exclusion criteria are Dutch illiteracy, audiovisual handicaps or mental disabilities and no (peers with) internet access.
This trial aims to establish online computer-based education as tool for patient education prior to a colonoscopy. By choosing a direct comparison with the standard of care (nurse counseling), both endoscopic quality measures and patient related outcome measures can be evaluated.

E-Patient Counseling Trial E-PACO: Computer Based Education versus Nurse Counseling for Patients to Prepare for Colonoscopy

The aim of this trial is to establish the position of online computer-based education as a tool for patient preparation prior to a colonoscopy. Computer based education is compared with the standard of care, nurse counseling, evaluating endoscopic quality measures and patient related outcome measures.

Improving patient education focusing on bowel preparation before a colonoscopy leads to cleaner colons. Endoscopy units must obtain informed consent and ...

Cancer Research

The Mesenteric Lymph Duct Cannulated Rat Model: Application to the Assessment of Intestinal Lymphatic Drug Transport

The intestinal lymphatic system plays key roles in fluid transport, lipid absorption and immune function. Lymph flows directly from the small intestine via a series of lymphatic vessels and nodes that converge at the superior mesenteric lymph duct. Cannulation of the mesenteric lymph duct thus enables the collection of mesenteric lymph flowing from the intestine. Mesenteric lymph consists of a cellular fraction of immune cells (99% lymphocytes), aqueous fraction (fluid, peptides and proteins such as cytokines and gut hormones) and lipoprotein fraction (lipids, lipophilic molecules and apo-proteins). The mesenteric lymph duct cannulation model can therefore be used to measure the concentration and rate of transport of a range of factors from the intestine via the lymphatic system. Changes to these factors in response to different challenges (e.g., diets, antigens, drugs) and in disease (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease, HIV, diabetes) can also be determined. An area of expanding interest is the role of lymphatic transport in the absorption of orally administered lipophilic drugs and prodrugs that associate with intestinal lipid absorption pathways. Here we describe, in detail, a mesenteric lymph duct cannulated rat model which enables evaluation of the rate and extent of lipid and drug transport via the lymphatic system for several hours following intestinal delivery. The method is easily adaptable to the measurement of other parameters in lymph. We provide detailed descriptions of the difficulties that may be encountered when establishing this complex surgical method, as well as representative data from failed and successful experiments to provide instruction on how to confirm experimental success and interpret the data obtained.

Here we describe a technique to cannulate the mesenteric lymph duct in rats which enables quantification of lipid and drug transport via the lymphatic system following intestinal delivery. The technique can be adapted to assess mesenteric lymph concentrations and/or transport of fluid, immune cells, peptides, proteins and lipophilic molecules.

The intestinal lymphatic system plays key roles in fluid transport, lipid absorption and immune function. Lymph flows directly from the small intestine ...

Immunology and Infection

An Intestine/Liver Microphysiological System for Drug Pharmacokinetic and Toxicological Assessment

The recently introduced microphysiological systems (MPS) cultivating human organoids are expected to perform better than animals in the preclinical tests phase of drug developing process because they are genetically human and recapitulate the interplay among tissues. In this study, the human intestinal barrier (emulated by a co-culture of Caco-2 and HT-29 cells) and the liver equivalent (emulated by spheroids made of differentiated HepaRG cells and human hepatic stellate cells) were integrated into a two-organ chip (2-OC) microfluidic device to assess some acetaminophen (APAP) pharmacokinetic (PK) and toxicological properties. The MPS had three assemblies: Intestine only 2-OC, Liver only 2-OC, and Intestine/Liver 2-OC with the same media perfusing both organoids. For PK assessments, we dosed the APAP in the media at preset timepoints after administering it either over the intestinal barrier (emulating the oral route) or in the media (emulating the intravenous route), at 12 &#181;M and 2 &#181;M respectively. The media samples were analyzed by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Organoids were analyzed for gene expression, for TEER values, for protein expression and activity, and then collected, fixed, and submitted to a set of morphological evaluations. The MTT technique performed well in assessing the organoid viability, but the high content analyses (HCA) were able to detect very early toxic events in response to APAP treatment. We verified that the media flow does not significantly affect the APAP absorption whereas it significantly improves the liver equivalent functionality. The APAP human intestinal absorption and hepatic metabolism could be emulated in the MPS. The association between MPS data and in silico modeling has great potential to improve the predictability of the in vitro methods and provide better accuracy than animal models in pharmacokinetic and toxicological studies.

We exposed a microphysiological system (MPS) with intestine and liver organoids to acetaminophen (APAP). This article describes the methods for organoid production and APAP pharmacokinetic and toxicological property assessments in the MPS. It also describes the tissue functionality analyses necessary to validate the results.

The recently introduced microphysiological systems (MPS) cultivating human organoids are expected to perform better than animals in the preclinical tests ...

Chemistry

Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effectiveness and Safety of Placenta-Targeted Drug Delivery Using Three Complementary Methods

No effective treatments currently exist for placenta-associated pregnancy complications, and developing strategies for the targeted delivery of drugs to the placenta while minimizing fetal and maternal side effects remains challenging. Targeted nanoparticle carriers provide new opportunities to treat placental disorders. We recently demonstrated that a synthetic placental chondroitin sulfate A binding peptide (plCSA-BP) could be used to guide nanoparticles to deliver drugs to the placenta. In this protocol, we describe in detail a system for assessing the efficiency of drug delivery to the placenta by plCSA-BP that employs three separate methods used in combination: in vivo imaging, high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using in vivo imaging, plCSA-BP-guided nanoparticles were visualized in the placentas of live animals, while HFUS and HPLC demonstrated that plCSA-BP-conjugated nanoparticles efficiently and specifically delivered methotrexate to the placenta. Thus, a combination of these methods can be used as an effective tool for the targeted delivery of drugs to the placenta and development of new treatment strategies for several pregnancy complications.

We describe a system that utilizes three methods to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of placenta-targeted drug delivery: in vivo imaging to monitor nanoparticle accumulation, high-frequency ultrasound to monitor placental and fetal development, and HPLC to quantify drug delivery to tissue.

No effective treatments currently exist for placenta-associated pregnancy complications, and developing strategies for the targeted delivery of drugs to ...

Bioengineering

A Tripeptide-Stabilized Nanoemulsion of Oleic Acid

We describe a method to produce a nanoemulsion composed of an oleic acids-Pt(II) core and a lysine-tyrosine-phenylalanine (KYF) coating (KYF-Pt-NE). The KYF-Pt-NE encapsulates Pt(II) at 10 wt. %, has a diameter of 107 &#177; 27 nm and a negative surface charge. The KYF-Pt-NE is stable in water and in serum, and is biologically active. The conjugation of a fluorophore to KYF allows the synthesis of a fluorescent nanoemulsion that is suitable for biological imaging. The synthesis of the nanoemulsion is performed in an aqueous environment, and the KYF-Pt-NE forms via self-assembly of a short KYF peptide and an oleic acids-platinum(II) conjugate. The self-assembly process depends on the temperature of the solution, the molar ratio of the substrates, and the flow rate of the substrate addition. Crucial steps include maintaining the optimal stirring rate during the synthesis, permitting sufficient time for self-assembly, and pre-concentrating the nanoemulsion gradually in a centrifugal concentrator.

This protocol describes an efficient method to synthesize a nanoemulsion of an oleic acids-platinum(II) conjugate stabilized with a lysine-tyrosine-phenylalanine (KYF) tripeptide. The nanoemulsion forms under mild synthetic conditions via self-assembly of the KYF and the conjugate.

We describe a method to produce a nanoemulsion composed of an oleic acids-Pt(II) core and a lysine-tyrosine-phenylalanine (KYF) coating (KYF-Pt-NE). The ...

Evaluation of Drug Sorption to PVC- and Non-PVC-based Tubes in Administration Sets Using a Pump

Administration sets are delivery tools for the direct application of drugs into the body and are composed of a spike, a drip chamber, tubes, Luer adapters (connectors), a needle cover for protection, and other accessories. Drug sorption to tubes of administration sets is a critical issue in terms of safety and efficacy. Although drug sorption is an important factor in the quality of an administration set, there are no standard evaluation methods for the regulation of drug sorption to the tubes. Here, we describe an evaluation protocol for drug sorption to tubes of administration sets. Tubes made of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)- and non-PVC-based polymeric materials were cut to 1 m in length. Diazepam and tacrolimus were used as model drugs. In the kinetic sorption study, we selected the drug concentration and flow rate based on the clinical usage of these drugs. After the dilution of each drug in a glass bottle, the diluted drug solution was delivered through tubes of administration sets using a pump. Samples were collected in amber vials at appropriate time points and the drugs were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Drug concentrations and sorption levels to tubes of the administration sets were calculated. Acceptable criteria to ensure the quality of administration sets are recommended.

We report a method for drug sorption evaluation using a pump and model drugs (diazepam and tacrolimus). After drug analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography, drug concentrations and sorption levels in the tubes of administration sets are calculated.

Administration sets are delivery tools for the direct application of drugs into the body and are composed of a spike, a drip chamber, tubes, Luer adapters ...

Application of End-to-end Anastomosis in Robotic Central Pancreatectomy

Central pancreatectomy is carried out for the treatment of benign or low-malignant potential tumors located in the pancreatic neck or proximal part of pancreatic body. With technological development, the robotic surgical system has shown its advantage in minimally invasive surgery and been increasingly applied in central pancreatectomy. However, reconstruction of the continuity of pancreas with end-to-end anastomosis after robotic central pancreatectomy has not been applied. In this study, we report surgical techniques for robotic central pancreatectomy with end-to-end anastomosis. The pancreas is reconstructed by duct-to-duct anastomosis of the pancreatic duct with a pancreatic stent inserted in the two stumps of pancreatic duct, and by end-to-end anastomosis of the pancreatic parenchyma. Compared with traditional central pancreatectomy with pancreaticoenteric anastomosis, this approach decreases the operative injury to the patient, and also conserves the integrity and continuity of the digestive duct and pancreatic duct. The robotic surgical system integrated with multiple instruments with flexible and precise movement is particularly suitable for the dissection and reconstruction of the pancreatic duct. We found that robotic central pancreatectomy with end-to-end anastomosis is safe and feasible, and we need more experience to evaluate its best indications and long-term outcomes.

The robotic central pancreatectomy with end-to-end anastomosis is feasible and safe for tumor in the pancreatic neck and proximal portion of pancreatic body. The operative techniques of this operation are presented.

Central pancreatectomy is carried out for the treatment of benign or low-malignant potential tumors located in the pancreatic neck or proximal part of ...

Oleic Acid-Injection in Pigs As a Model for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

The acute respiratory distress syndrome is a relevant intensive care disease with an incidence ranging between 2.2% and 19% of intensive care unit patients. Despite treatment advances over the last decades, ARDS patients still suffer mortality rates between 35 and 40%. There is still a need for further research to improve the outcome of patients suffering from ARDS. One problem is that no single animal model can mimic the complex pathomechanism of the acute respiratory distress syndrome, but several models exist to study different parts of it. Oleic acid injection (OAI)-induced lung injury is a well-established model for studying ventilation strategies, lung mechanics and ventilation/perfusion distribution in animals. OAI leads to severely impaired gas exchange, deterioration of lung mechanics and disruption of the alveolo-capillary barrier. The disadvantage of this model is the controversial mechanistic relevance of this model and the necessity for central venous access, which is challenging especially in smaller animal models. In summary, OAI-induced lung injury leads to reproducible results in small and large animals and hence represents a well-suited model for studying ARDS. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to find a model that mimics all parts of ARDS and lacks the problems associated with the different models existing today.

In this article, we present a protocol to induce acute lung injury in pigs by central-venous injection of oleic acid. This is an established animal model for studying the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).

The acute respiratory distress syndrome is a relevant intensive care disease with an incidence ranging between 2.2% and 19% of intensive care unit ...

A Minimally Invasive, Visualized Method for Nasojejunal Tube Placement

Malnutrition is a common issue in critically ill patients, often stemming from illness, injury, or surgery. Prolonged fasting leads to intestinal issues, emphasizing the importance of early enteral nutrition, specifically through jejunal nutrition. While enteral nutrition is crucial, complications with current techniques exist. Nasojejunal (NJ) tubes are commonly used, with placement methods categorized as surgical or non-surgical. Non-surgical methods, including endoscopic guidance, have varying success rates, with endoscopic-assisted placement being the most successful but requiring specialized expertise and logistics. 
This study introduces a bedside, visualized method for NJ tube placement to enhance success rates and reduce patient discomfort in the intensive care unit (ICU). In this study involving 19 ICU patients, the method achieved an initial success rate of 94.74% with an average insertion time of 11.2 &plusmn; 6.4 min. This visualized method demonstrates efficiency and reduces the need for additional imaging, and the introduction of a miniaturized endoscope shows promise, enabling successful intubation at the bedside and minimizing patient discomfort. Adjustments to the guidewire lens and catheter are necessary but pose opportunities for future refinements.

This study introduces a bedside visualized method to improve nasojejunal tube placement in intensive care unit patients, enhancing efficiency and reducing patient discomfort.

Malnutrition is a common issue in critically ill patients, often stemming from illness, injury, or surgery. Prolonged fasting leads to intestinal issues, ...

Self-Nanoemulsification of Healthy Oils to Enhance the Solubility of Lipophilic Drugs

The low aqueous solubility of many drugs reduces their bioavailability in the blood. Oils have been used for centuries to enhance the solubility of drugs; however, they can disturb the lipid profile of the patients. In this study, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems of omega-3 fatty acids-rich oils are prepared and optimized for the delivery of lipophilic drugs. Rosuvastatin, a potent hypolipidemic drug, was used as a model lipophilic drug. Fish oil showed more than 7-fold higher solubility of rosuvastatin than other oils and therefore it was selected for the development of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS). Different combinations of surfactants and co-surfactants were screened and a surfactant mixture of Tween 80 (surfactant) and Capryol PGMC (cosurfactant) were selected for compatibility with fish oil and rosuvastatin. A pseudoternary phase diagram of oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant was designed to identify the emulsion region. The pseudoternary phase diagram predicted a 1:3 oil and surfactant mixture as the most stable ratio for the emulsion system. Then, a response-surface methodology (Box-Behnken design) was applied to calculate the optimal composition. After 17 runs, fish oil, Tween 80, and Capryol PGMC in proportions of 0.399, 0.67, and 0.17, respectively, were selected as the optimized formulation. The self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems showed excellent emulsification potential, robustness, stability, and drug release characteristics. In the drug release studies, SNEDDS released 100% of the payload in around 6 h whereas, release of the plain drug was less than 70% even after 12 h. Therefore, omega-3 fatty acids-rich healthy lipids have enormous potential to enhance the solubility of lipophilic drugs whereas, self-emulsification can be used as a simple and feasible approach to exploit this potential.

Oils used for drug delivery applications can disrupt the lipid profile of patients, which is undesirable in cardiovascular diseases. Omega-3 fatty acids-rich oils are a healthy alternative to conventional oils and have enormous potential for self-emulsified drug delivery systems.

The low aqueous solubility of many drugs reduces their bioavailability in the blood. Oils have been used for centuries to enhance the solubility of drugs; ...