This work was funded by the Spanish MINECO Government grants BFU2014-58686-P (LAN) and SAF-2017-84708-R (DJB). LAN was supported by a national MINECO Ram&#243;n y Cajal Fellowship RYC-2012-11700 and Plan GenT award (Comunitat Valenciana, CDEI-05/20-C), and FMN by a regional ValI+D studentship of the Valencian Generalitat ACIF/2016/020. RP would like to acknowledge Prof. Ewa K. Paluch for funding. We thank Dr. Alicia Mart&#237;nez-Romero (CIPF Cytometry service) for help with the IN Cell Analyzer platform.

<ol>
	<li>Gentric, G., Desdouets, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyploidization+in+liver+tissue.">Polyploidization in liver tissue.</a> American Journal of Pathology. 184 (2), 322-331 (2014).</li><li>Duncan, A. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ploidy+conveyor+of+mature+hepatocytes+as+a+source+of+genetic+variation.">The ploidy conveyor of mature hepatocytes as a source of genetic variation.</a> Nature. 467 (7316), 707-710 (2010).</li><li>Gentric, G., Desdouets, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liver+polyploidy:+Dr+Jekyll+or+Mr+Hide?.">Liver polyploidy: Dr Jekyll or Mr Hide?.</a> Oncotarget. 6 (11), 8430-8431 (2015).</li><li>Wilkinson, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Polyploid+State+Restricts+Hepatocyte+Proliferation+and+Liver+Regeneration+in+Mice.">The Polyploid State Restricts Hepatocyte Proliferation and Liver Regeneration in Mice.</a> Hepatology. 69 (3), 1242-1258 (2019).</li><li>Wilkinson, P. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyploid+Hepatocytes+Facilitate+Adaptation+and+Regeneration+to+Chronic+Liver+Injury.">Polyploid Hepatocytes Facilitate Adaptation and Regeneration to Chronic Liver Injury.</a> The American Journal of Pathology. 189 (6), 1241-1255 (2019).</li><li>Zhang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Polyploid+State+Plays+a+Tumor-Suppressive+Role+in+the+Liver.">The Polyploid State Plays a Tumor-Suppressive Role in the Liver.</a> Developmental Cell. 44 (4), 447-459 (2018).</li><li>Chao, H. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circadian+clock+regulates+hepatic+polyploidy+by+modulating+Mkp1-Erk1/2+signaling+pathway.">Circadian clock regulates hepatic polyploidy by modulating Mkp1-Erk1/2 signaling pathway.</a> Nature Communications. 8 (1), 2238 (2017).</li><li>Celton-Morizur, S., Merlen, G., Couton, D., Margall-Ducos, G., Desdouets, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+insulin/Akt+pathway+controls+a+specific+cell+division+program+that+leads+to+generation+of+binucleated+tetraploid+liver+cells+in+rodents.">The insulin/Akt pathway controls a specific cell division program that leads to generation of binucleated tetraploid liver cells in rodents.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 119 (7), 1880-1887 (2009).</li><li>Wang, M. J., Chen, F., Lau, J. T. Y., Hu, Y. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hepatocyte+polyploidization+and+its+association+with+pathophysiological+processes.">Hepatocyte polyploidization and its association with pathophysiological processes.</a> Cell Death &amp; Disease. 8 (5), e2805 (2017).</li><li>Gentric, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+stress+promotes+pathologic+polyploidization+in+nonalcoholic+fatty+liver+disease.">Oxidative stress promotes pathologic polyploidization in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 125 (3), 981-992 (2015).</li><li>Toyoda, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+to+hepatocyte+ploidy+and+binuclearity+profiles+during+human+chronic+viral+hepatitis.">Changes to hepatocyte ploidy and binuclearity profiles during human chronic viral hepatitis.</a> Gut. 54 (2), 297-302 (2005).</li><li>Miyaoka, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypertrophy+and+Unconventional+Cell+Division+of+Hepatocytes+Underlie+Liver+Regeneration.">Hypertrophy and Unconventional Cell Division of Hepatocytes Underlie Liver Regeneration.</a> Current Biology. 22 (13), 1166-1175 (2012).</li><li>Bou-Nader, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyploidy+spectrum:+a+new+marker+in+HCC+classification.">Polyploidy spectrum: a new marker in HCC classification.</a> Gut. , (2019).</li><li>Danielsen, H., Lindmo, T., Reith, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+determining+ploidy+distributions+in+liver+tissue+by+stereological+analysis+of+nuclear+size+calibrated+by+flow+cytometric+DNA+analysis.">A method for determining ploidy distributions in liver tissue by stereological analysis of nuclear size calibrated by flow cytometric DNA analysis.</a> Cytometry. 7 (5), 475-480 (1986).</li><li>Guidotti, J. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Liver+Cell+Polyploidization:+A+Pivotal+Role+for+Binuclear+Hepatocytes.">Liver Cell Polyploidization: A Pivotal Role for Binuclear Hepatocytes.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (21), 19095-19101 (2003).</li><li>Severin, E., Meier, E. M., Willers, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometric+analysis+of+mouse+hepatocyte+ploidy+-+I.+Preparative+and+mathematical+protocol.">Flow cytometric analysis of mouse hepatocyte ploidy - I. Preparative and mathematical protocol.</a> Cell and Tissue Research. 238 (3), 643-647 (1984).</li><li>Manzano-N&#250;&#241;ez, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insulin+resistance+disrupts+epithelial+repair+and+niche-progenitor+Fgf+signaling+during+chronic+liver+injury.">Insulin resistance disrupts epithelial repair and niche-progenitor Fgf signaling during chronic liver injury.</a> PLoS Biology. 17 (1), e2006972 (2019).</li><li>Morales-Navarrete, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+versatile+pipeline+for+the+multi-scale+digital+reconstruction+and+quantitative+analysis+of+3D+tissue+architecture.">A versatile pipeline for the multi-scale digital reconstruction and quantitative analysis of 3D tissue architecture.</a> eLife. 4, e11214 (2015).</li><li>Baratta, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+organization+of+normal+mouse+liver:+A+histological,+quantitative+immunocytochemical,+and+fine+structural+analysis.">Cellular organization of normal mouse liver: A histological, quantitative immunocytochemical, and fine structural analysis.</a> Histochemistry and Cell Biology. 131 (6), 713-726 (2009).</li><li>Pandit, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=E2F8+is+essential+for+polyploidization+in+mammalian+cells.">E2F8 is essential for polyploidization in mammalian cells.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 14 (11), 1181-1191 (2012).</li><li>Vinogradov, A. E., Anatskaya, O. V., Kudryavtsev, B. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relationship+of+hepatocyte+ploidy+levels+with+body+size+and+growth+rate+in+mammals.">Relationship of hepatocyte ploidy levels with body size and growth rate in mammals.</a> Genome. 44 (3), 350-360 (2001).</li><li>Tanami, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+zonation+of+liver+polyploidy.">Dynamic zonation of liver polyploidy.</a> Cell and Tissue Research. 368 (2), 405-410 (2017).</li><li>Kudryavtsev, B. N., Kudryavtseva, M. V., Sakuta, G. A., Stein, G. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+hepatocyte+polyploidization+kinetics+in+the+course+of+life+cycle.">Human hepatocyte polyploidization kinetics in the course of life cycle.</a> Virchows Archiv B Cell Pathology Including Molecular Pathology. 64 (1), 387-393 (1993).</li><li>Gentric, G., Celton-Morizur, S., Desdouets, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polyploidy+and+liver+proliferation.">Polyploidy and liver proliferation.</a> Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology. 36 (1), 29-34 (2012).</li><li>Uhl&#233;n, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue-based+map+of+the+human+proteome.">Tissue-based map of the human proteome.</a> Science. 347 (6220), 1260419 (2015).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

A high-content, high-throughput approach for the analysis of tissue remodeling and estimation of hepatocyte nuclear ploidy in the murine liver is described. Once familiar with the procedure, a user can process, image and analyze multiple samples in a 3&#8722;5 day period, generating large testable datasets that provide a detailed signature of liver health. Given the simplicity of the sample preparation method, together with the large numbers of cells and tissue area analyzed (on average 14 mm2/sample), results...

Hepatocytes in the mammalian liver can undergo stalled cytokinesis to produce binuclear cells, and DNA endoreplication to produce polyploid nuclei containing up to 16N DNA content. Overall cellular and nuclear ploidy increase during postnatal development, ageing and in response to diverse cellular stresses1. The process of polyploidization is dynamic and reversible2, although its precise biological function remains unclear3. Increased ploidy is associated with reduced proliferative capacity4, genetic diversity2, adaptation to chronic injury5 and cancer protection6. Hepatocyte ploidy alterations occur as a result of altered circadian rhythm7, and weaning8. Most notably, the ploidy profile of the liver is altered by injury and disease9, and compelling evidence suggests that specific ploidy changes, such as increased &#8805;8N nuclei or loss of 2N hepatocytes, provide useful signatures for tracking non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) progression3,10, or the differential impact of viral infections11.
In general terms, liver injury and regeneration are associated with increased hepatocyte cell size and nuclear area12, together with reduced overall numbers of hepatocytes, particularly those with 2N DNA content10,11. Parenchymal injury in the liver is also frequently accompanied by expansion of non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), including stromal myofibroblasts, inflammatory cells and bipotent liver progenitor cells. High-throughput methods that provide a quantitative cytological profile of parenchymal cell number and nuclear ploidy, whilst also accounting for changes in NPCs, therefore have considerable potential as research and clinical tools to track the response of the liver during injury and disease. Compelling recent in situ analysis of ploidy spectra in human samples of hepatocellular carcinoma also demonstrate that nuclear ploidy is dramatically increased within tumors and is specifically amplified in more aggressive tumor subtypes with reduced differentiation and loss of TP5313. Hence, there is a strong possibility that methodological advances in quantitative assessment of nuclear ploidy will assist in future prognostic profiling of liver cancer.
In this protocol, a flexible high-throughput methodology for the comparative analysis of mouse liver tissue sections is described, which provides detailed cytometric profiling of hepatocyte numbers, the NPC response and an internally calibrated method for estimating nuclear ploidy (Figure 1). Hepatocytes are distinguished from NPCs by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4&#945;) immunolabelling, prior to characterization of nuclear size and nuclear morphometry. &#34;Minimal DNA content&#34; is estimated for all circular nuclear masks by integrating mean Hoechst 33342 intensity (a proxy for DNA density) with interpolated three-dimensional (3D) nuclear volume. Hepatocyte minimal DNA content is then calibrated using NPCs to generate a nuclear ploidy profile.
Image acquisition, nuclear segmentation and image analysis are performed using high-content imaging, enabling large areas of two-dimensional (2D) liver sections containing tens of thousands of cells to be screened. A custom-written program is provided for automated post-processing of high-content image analysis data to produce a sample-wide ploidy profile for all circular hepatocyte nuclei. This is performed using free to download software to calculate nuclear ploidy based on stereological image analysis (SIA)10,11,14,15. The SIA methodology has been previously validated by flow cytometry as an accurate, albeit laborious, method for estimating hepatocyte nuclear ploidy in the liver14, assuming circular nuclear morphology and a monotonic relationship between nuclear size and DNA content. In this protocol, both nuclear parameters are measured by assessment of nuclear morphometry and Hoechst 33342 labelling. Calculation of &#34;minimal DNA content&#34; for each nuclear mask is followed by calibration of hepatocyte nuclear ploidy using NPCs, which have a known 2&#8722;4N&#160;DNA content and therefore serve as a useful internal control.
Compared to conventional flow cytometry methods16 the approach described enables hepatocyte nuclear ploidy to be assessed in situ and does not require access to fresh tissue or disaggregation methods that can bias outcomes and be difficult to standardize. As with all SIA-based approaches, nuclear ploidy subclasses &#62;2N are underrepresented by 2D sampling due to the sectioning of larger nuclei outside of the equatorial plane. The tissue-wide ploidy profile also describes minimum DNA content for all circular hepatocyte nuclear masks, and does not directly discriminate between mononuclear hepatocytes and binuclear cells that have two discrete (&#34;non-touching&#34;) nuclei of the same ploidy. However, the simplicity of this protocol allows considerable scope for it to be adapted to account for additional parameters such as internuclear spacing or cell perimeter analysis, that would facilitate identification of binuclear cells providing a more detailed assessment of cellular ploidy.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3,5-diethoxycarboxynl-1,4-dihydrocollidine diet (DDC)</td>
			<td>TestDiet</td>
			<td>1810704</td>
			<td>Modified LabDiet mouse diet 5015 with 0.1% DDC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-goat IgG (H+L)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11055</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:500</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryostat Leica CM1850 UV</td>
			<td>Leica biosystems</td>
			<td>CM1850 UV</td>
			<td>Tissue sectioning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent Mounting medium</td>
			<td>Dako</td>
			<td>S3023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GraphPad Prism</td>
			<td>GraphPad Software</td>
			<td>Prism 8</td>
			<td>Statistical software for graphing data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst 33342</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B2261</td>
			<td>Final concentration 5 &#181;g/mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IN Cell Analyzer 1000</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences Corp</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>High-Content Cellular Imaging and Analysis System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td>R2019a</td>
			<td>Data analytics software for automated analysis of nuclear ploidy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope coverslides</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>630-2864</td>
			<td>Size of 24 x 60 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsoft Office Excel</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Speadsheet software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>OCT Tissue Tek</td>
			<td>Pascual y Furi&#243;</td>
			<td>4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Panreac AppliChem</td>
			<td>141451.121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pen for immunostaining</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z377821-1EA</td>
			<td>5mm tip width</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polysine Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>VWR International</td>
			<td>631-0107</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal Anti-HNF4&#945;</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>PA5-79380</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:250 (alternative)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabit polyclonal Anti-HNF4&#945;</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>sc-6556</td>
			<td>Dilution 1:200 (antibody used in the study)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P5927</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a high-throughput in situ method for estimation of hepatocyte nuclear ploidy in mice

When the liver is injured, hepatocyte numbers decrease, while cell size, nuclear size and ploidy increase. The expansion of non-parenchymal cells such as cholangiocytes, myofibroblasts, progenitors and inflammatory cells also indicate chronic liver damage, tissue remodeling and disease progression. In this protocol, we describe a simple high-throughput approach for calculating changes in the cellular composition of the liver that are associated with injury, chronic disease and cancer. We show how information extracted from two-dimensional (2D) tissue sections can be used to quantify and calibrate hepatocyte nuclear ploidy within a sample and enable the user to locate specific ploidy subsets within the liver in situ. Our method requires access to fixed/frozen liver material, basic immunocytochemistry reagents and any standard high-content imaging platform. It serves as a powerful alternative to standard flow cytometry techniques, which require disruption of freshly collected tissue, loss of spatial information and potential disaggregation bias.

This method has been used to measure the impact of cholestatic injury on the adult mouse liver by feeding animals for 0&#8722;21 days with a hepatotoxic diet containing 0.1% 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC)17. Chronic DDC feeding results in hepatocellular injury increased ploidy and periportal expansion of NPCs. The user should be aware that mouse strain and age-dependent differences may exist in nuclear ploidy and that all analyses have been perform...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice at JoVE.com

A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice

We present a robust, cost-effective, and flexible method for measuring changes in hepatocyte number and nuclear ploidy within fixed/cryopreserved tissue samples that does not require flow cytometry. Our approach provides a powerful sample-wide signature of liver cytology ideal for tracking the progression of liver injury and disease.

When the liver is injured, hepatocyte numbers decrease, while cell size, nuclear size and ploidy increase. The expansion of non-parenchymal cells such as ...

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Medicine

9.7K Views.  Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF). We present a robust, cost-effective, and flexible method for measuring changes in hepatocyte number and nuclear ploidy within fixed/cryopreserved tissue samples that does not require flow cytometry. Our approach provides a powerful sample-wide signature of liver cytology ideal for tracking the progression of liver injury and disease.

Video: A High-Throughput In Situ Method for Estimation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Ploidy in Mice

A Simple Guide Screw Method for Intracranial Xenograft Studies in Mice

The grafting of human tumor cells into the brain of immunosuppressed mice is an established method for the study of brain cancers including glioblastoma (glioma) and medulloblastoma. The widely used stereotactic approach only allows for the injection of a single animal at a time, is labor intensive and requires highly specialized equipment. The guide screw method, initially developed by Lal et al.,1 was developed to eliminate cumbersome stereotactic procedures. We now describe a modified guide screw approach that is rapid and exceptionally safe; both of which are critical ethical considerations. Notably, our procedure now incorporates an infusion pump that allows up to 10 animals to be simultaneously injected with tumor cells.
To demonstrate the utility of this procedure, we established human U87MG glioma cells as intracranial xenografts in mice, which were then treated with AMG102; a fully human antibody directed to HGF/scatter factor currently undergoing clinical evaluation2-5. Systemic injection of AMG102 significantly prolonged the survival of all mice with intracranial U87MG xenografts and resulted in a number of complete cures. 
This study demonstrates that the guide screw method is an inexpensive, highly reproducible approach for establishing intracranial xenografts. Furthermore, it provides a relevant physiological model for validating novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of brain cancers.

In order to evaluate novel therapeutic paradigms for the treatment of glioma, physiological relevant models are essential. We utilize an implantable guide screw procedure for establishment of intracranial xenograft models that is more rapid and safer than stereotactic approaches.

The grafting of human tumor cells into the brain of immunosuppressed mice is an established method for the study of brain cancers including glioblastoma ...

Mouse Eye Enucleation for Remote High-throughput Phenotyping

The mouse eye is an important genetic model for the translational study of human ophthalmic disease. Blinding diseases in humans, such as macular degeneration, photoreceptor degeneration, cataract, glaucoma, retinoblastoma, and diabetic retinopathy have been recapitulated in transgenic mice.1-5 Most transgenic and knockout mice have been generated by laboratories to study non-ophthalmic diseases, but genetic conservation between organ systems suggests that many of the same genes may also play a role in ocular development and disease. Hence, these mice represent an important resource for discovering new genotype-phenotype correlations in the eye. Because these mice are scattered across the globe, it is difficult to acquire, maintain, and phenotype them in an efficient, cost-effective manner. Thus, most high-throughput ophthalmic phenotyping screens are restricted to a few locations that require on-site, ophthalmic expertise to examine eyes in live mice. 6-9 An alternative approach developed by our laboratory is a method for remote tissue-acquisition that can be used in large or small-scale surveys of transgenic mouse eyes. Standardized procedures for video-based surgical skill transfer, tissue fixation, and shipping allow any lab to collect whole eyes from mutant animals and send them for molecular and morphological phenotyping. In this video article, we present techniques to enucleate and transfer both unfixed and perfusion fixed mouse eyes for remote phenotyping analyses.

The dissection technique illustrates enucleation of the mouse eye for tissue fixation to perform phenotyping in high-throughput screens.

The mouse eye is an important genetic model for the translational study of human ophthalmic disease. Blinding diseases in humans, such as macular ...

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Profiling of Estrogen-regulated MicroRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen receptors (ERs), ER&#945;, and ER&#946;. ER&#945; is frequently upregulated in breast cancer and drives the proliferation of breast cancer cells. The ERs function as transcription factors and regulate gene expression. Whereas ER&#945;&#39;s regulation of protein-coding genes is well established, its regulation of noncoding microRNA (miRNA) is less explored. miRNAs play a major role in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes, inhibiting their translation or degrading their mRNA. miRNAs can function as oncogenes or tumor suppressors&#160;and are also promising biomarkers. Among the miRNA assays available, microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) have been extensively used to detect and quantify miRNA levels. To identify miRNAs regulated by estrogen signaling in breast cancer, their expression in ER&#945;-positive breast cancer cell lines were compared before and after estrogen-activation using both the &#181;Paraflo-microfluidic microarrays and Dual Labeled Probes-low density arrays. Results were validated using specific qPCR assays, applying both Cyanine dye-based and Dual Labeled Probes-based chemistry. Furthermore, a time-point assay was used to identify regulations over time. Advantages of the miRNA assay approach used in this study is that it enables a fast screening of mature miRNA regulations in numerous samples, even with limited sample amounts. The layout, including the specific conditions for cell culture and estrogen treatment, biological and technical replicates, and large-scale screening followed by in-depth confirmations using separate techniques, ensures a robust detection of miRNA regulations,&#160;and eliminates false positives and other artifacts. However, mutated or unknown miRNAs, or regulations at the primary and precursor transcript level, will not be detected. The method presented here represents a thorough investigation of estrogen-mediated miRNA regulation.

Molecular signaling through both estrogen and microRNAs are critical in breast cancer development and growth. Estrogen activates the estrogen receptors, which are transcription factors. Many transcription factors can regulate the expression of microRNAs, and estrogen-regulated microRNAs can be profiled using different large-scale techniques.

Estrogen plays vital roles in mammary gland development and breast cancer progression. It mediates its function by binding to and activating the estrogen ...

Carotid Artery Infusions for Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Taxanes in Mice

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study model. As the use of mouse models are often a vital step in preclinical drug discovery and drug development1-8, it is necessary to design a system to introduce drugs into mice in a uniform, reproducible manner. Ideally, the system should permit the collection of blood samples at regular intervals over a set time course. The ability to measure drug concentrations by mass-spectrometry, has allowed investigators to follow the changes in plasma drug levels over time in individual mice1, 9, 10. In this study, paclitaxel was introduced into transgenic mice as a continuous arterial infusion over three hours, while blood samples were simultaneously taken by retro-orbital bleeds at set time points. Carotid artery infusions are a potential alternative to jugular vein infusions, when factors such as mammary tumors or other obstructions make jugular infusions impractical. Using this technique, paclitaxel concentrations in plasma and tissue achieved similar levels as compared to jugular infusion. In this tutorial, we will demonstrate how to successfully catheterize the carotid artery by preparing an optimized catheter for the individual mouse model, then show how to insert and secure the catheter into the mouse carotid artery, thread the end of the catheter out through the back of the mouse&#8217;s neck, and hook the mouse to a pump to deliver a controlled rate of drug influx. Multiple low volume retro-orbital bleeds allow for analysis of plasma drug concentrations over time.

This method was developed with the goal of delivering a steady drug solution via the carotid artery, to assess the pharmacokinetics of novel drugs in mouse models.

When proposing the use of a drug, drug combination, or drug delivery into a novel system, one must assess the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the study ...

High Throughput Characterization of Adult Stem Cells Engineered for Delivery of Therapeutic Factors for Neuroprotective Strategies

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow are a powerful cellular resource and have been used in numerous studies as potential candidates to develop strategies for treating a variety of diseases. The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize MSCs as cellular vehicles engineered for delivery of therapeutic factors as part of a neuroprotective strategy for rescuing the damaged or diseased nervous system. In this study we used mouse MSCs that were genetically modified using lentiviral vectors, which encoded brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), together with green fluorescent protein (GFP). 
Before proceeding with in vivo transplant studies it was important to characterize the engineered cells to determine whether or not the genetic modification altered aspects of normal cell behavior. Different culture substrates were examined for their ability to support cell adhesion, proliferation, survival, and cell migration of the four subpopulations of engineered MSCs. High content screening (HCS) was conducted and image analysis performed. 
Substrates examined included: poly-L-lysine, fibronectin, collagen type I, laminin, entactin-collagen IV-laminin (ECL). Ki67 immunolabeling was used to investigate cell proliferation and Propidium Iodide staining was used to investigate cell viability. Time-lapse imaging was conducted using a transmitted light/environmental chamber system on the high content screening system.
Our results demonstrated that the different subpopulations of the genetically modified MSCs displayed similar behaviors that were in general comparable to that of the original, non-modified MSCs. The influence of different culture substrates on cell growth and cell migration was not dramatically different between groups comparing the different MSC subtypes, as well as culture substrates. 
This study provides an experimental strategy to rapidly characterize engineered stem cells and their behaviors before their application in long-term in vivo transplant studies for nervous system rescue and repair.

This study describes an experimental platform to rapidly characterize engineered stem cells and their behaviors before their application in long-term in vivo transplant studies for nervous system rescue and repair.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow are a powerful cellular resource and have been used in numerous studies as potential candidates to ...

An Improved Method for Rapid Intubation of the Trachea in Mice

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity is a commonly used model to study both acute lung injury and fibrosis, and multiple methods have been developed for administering bleomycin (and other toxic agents) into the lungs. However, many of these approaches, such as transtracheal instillation, have inherent drawbacks, including the need for strong anesthetics and survival surgery. This paper reports a quick, reproducible method of intratracheal intubation that involves mild inhaled anesthesia, visualization of the trachea, and the use of a surrogate spirometer to confirm exposure. As a proof of concept, 8-12 week old C57BL/6 mice were administered either 2.0 U/kg of bleomycin or an equivalent volume of PBS, and both damage and fibrotic endpoints were measured post-exposure. This procedure allows researchers to treat a large cohort of mice in a relatively short period with little expense and minimal post-procedure care.

This article presents a rapid and simple method for administering bleomycin directly into the mouse trachea via intubation. Key advantages of this method are that it is highly reproducible, easy to master, and does not require specialized equipment or lengthy recovery times.

Despite some anatomical and physiological differences, mouse models continue to be an essential tool for studying human lung disease. Bleomycin toxicity ...

A Method for Quantifying Upper Limb Performance in Daily Life Using Accelerometers

A key reason for referral to rehabilitation services after stroke and other neurological conditions is to improve one's ability to function in daily life. It has become important to measure a person's activities in daily life, and not just measure their capacity for activity in the structured environment of a clinic or laboratory. A wearable sensor that is now enabling measurement of daily movement is the accelerometer. Accelerometers are commercially-available devices resembling large wrist watches that can be worn throughout the day. Data from accelerometers can quantify how the limbs are engaged to perform activities in peoples' homes and communities. This report describes a methodology to collect accelerometry data and turn it into clinically-relevant information. First, data are collected by having the participant wear two accelerometers (one on each wrist) for 24 h or longer. The accelerometry data are then downloaded and processed to produce four different variables that describe key aspects of upper limb activity in daily life: hours of use, use ratio, magnitude ratio, and the bilateral magnitude. Density plots can be constructed that visually represent the data from the 24 h wearing period. The variables and their resultant density plots are highly consistent in neurologically-intact, community-dwelling adults. This striking consistency makes them a useful tool for determining if upper limb daily performance is different from normal. This methodology is appropriate for research studies investigating upper limb dysfunction and interventions designed to improve upper limb performance in daily life in people with stroke and other patient populations. Because of its relative simplicity, it may not be long before it is also incorporated in clinical neurorehabilitation practice.

This protocol describes a method to quantify upper limb performance in daily life using wrist-worn accelerometers.

A key reason for referral to rehabilitation services after stroke and other neurological conditions is to improve one's ability to function in daily life. ...

Estimation of Nephron Number in Whole Kidney using the Acid Maceration Method

Nephron endowment refers to the total number of nephrons an individual is born with, as nephrogenesis in humans is completed by 36 weeks of gestation and no new nephrons are formed post-birth. Nephron number refers to the total number of nephrons measured at any point in time post-birth. Both genetic and environmental factors influence both nephron endowment and number. Understanding how specific genes or factors influence the process of nephrogenesis and nephron loss or demise is important as individuals with lower nephron endowment or number are thought to be at a higher risk of developing renal or cardiovascular disease. Understanding how environmental exposures over the course of a person's lifetime affects nephron number will also be vital in determining future disease risk. Thus, the ability to assess whole kidney nephron number quickly and reliably is a basic experimental requirement to better understand mechanisms that contribute to or promote nephrogenesis or nephron loss. Here, we describe the acid maceration method for the estimation of whole kidney nephron number based on the procedure described by Damadian, Shawayri, and Bricker, with slight modifications. The acid maceration method provides fast and reliable estimates of nephron number (as assessed by counting glomeruli) that are within 5% of those determined using more advanced, albeit expensive, methods such as magnetic resonance imaging. Moreover, the acid maceration method is an excellent high-throughput method to assess nephron number in large numbers of samples or experimental conditions.

Estimates of whole kidney nephron number are important clinically and experimentally, as there is an inverse association between nephron number and an enhanced risk of renal and cardiovascular disease.Herein, the use of the acid maceration method, which provides fast and reliable estimates of whole kidney nephron number, is demonstrated.

Nephron endowment refers to the total number of nephrons an individual is born with, as nephrogenesis in humans is completed by 36 weeks of gestation and ...

High-throughput Nitrobenzoxadiazole-labeled Cholesterol Efflux Assay

Atherosclerosis leads to cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is still unclear whether cholesterol-HDL (cHDL) concentration plays a causal role in atherosclerosis development. However, an important factor in early stages of atheroma plaque formation is cholesterol efflux capacity to HDL (the ability of HDL particles to accept cholesterol from macrophages) in order to avoid foam cell formation. This is a key step in avoiding the accumulation of cholesterol in the endothelium and a part of reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) to eliminate cholesterol through the liver. Cholesterol efflux capacity to serum or plasma in macrophage cell models is a promising tool that can be used as biomarker for atherosclerosis. Traditionally, [3H]-cholesterol has been used in cholesterol efflux assays. In this study, we aim to develop a safer and faster strategy using fluorescent labelled-cholesterol (NBD-cholesterol) in a cellular assay to trace the cholesterol uptake and efflux process in THP-1-derived macrophages. Finally, we optimize and standardize the NBD-cholesterol efflux method and develop a high-throughput analysis using 96-well plates.

Measurement of in vitro cholesterol efflux capacity to serum or plasma in macrophage cell models is a promising tool as a biomarker for atherosclerosis. In the present study, we optimize and standardize a fluorescent NBD-cholesterol efflux method and develop a high-throughput analysis using 96-well plates.