The authors thank members of the FDA&#8217;s Microbiology Methods Validation Subcommittee (MMVS) and Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Council for critically reviewing Salmonella LAMP method validation studies.

<ol>
	<li>Notomi, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+of+DNA.">Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 28 (12), 63 (2000).</li><li>Kaneko, H., Kawana, T., Fukushima, E., Suzutani, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tolerance+of+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+to+a+culture+medium+and+biological+substances.">Tolerance of loop-mediated isothermal amplification to a culture medium and biological substances.</a> Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods. 70 (3), 499-501 (2007).</li><li>Francois, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robustness+of+a+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+reaction+for+diagnostic+applications.">Robustness of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction for diagnostic applications.</a> FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 62 (1), 41-48 (2011).</li><li>Yang, Q., Wang, F., Prinyawiwatkul, W., Ge, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Robustness+of+Salmonella+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+assays+for+food+applications.">Robustness of Salmonella loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for food applications.</a> Journal of Applied Microbiology. 116 (1), 81-88 (2014).</li><li>Nagamine, K., Watanabe, K., Ohtsuka, K., Hase, T., Notomi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+reaction+using+a+nondenatured+template.">Loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction using a nondenatured template.</a> Clinical Chemistry. 47 (9), 1742-1743 (2001).</li><li>Zhang, X., Lowe, S. B., Gooding, J. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brief+review+of+monitoring+methods+for+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+(LAMP).">Brief review of monitoring methods for loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).</a> Biosensors &amp; Bioelectronics. 61, 491-499 (2014).</li><li>Nagamine, K., Hase, T., Notomi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accelerated+reaction+by+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+using+loop+primers.">Accelerated reaction by loop-mediated isothermal amplification using loop primers.</a> Molecular and Cellular Probes. 16 (3), 223-229 (2002).</li><li>Yang, Q., Domesle, K. J., Ge, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+for+Salmonella+detection+in+food+and+feed:+Current+applications+and+future+directions.">Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for Salmonella detection in food and feed: Current applications and future directions.</a> Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 15 (6), 309-331 (2018).</li><li>Mori, Y., Notomi, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+(LAMP):+Expansion+of+its+practical+application+as+a+tool+to+achieve+universal+health+coverage.">Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): Expansion of its practical application as a tool to achieve universal health coverage.</a> Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy. 26 (1), 13-17 (2020).</li><li>Mansour, S. M., Ali, H., Chase, C. C., Cepica, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+for+diagnosis+of+18+World+Organization+for+Animal+Health+(OIE)+notifiable+viral+diseases+of+ruminants,+swine+and+poultry.">Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for diagnosis of 18 World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) notifiable viral diseases of ruminants, swine and poultry.</a> Animal Health Research Reviews. 16 (2), 89-106 (2015).</li><li>Kumar, Y., Bansal, S., Jaiswal, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+(LAMP):+A+rapid+and+sensitive+tool+for+quality+assessment+of+meat+products.">Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP): A rapid and sensitive tool for quality assessment of meat products.</a> Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 16 (6), 1359-1378 (2017).</li><li>Kundapur, R. R., Nema, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification:+Beyond+microbial+identification.">Loop-mediated isothermal amplification: Beyond microbial identification.</a> Cogent Biology. 2, 1137110 (2016).</li><li>. Compliance Policy Guide Sec. 690.800 Salmonella in Food for Animals Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.fda.gov/downloads/iceci/compliancemanuals/compliancepolicyguidancemanual/ucm361105.pdf">https://www.fda.gov/downloads/iceci/compliancemanuals/compliancepolicyguidancemanual/ucm361105.pdf</a> (2013)</li><li>Bird, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+3M+molecular+detection+assay+(MDA)+2+-+Salmonella+for+the+detection+of+Salmonella+spp.+in+select+foods+and+environmental+surfaces:+collaborative+study,+first+action+2016.01.">Evaluation of the 3M molecular detection assay (MDA) 2 - Salmonella for the detection of Salmonella spp. in select foods and environmental surfaces: collaborative study, first action 2016.01.</a> Journal of AOAC International. 99 (4), 980-997 (2016).</li><li>D'Agostino, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+loop-mediated+amplification/ISO+6579-based+method+for+analysing+soya+meal+for+the+presence+of+Salmonella+enterica.">Validation of a loop-mediated amplification/ISO 6579-based method for analysing soya meal for the presence of Salmonella enterica.</a> Food Analytical Methods. 9 (11), 2979-2985 (2016).</li><li>Ge, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-laboratory+validation+of+a+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+method+for+screening+Salmonella+in+animal+food.">Multi-laboratory validation of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for screening Salmonella in animal food.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. 10, 562 (2019).</li><li>D'Agostino, M., Diez-Valcarce, M., Robles, S., Losilla-Garcia, B., Cook, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification-based+method+for+analysing+animal+feed+for+the+presence+of+Salmonella.">A loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based method for analysing animal feed for the presence of Salmonella.</a> Food Analytical Methods. 8 (10), 2409-2416 (2015).</li><li>Galan, J. E., Ginocchio, C., Costeas, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+and+functional+characterization+of+the+Salmonella+invasion+gene+invA:+homology+of+InvA+to+members+of+a+new+protein+family.">Molecular and functional characterization of the Salmonella invasion gene invA: homology of InvA to members of a new protein family.</a> Journal of Bacteriology. 174 (13), 4338-4349 (1992).</li><li>Chen, S., Wang, F., Beaulieu, J. C., Stein, R. E., Ge, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+detection+of+viable+salmonellae+in+produce+by+coupling+propidium+monoazide+with+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification.">Rapid detection of viable salmonellae in produce by coupling propidium monoazide with loop-mediated isothermal amplification.</a> Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77 (12), 4008-4016 (2011).</li><li>Yang, Q., Chen, S., Ge, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detecting+Salmonella+serovars+in+shell+eggs+by+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification.">Detecting Salmonella serovars in shell eggs by loop-mediated isothermal amplification.</a> Journal of Food Protection. 76 (10), 1790-1796 (2013).</li><li>Yang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+for+the+rapid,+reliable,+and+robust+detection+of+Salmonella+in+produce.">Evaluation of loop-mediated isothermal amplification for the rapid, reliable, and robust detection of Salmonella in produce.</a> Food Microbiology. 46, 485-493 (2015).</li><li>Yang, Q., Domesle, K. J., Wang, F., Ge, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+detection+of+Salmonella+in+food+and+feed+by+coupling+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+with+bioluminescent+assay+in+real-time.">Rapid detection of Salmonella in food and feed by coupling loop-mediated isothermal amplification with bioluminescent assay in real-time.</a> BMC Microbiology. 16 (1), 112 (2016).</li><li>Domesle, K. J., Yang, Q., Hammack, T. S., Ge, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+Salmonella+loop-mediated+isothermal+amplification+assay+in+animal+food.">Validation of a Salmonella loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay in animal food.</a> International Journal of Food Microbiology. 264, 63-76 (2018).</li><li>Bustin, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+MIQE+guidelines:+minimum+information+for+publication+of+quantitative+real-time+PCR+experiments.">The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments.</a> Clinical Chemistry. 55 (4), 611-622 (2009).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests. The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Department of Health and Human Services, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or the U.S. Government. Reference to any commercial materials, equipment, or process does not in any way constitute approval, endorsement, or recommendation by the Food and Drug Administration.

We have presented here a simple, rapid, specific, and sensitive LAMP method for screening and confirming Salmonella in animal food and pure culture, respectively. With the convenience of an isothermal master mix that contains four key reagents, and a ready-to-use, in-house prepared primer mix, assembling a LAMP reaction requires only a few pipetting steps (Figure 1). The total run time including amplification and anneal phases is less than 38 min (Figure 2A,B and Figure 3A,B). Positive results are monitored via real-time fluorescence (Figure 2C and Figure 3C,D) and can be detected as early as 5 min26. The anneal phase serves as an extra confirmation of LAMP specificity since only samples with correct Tm (around 90 &#176;C) are reported as positive (Figure 2D,E and Figure 3E&#8722;G). Sensitivities of 1 Salmonella cell in pure culture and &#60; 1 CFU/25 g in animal food have been reported previously26.
As LAMP is quite effective and generates a large quantity of DNA1, it is critical that best laboratory practices are used to prevent cross-contamination, which may include physically separating the areas for preparing the LAMP master mix and adding DNA templates, avoiding generating aerosols, using filter pipette tips, changing gloves often, and refraining from opening LAMP reaction tubes post-amplification.
The specificity of this Salmonella LAMP method was previously tested using 300 bacterial strains (247 Salmonella of 185 serovars and 53 non-Salmonella) and demonstrated to be 100% specific26. Notably, significant differences in Tmax were observed between the two Salmonella species, S. enterica and Salmonella bongori, and among S. enterica subspecies, especially subsp. arizonae (IIIa)26. Nonetheless, these were still valid positive results per the rules for interpreting LAMP results. In our multi-laboratory collaborative study in dry dog food which involved 14 analysts19, samples having inconsistent results in duplicate LAMP runs were occasionally observed. These usually involved samples with delayed positive results (Tmax &#62; 15 min). Repeating both runs independently usually resolved the issue. More rarely, we observed samples with correct Tm but no or irregular Tmax values (&#60; 5 min). This was usually caused by air bubbles in the reaction tube.
Throughout the lifecycle of LAMP method development, evaluation, precollaborative study, and multi-laboratory validation, we have observed high tolerance of LAMP to inhibitors in various animal food or food matrices and culture media4,19,22,23,24, highlighting the robustness of the method and collaborating numerous other studies on a global scale8. This is superior compared to PCR or real-time PCR, which usually requires an internal amplification control to ensure that negative results are not due to matrix inhibition28. Further, LAMP demonstrated similar (or superior) specificity and sensitivity compared to PCR or real-time PCR in the vast majority of studies8. The cost of LAMP reagents is at about $1 per reaction. The LAMP instruments used in this protocol are small, low-maintenance, and portable. They can handle any isothermal amplification method that employs target detection by fluorescence measurement, LAMP included. Using the LAMP software, comprehensive reports can be generated in multiple format (pdf, text, and image).
Method validation is a critical step before a new method can be adopted for routine use. It is noteworthy that the LAMP protocol reported here has successfully completed multi-laboratory validation19. With the recent incorporation of this LAMP protocol into the U.S. FDA&#8217;s BAM Chapter 5 Salmonella27, it is expected that the method will gain much wider use, both as a rapid screening method in animal food and as a reliable confirmation method for presumptive Salmonella isolates from all food categories.

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a novel isothermal nucleic acid amplification test (iNAAT) invented in 2000 by a group of Japanese scientists1. Through the formation of a target-specific stem-loop DNA structure during initial steps, LAMP uses a strand-displacing DNA polymerase to efficiently amplify this starting material quasi-exponentially, resulting in 109 copies of target in less than 1 h1. Compared to polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a widely used NAAT, LAMP possesses several advantages. First, LAMP reactions are carried out under isothermal conditions. This obviates the need for a sophisticated thermal cycling instrument. Second, LAMP is highly tolerant to culture media and biological substances2 with robustness demonstrated for both clinical and food applications3,4. This simplifies sample preparation and minimizes false negative results5. Third, LAMP is amenable to multiple detection platforms, such as turbidity, colorimetry, bioluminescence, fluorescence, and microfluidics6. Fourth, LAMP is highly specific as it uses four to six specially designed primers to target six to eight specific regions1,7. Fifth, LAMP is ultrasensitive and numerous studies have reported its superior sensitivity to PCR or real-time PCR8. Finally, LAMP is faster with many assays now adopting a 30 min standard run time while PCR-type assays usually take 1&#8722;2 h8.
These attractive features fueled the application of LAMP in broad pathogen detection areas, including in vitro diagnostics9, animal disease diagnostics10, and food and environmental testing11. Notably, a TB-LAMP (LAMP for Mycobacterium tuberculosis) has been recommended by WHO as a valid replacement test for sputum-smear microscopy for pulmonary tuberculosis diagnoses in peripheral settings12. LAMP application also expands beyond microbial identification to include the detection of allergens, animal species, drug resistance, genetically modified organisms, and pesticides13.
Nontyphoidal Salmonella is a zoonotic pathogen of substantial food safety and public health concern worldwide14. It has also been identified as an important microbial hazard in food for animals (i.e., animal food)15,16. To prevent Salmonella illnesses/outbreaks from contaminated human food and animal food, it is imperative to have rapid, reliable, and robust methods for testing Salmonella in a variety of matrices. In the past decade, considerable efforts have been made internationally on the development and application of Salmonella LAMP assays in a wide array of food matrices, as recently summarized in an extensive review8. Several Salmonella LAMP assays, including the one presented here, have successfully completed multi-laboratory validation following well-established international guidelines17,18,19,20.
Our Salmonella LAMP assay specifically targets the Salmonella invasion gene invA (GenBank accession number M90846)21 and is rapid, reliable, and robust in multiple food matrices4,22,23,24,25,26. The method has been validated in six animal food matrices in a precollaborative study26 and in dry dog food in a multi-laboratory collaborative study19. As a result, the Salmonella LAMP method presented here has recently been incorporated into the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)&#8217;s Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Chapter 5 Salmonella27 to serve two purposes, one as a rapid screening method for the presence of Salmonella in animal food and two as a reliable confirmation method for presumptive Salmonella isolated from all foods.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Brain heart infusion (BHI) broth</td>
			<td>BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td>299070</td>
			<td>Liquid growth medium used in the cultivation of Salmonella.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buffered peptone water (BPW)</td>
			<td>BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td>218105</td>
			<td>Preenrichment medium for the recovery of Salmonella from animal food samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DNA AWAY</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>7010</td>
			<td>Eliminates unwanted DNA and DNase from laboratory bench, glassware, and plasticware without affecting subsequent DNA samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Genie Explorer software</td>
			<td>OptiGene Ltd., West Sussex, United Kingdom</td>
			<td>Version 2.0.6.3</td>
			<td>Supports remote operation of Genie instruments including LAMP runs and data analysis.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Genie II or Genie III (LAMP instrument)</td>
			<td>OptiGene Ltd., West Sussex, United Kingdom</td>
			<td>GEN2-02 or GEN3-02</td>
			<td>A small instrument capable of temperature control up to 100 &#176;C with &#177; 0.1 &#176;C accuracy and simultaneous fluorescence detection via the FAM channel. Genie II has 2 blocks (A and B) with 8 samples in each block. Genie III has a single block that accommodates 8 samples.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Genie strip</td>
			<td>OptiGene Ltd., West Sussex, United Kingdom</td>
			<td>OP-0008</td>
			<td>8-well microtube strips with integral locking caps and a working volume of 10 to 150 &#181;l.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Genie strip holder</td>
			<td>OptiGene Ltd., West Sussex, United Kingdom</td>
			<td>GBLOCK</td>
			<td>Used to hold Genie strips when setting up a LAMP reaction, the aluminum holder can also be used as a cool block.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution, 1 N</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>SA48-500</td>
			<td>Adjusts pH of animal food samples after adding BPW and prior to overnight enrichment.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat block</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>88-860-022</td>
			<td>Heats samples at 100 &#177; 1 oC for DNA extraction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>3960</td>
			<td>Standard laboratory incubator.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ISO-001 isothermal master mix</td>
			<td>OptiGene Ltd., West Sussex, United Kingdom</td>
			<td>ISO-001</td>
			<td>An optimized master mix to simplify the assembly of a LAMP reaction, containing a strand-displacing GspSSD DNA polymerase large fragment from Geobacillus spp., thermostable inorganic pyrophosphatase, reaction buffer, MgSO4, dNTPs, and a double-stranded DNA binding dye (FAM detection channel).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropanol</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>A416</td>
			<td>Disinfects work surfaces.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LAMP primers</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies Inc., Coralville, IA</td>
			<td>Custom</td>
			<td>LAMP primers with detailed information in Table 1.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Eppendorf North America, Hauppauge, NY</td>
			<td>22620207</td>
			<td>MiniSpin plus personal microcentrifuge.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>05-408-129</td>
			<td>Standard microcentrifuge tubes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molecular grade water</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>AM9938</td>
			<td>Used in making primer stocks, primer mix, and LAMP reaction mix.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, 1 N</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>SS266-1</td>
			<td>Adjusts pH of animal food samples after adding BPW and prior to overnight enrichment.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonselective agar (e.g., blood agar, nutrient agar, and trypticase soy agar)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>R01202</td>
			<td>Solid growth medium used in the cultivation of Salmonella.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone water</td>
			<td>BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td>218071</td>
			<td>Dilutes overnight Salmonella cultures to make positive control DNA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes and tips</td>
			<td>Mettler-Toledo Rainin LLC, Oakland CA</td>
			<td>Pipet Lite LTS series</td>
			<td>Standard laboratory pipettes and tips.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PrepMan Ultra sample preparation reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>4318930</td>
			<td>A simple kit used for the rapid preparation of DNA templates for use in a LAMP reaction.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Salmonella reference strain LT2</td>
			<td>ATCC, Manassas, VA</td>
			<td>700720</td>
			<td>Salmonella reference strain used as positive control.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypticase soy broth (TSB)</td>
			<td>BD Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td>211768</td>
			<td>Liquid growth medium used in the cultivation of Salmonella.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex mixer</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries, Inc., Bohemia, NY</td>
			<td>SI-0236</td>
			<td>Standard laboratory vortex mixer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whirl-pak filter bag</td>
			<td>Nasco Sampling Brand, Fort Atkinson, WI</td>
			<td>B01318</td>
			<td>Filter bags to hold animal food samples for preenrichment.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

loop-mediated isothermal amplification for screening salmonella in animal food and confirming salmonella from culture isolation

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has emerged as a powerful nucleic acid amplification test for the rapid detection of numerous bacterial, fungal, parasitic, and viral agents. Salmonella is a bacterial pathogen of worldwide food safety concern, including food for animals. Presented here is a multi-laboratory-validated Salmonella LAMP protocol that can be used to rapidly screen animal food for the presence of Salmonella contamination and can also be used to confirm presumptive Salmonella isolates recovered from all food categories. The LAMP assay specifically targets the Salmonella invasion gene (invA) and is rapid, sensitive, and highly specific. Template DNAs are prepared from enrichment broths of animal food or pure cultures of presumptive Salmonella isolates. The LAMP reagent mixture is prepared by combining an isothermal master mix, primers, DNA template, and water. The LAMP assay runs at a constant temperature of 65 &#176;C for 30 min. Positive results are monitored via real-time fluorescence and can be detected as early as 5 min. The LAMP assay exhibits high tolerance to inhibitors in animal food or culture medium, serving as a rapid, reliable, robust, cost-effective, and user-friendly method for screening and confirming Salmonella. The LAMP method has recently been incorporated into the U.S. Food and Drug Administration&#8217;s Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) Chapter 5.

Figure 2 and Figure 3 show representative LAMP graphs/tables displayed on both platforms. In this LAMP run, samples S1 to S6 are 10-fold serial dilutions of S. enterica serovar Infantis ATCC 51741 ranging from 1.1 x 106 CFU to 11 CFU per reaction. Positive control is S. enterica serovar Typhimurium ATCC 19585 (LT2) at 1.7 x 104 CFU per reaction and NTC is molecular grade water.
As shown in Figure 2E and Figure 3G, both NTC and PC wells are valid controls. The NTC well has blank Tmax while Tm is &#60; 83 &#176;C on the LAMP instrument panel and blank in the LAMP software, suggesting a negative result. The PC well has Tmax of 7 min 45 sec and Tm of ~ 90 &#176;C on both platforms, suggesting a positive result. Samples S1 to S6 have Tmax between 6 min 30 sec&#160;and 12 min 15 sec, all being Salmonella-positive.&#160;
Following duplicate runs of the same set of samples, the final LAMP results are reported for these samples. This representative LAMP run shows that LAMP successfully detects Salmonella with a wide range of concentrations in the samples.&#160;
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61239/61239fig2v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 2: Representative LAMP results displayed on the LAMP instrument panel.&#160;(A) The Profile tab shows the programmed temperature profile. (B) The Temperature tab shows actual temperatures in the sample wells as LAMP reaction proceeds. (C) The Amplification tab shows fluorescence readings during LAMP amplification. (D) The Anneal tab shows changes in fluorescence (derivative) during the anneal phase. (E) The Results tab shows a tabular view of the LAMP results. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61239/61239fig2v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
<img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/61239/61239fig3v2.jpg" /> 
Figure 3: Representative LAMP results viewed in the LAMP software.&#160;(A) The Profile tab shows the programmed temperature profile. (B) The Temperature tab shows actual temperatures in the sample wells as LAMP reaction proceeds. (C) The Amplification tab shows fluorescence readings during LAMP amplification. (D) The Amplification Rate tab shows changes in fluorescence (fluorescence ratio) during LAMP amplification. (E) The Anneal tab shows fluorescence readings during the anneal phase. (F) The Anneal Derivative tab shows changes in fluorescence (derivative) during the anneal phase. (G) The Result tab shows a tabular view of the LAMP results. <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/61239/61239fig3v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Screening Salmonella in Animal Food and Confirming Salmonella from Culture Isolation at JoVE.com

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Screening Salmonella in Animal Food and Confirming Salmonella from Culture Isolation

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification test (iNAAT) that has attracted broad interest in the pathogen detection field. Here, we present a multi-laboratory-validated Salmonella LAMP protocol as a rapid, reliable, and robust method for screening Salmonella in animal food and confirming presumptive Salmonella from culture isolation.

Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Screening Salmonella in Animal Food and Confirming Salmonella from Culture Isolation

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) has emerged as a powerful nucleic acid amplification test for the rapid detection of numerous bacterial, ...

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7.9K Views.  U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification test (iNAAT) that has attracted broad interest in the pathogen detection field. Here, we present a multi-laboratory-validated Salmonella LAMP protocol as a rapid, reliable, and robust method for screening Salmonella in animal food and confirming presumptive Salmonella from culture isolation.

Video: Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Screening Salmonella in Animal Food and Confirming Salmonella from Culture Isolation

Chronic Salmonella Infected Mouse Model

The bacterial infected mouse model is a powerful model system for studying areas such as infection, inflammation, immunology, signal transduction, and tumorigenesis. Many researchers have taken advantage of the colitis induced by Salmonella typhimurium for the studies on the early phase of inflammation and infection. However, only few reports are on the chronic infection in vivo. Mice with Salmonella persistent existence in the gastrointestinal tract allow us to explore the long-term host-bacterial interaction, signal transduction, and tumorigenesis. We have established a chronic bacterial infected mouse model with Salmonella typhimurium colonization in the mouse intestine over 6 months. To use this system, it is necessary for the researcher to learn how to prepare the bacterial culture and gavage the animals. We detail a methodology for prepare bacterial culture and gavage mice. We also show how to detect the Salmonella persistence in the gastrointestinal tract. Overall, this protocol will aid researchers using the bacterial infected mouse model to address fundamentally important biological and microbiological questions.

Chronic Salmonella Infected Mouse Model

Establish a chronic bacterial infected mouse model with persistent Salmonella typhimurium colonization in intestine for 27 weeks.

The bacterial infected mouse model is a powerful model system for studying areas such as infection, inflammation, immunology, signal transduction, and ...

Determination of Reproductive Competence by Confirming Pubertal Onset and Performing a Fertility Assay in Mice and Rats

Assessment of reproductive competence is critical for understanding the impact of a treatment or genetic manipulation on the reproductive axis, also termed the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The reproductive axis is a key integrator of environmental and internal input adapting fertility to favorable conditions for reproduction. Prior to embarking upon a fertility study in mice and rats, sexual maturity is evaluated to exclude the possibility that the observed reproductive phenotypes are caused by delayed or absent pubertal onset. This protocol describes a non-invasive approach to assess pubertal onset in males through the determination of preputial separation, and in females through vaginal opening and first estrus. After the confirmation of the completion of puberty and the achievement of sexual maturity, a fertility study can be initiated. The procedure describes the optimal breeding conditions for mice and rats, how to set up a fertility study, and what parameters to evaluate and determine if the treatment or gene deletion has an impact on fertility.

Many treatments and genetic mutations impact the timing of sexual maturity and fertility. This protocol describes a non-invasive method to evaluate pubertal onset in mice and rats prior to setting up a fertility study in sexually mature animals.

Assessment of reproductive competence is critical for understanding the impact of a treatment or genetic manipulation on the reproductive axis, also ...

Quasi-metagenomic Analysis of Salmonella from Food and Environmental Samples

Quasi-metagenomics sequencing refers to the sequencing-based analysis of modified microbiomes of food and environmental samples. In this protocol, microbiome modification is designed to concentrate genomic DNA of a target foodborne pathogen contaminant to facilitate the detection and subtyping of the pathogen in a single workflow. Here, we explain and demonstrate the sample preparation steps for the quasi-metagenomics analysis of Salmonella enterica from representative food and environmental samples including alfalfa sprouts, ground black pepper, ground beef, chicken breast and environmental swabs. Samples are first subjected to the culture enrichment of Salmonella for a shortened and adjustable duration (4&#8211;24 h). Salmonella cells are then selectively captured from the enrichment culture by immunomagnetic separation (IMS). Finally, multiple displacement amplification (MDA) is performed to amplify DNA from IMS-captured cells. The DNA output of this protocol can be sequenced by high throughput sequencing platforms. An optional quantitative PCR analysis can be performed to replace sequencing for Salmonella detection or assess the concentration of Salmonella DNA before sequencing.

Quasi-metagenomic Analysis of Salmonella from Food and Environmental Samples

Here, we present a protocol to prepare DNA samples from food and environmental microbiomes for concerted detection and subtyping of Salmonella through quasimetagenomic sequencing. The combined use of culture enrichment, immunomagnetic separation (IMS), and multiple displacement amplification (MDA) allows effective concentration of Salmonella genomic DNA from food and environmental samples.&#160;

Quasi-metagenomics sequencing refers to the sequencing-based analysis of modified microbiomes of food and environmental samples. In this protocol, ...

Isolation and Culture of Primary Oral Keratinocytes from the Adult Mouse Palate

For years, most studies involving keratinocytes have been conducted using human and mouse skin epidermal keratinocytes. Recently, oral keratinocytes have attracted attention because of their unique function and characteristics. They maintain the homeostasis of the oral epithelium and serve as resources for applications in regenerative therapies. However, in vitro studies that use oral primary keratinocytes from adult mice have been limited due to the lack of an efficient and well-established culture protocol. Here, oral primary keratinocytes were isolated from the palate tissues of adult mice and cultured in a commercial low-calcium medium supplemented with a chelexed-serum. Under these conditions, keratinocytes were maintained in a proliferative or stem cell-like state, and their differentiation was inhibited even after increased passages. Marker expression analysis showed that the cultured oral keratinocytes expressed the basal cell markers p63, K14, and &#945;6-integrin and were negative for the differentiation marker K13 and the fibroblast marker PDGFR&#945;. This method produced viable and culturable cells suitable for downstream applications in the study of oral epithelial stem cell functions in vitro.

The present protocol describes the isolation and culture of oral keratinocytes derived from the adult mouse palate. An evaluation method using immunostaining is also reported.

For years, most studies involving keratinocytes have been conducted using human and mouse skin epidermal keratinocytes. Recently, oral keratinocytes have ...

Isolation and Screening from Soil Biodiversity for Fungi Involved in the Degradation of Recalcitrant Materials

Environmental pollution is an increasing problem, and identifying fungi involved in the bioremediation process is an essential task. Soil hosts an incredible diversity of microbial life and can be a good source of these bioremediative fungi. This work aims to search for soil fungi with bioremediation potential by using different screening tests. Mineral culture media supplemented with recalcitrant substances as the sole carbon source were used as growth tests. First, soil dilutions were plated on Petri dishes with mineral medium amended with humic acids or lignocellulose. The growing fungal colonies were isolated and tested on different substrates, such as complex mixtures of hydrocarbons (petrolatum and used motor oil) and powders of different plastic polymers (PET, PP, PS, PUR, PVC). Qualitative enzymatic tests were associated with the growth tests to investigate the production of esterases, laccases, peroxidases, and proteases. These enzymes are involved in the main degradation processes of recalcitrant material, and their constitutive secretion by the examined fungal strains could have the potential to be exploited for bioremediation. More than 100 strains were isolated and tested, and several isolates with good bioremediation potential were found. In conclusion, the described screening tests are an easy and low-cost method to identify fungal strains with bioremediation potential from the soil. In addition, it is possible to tailor the screening tests for different pollutants, according to requirements, by adding other recalcitrant substances to minimal culture media.

Here, we present a protocol for screening soil biodiversity to look for fungal strains involved in the degradation of recalcitrant materials. First, fungal strains able to grow on humic acids or lignocellulose are isolated. Their activity is then tested both in enzymatic assays and on pollutants such as hydrocarbons and plastics.

Environmental pollution is an increasing problem, and identifying fungi involved in the bioremediation process is an essential task. Soil hosts an ...

Single-Cell Suspension Preparation from Nile Tilapia Intestine for Single-Cell Sequencing

Nile tilapia is one of the most commonly cultured freshwater fish species worldwide and is a widely used research model for aquaculture fish studies. The preparation of high-quality single-cell suspensions is essential for single-cell level studies such as single-cell RNA or genome sequencing. However, there is no ready-to-use protocol for aquaculture fish species, particularly for the intestine of tilapia. The effective dissociation enzymes vary depending on the tissue type. Therefore, optimizing the tissue dissociation protocol by selecting the appropriate enzyme or enzyme combination to obtain enough viable cells with minimum damage is essential. This study illustrates an optimized protocol to prepare a high-quality single-cell suspension from Nile tilapia intestine with an enzyme combination of collagenase/dispase. This combination is highly effective for dissociation with the utilization of bovine serum albumin and DNase to reduce cell aggregation after digestion. The cell output satisfies the requirements for single-cell sequencing, with 90% cell viability and a high cell concentration. This protocol can also be modified to prepare a single-cell suspension from the intestines of other fish species. This research provides an efficient reference protocol and reduces the need for additional trials in the preparation of single-cell suspensions for aquaculture fish species.

Here, we demonstrate the preparation of a high-quality single-cell suspension of tilapia intestine for single-cell sequencing.

Nile tilapia is one of the most commonly cultured freshwater fish species worldwide and is a widely used research model for aquaculture fish studies. The ...

Using Colorimetric and RT-LAMP Analysis to Detect SARS-CoV-2 

Detecting SARS-CoV-2 Virus by Reverse Transcription-Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has dramatically impacted human health. It continues to be a threat to modern society because many people die as a result of infection. The disease is diagnosed using serologic and molecular tests, such as the gold standard real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The last has several disadvantages because it requires specialized infrastructure, costly equipment, and trained personnel. Here, we present a protocol outlining the steps required to detect the SARS-CoV-2 virus using reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) in human samples. The protocol includes instructions for designing primers in silico, preparing reagents, amplification, and visualization. Once standardized, this method can be easily implemented and adapted to any laboratory or point-of-care within 60 min at a low cost and using inexpensive equipment. It is adaptable to detecting different pathogens. Thus, it can potentially be used in the field and in health centers to carry out timely epidemiological surveillance.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Pathogen Diagnostics with Standardized LAMP

Here we provide a complete protocol to standardize and implement the method for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 virus in human samples by reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP). This method, done within 60 min, could be adapted to any laboratory or point-of-care at a low cost and using inexpensive equipment.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has dramatically impacted human health. It continues to be a threat to modern ...

Using Bacterial LPS to Eliminate Bacteriophages from Salmonella Cultures

Bacteriophage Removal from Infected Salmonella Cultures

Bacteriophages, or simply phages, play a vital role in microbial environments, impacting bacterial populations and shaping their evolution and interactions. These organisms are viruses that infect and replicate within bacterial hosts. Phages are ubiquitous on Earth, highly diverse, and very abundant. While bacteriophages have valuable roles in different environments and are a key area of research in microbiology and ecology, their presence can be undesirable in certain industrial processes or products. Considering the abundance and ubiquity of bacteriophages on Earth, the design of procedures for the removal of bacteriophages from bacterial cultures is crucial in diverse laboratory and industrial applications to preserve the integrity of the cultures and ensure accurate experimental results or product quality. Here, we have fine-tuned a protocol to eliminate the bacteriophages from infected Salmonella enterica cultures, using a strategy based on the use of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) located in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Bacterial LPS plays an important role in host recognition by phages, and we make use of this property to design an effective procedure for the removal of phages, which use LPS as a receptor, in Salmonella bacterial cultures.

Author Spotlight: Efficiently Eliminating Bacteriophages from Infected Salmonella Cultures Using Lipopolysaccharides

Bacteriophages, ubiquitous and diverse on Earth, infect and replicate within bacterial hosts, playing a crucial role in microbial ecosystems. Despite their importance, their presence may disrupt industrial processes. We have developed a method using bacterial lipopolysaccharides to eliminate bacteriophages from Salmonella cultures.

Bacteriophages, or simply phages, play a vital role in microbial environments, impacting bacterial populations and shaping their evolution and ...

Separation of Hen Ovarian Follicle Layers for Reproductive Research Applications

Separation of Avian Preovulatory Follicle Granulosa and Theca Cell Layers for Downstream Applications

Layer hens (egg-laying chickens) and broiler breeders (breeding stock for meat-producing chickens) are crucial to the world's food supply as a reliable source of protein. They are also an emerging animal model for the study of human reproductive disease. As the field of poultry research develops, the health and function of the layer hen and broiler breeder ovary will be an important point of study for both agricultural and biomedical researchers. One of the challenges presented by this emerging interest is the need for replicable techniques that all researchers can employ in ovarian specimen collection. In particular, a detailed visual process must be established to define the proper separation of the specialized granulosa and theca cell layers from hen follicles to achieve agreement and consistency among researchers. 
This study describes the extraction of preovulatory follicles and ovary tissue in white leghorn hens of prime reproductive age. The separation of these follicles is performed under cold, liquid conditions to congeal the yolk for easier manipulation and to prevent the follicle's own weight from tearing apart cell layers during the separation process. Once the separation is complete, the desired cell layers can be further digested for tissue culture approaches or can be cryopreserved for genomic and proteomic analyses.

Here, we describe a protocol for separating yolk, granulosa cells, and theca cells in avian preovulatory follicles. This precision handling enables critical investigations into the role of these layers in reproductive function, aiding the understanding of follicular development, hormonal regulation, and disease research for enhanced agricultural yield and biomedical insights.

Layer hens (egg-laying chickens) and broiler breeders (breeding stock for meat-producing chickens) are crucial to the world's food supply as a reliable ...