Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

The purpose of this study was two-fold: 1) demonstrate a technique that can be used to directly estimate the inertial properties of a below-knee ...

University of Northern Colorado

The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of time needed for individuals to become well accommodated to asymmetrical changes in lower extremity inertial properties. Participants walked at 1.57 m s(-1) during four separate data collection sessions over the period of eight days. On days 1 and 7, participants completed a 60 min treadmill protocol consisting of both overground (motion and ground reaction force recorded) and treadmill (vertical ground reaction force recorded) walking. On day 1, 1.95 kg was attached distally to one shank prior to the start of the 60 min treadmill protocol and was not removed until day 7. On day 7, the load was permanently removed prior to the 60 min treadmill protocol. On days 2 and 8 participants completed three overground walking trials and walked on the treadmill for approximately 5 min. Stance and swing time asymmetries appeared immediately and were complete following initial assessment after the load was attached. Net joint moments at the knee and hip were altered and continued to change beyond initial exposure to the load, but these changes were complete within 5 min. Overall, results suggest that changes in walking symmetry due to asymmetrical lower extremity loading are immediate and complete within 5 min of exposure to the load. We recommend that at least 5 min of walking or other normal activity be used to accommodate individuals to novel asymmetrical lower extremity loading.

Walking patterns change rapidly following asymmetrical lower extremity loading.

DNA transposons, or class 2 transposable elements, have successfully propagated in a wide variety of genomes. However, it is widely believed that DNA transposon activity has ceased in mammalian genomes for at least the last 40 million years. We recently reported evidence for the relatively recent activity of hAT and Helitron elements, two distinct groups of DNA transposons, in the lineage of the vespertilionid bat Myotis lucifugus. Here, we describe seven additional families that have also been recently active in the bat lineage. Early vespertilionid genome evolution was dominated by the activity of Helitrons, mariner-like and Tc2-like elements. This was followed by the colonization of Tc1-like elements, and by a more recent explosion of hAT-like elements. Finally, and most recently, piggyBac-like elements have amplified within the Myotis genome and our results indicate that one of these families is probably still expanding in natural populations. Together, these data suggest that there has been tremendous recent activity of various DNA transposons in the bat lineage that far exceeds those previously reported for any mammalian lineage. The diverse and recent populations of DNA transposons in genus Myotis will provide an unprecedented opportunity to study the impact of this class of elements on mammalian genome evolution and to better understand what makes some species more susceptible to invasion by genomic parasites than others.

Multiple waves of recent DNA transposon activity in the bat, Myotis lucifugus.

To better understand the extent of Class II transposable element activity in mammals, we investigated the mouse lemur, Microcebus murinus, whole genome shotgun (2X) draft assembly. Analysis of this strepsirrhine primate extended previous research that targeted anthropoid primates and found no activity within the last 37 Myr. We tested the hypothesis that members of the piggyBac Class II superfamily have been inactive in the strepsirrhine lineage of primates during the same period. Evidence against this hypothesis was discovered in the form of three nonautonomous piggyBac elements with activity periods within the past 40 Myr and possibly into the very recent past. In addition, a novel family of piggyBac transposons was identified, suggesting introduction via horizontal transfer. A second autonomous element was also found with high similarity to an element recently described from the little brown bat, Myotis lucifugus, further implicating horizontal transfer in the evolution of this genome. These findings indicate a more complex history of transposon activity in mammals rather than a uniform shutdown of Class II transposition, which had been suggested by analyses of more common model organisms.

PiggyBac-ing on a primate genome: novel elements, recent activity and horizontal transfer.

DNA transposons have considerably affected the size and structure of eukaryotic genomes and have been an important source of evolutionary novelties. In vertebrates, DNA transposons are discontinuously distributed due to the frequent extinction and recolonization of these genomes by active elements. We performed a detailed analysis of the DNA transposons in the genome of the lizard Anolis carolinensis, the first non-avian reptile to have its genome sequenced. Elements belonging to six of the previously recognized superfamilies of elements (hAT, Tc1/Mariner, Helitron, PIF/Harbinger, Polinton/Maverick, and Chapaev) were identified. However, only four (hAT, Tc1/Mariner, Helitron, and Chapaev) of these superfamilies have successfully amplified in the anole genome, producing 67 distinct families. The majority (57/67) are nonautonomous and demonstrate an extraordinary diversity of structure, resulting from frequent interelement recombination and incorporation of extraneous DNA sequences. The age distribution of transposon families differs among superfamilies and reveals different dynamics of amplification. Chapaev is the only superfamily to be extinct and is represented only by old copies. The hAT, Tc1/Mariner, and Helitron superfamilies show different pattern of amplification, yet they are predominantly represented by young families, whereas divergent families are exceedingly rare. Although it is likely that some elements, in particular long ones, are subjected to purifying selection and do not reach fixation, the majority of families are neutral and accumulate in the anole genome in large numbers. We propose that the scarcity of old copies in the anole genome results from the rapid decay of elements, caused by a high rate of DNA loss.

The evolution and diversity of DNA transposons in the genome of the Lizard Anolis carolinensis.

Recent attention given to the mechanical work of the lower extremity joints, the emerging importance of the stance phase of running, and the lack of consensus regarding the biomechanical correlates to economical running were primary justifications for this study. The purpose of this experiment was to identify the correlations between metabolic power and the positive and negative mechanical work at lower extremity joints during stance. Recreational runners (n = 16) ran on a treadmill at 3.35 m s(-1) for physiological measures and overground for biomechanical measures. Inverse dynamics were used to calculate net joint moments and powers at the ankle, knee, and hip. Joint powers were then integrated over the stance phase so that positive and negative joint mechanical work were correlated with metabolic power (r = 0.60-0.69). Positive work at the hip and ankle during stance was positively correlated to metabolic power. In addition to these results, more economical runners (lower metabolic power) exhibited greater negative work at the hip, greater positive work at the knee, and less negative work at the ankle. Between the most and least economical runners, different mechanical strategies were present at the hip and knee, whereas the kinetics of the ankle joint differed only in magnitude.

Lower extremity mechanical work during stance phase of running partially explains interindividual variability of metabolic power.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of fatigue on lower extremity joint kinematics, and kinetics during repetitive drop jumps. Twelve recreationally active males (n = 6) and females (n = 6) (nine used for analysis) performed repetitive drop jumps until they could no longer reach 80% of their initial drop jump height. Kinematic and kinetic variables were assessed during the impact phase (100 ms) of all jumps. Fatigued landings were performed with increased knee extension, and ankle plantar flexion at initial contact, as well as increased ankle range of motion during the impact phase. Fatigue also resulted in increased peak ankle power absorption and increased energy absorption at the ankle. This was accompanied by an approximately equal reduction in energy absorption at the knee. While the knee extensors were the muscle group primarily responsible for absorbing the impact, individuals compensated for increased knee extension when fatigued by an increased use of the ankle plantar flexors to help absorb the forces during impact. Thus, as fatigue set in and individuals landed with more extended lower extremities, they adopted a landing strategy that shifted a greater burden to the ankle for absorbing the kinetic energy of the impact.

The effects of repetitive drop jumps on impact phase joint kinematics and kinetics.

&#x7F8A;&#x819C;&#x86CB;&#x7684;&#x6F14;&#x53D8;&#x662F;&#x751F;&#x547D;&#xFF0C;&#x91CA;&#x653E;&#x810A;&#x690E;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x4ECE;&#x5F3A;&#x5236;&#x8FDE;&#x63A5;&#x5230;&#x6C34;&#xFF0C;&#x4ECE;&#x800C;&#x4F7F;&#x9646;&#x5730;&#x73AF;&#x5883;&#x7684;&#x5F81;&#x670D;&#x53F2;&#x4E0A;&#x4F1F;&#x5927;&#x7684;&#x8FDB;&#x5316;&#x521B;&#x65B0;&#x4E4B;&#x4E00;&#x3002;&#x53EF;&#x7528; amniotes&#xFF0C;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x5E8F;&#x5217;&#x5F53;&#x4E2D;&#x7684;&#x54FA;&#x4E73;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x548C;&#x9E1F;&#x7C7B;&#xFF0C;&#x4F46;&#x4E0D;&#x9002;&#x7528;&#x4E8E;&#x975E;&#x79BD;&#x722C;&#x884C;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x3002;&#x5728;&#x8FD9;&#x91CC;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x62A5;&#x544A;&#x5317;&#x7F8E;&#x7EFF;&#x8272;&#x963F;&#x8BFA;&#x83B1;&#x8725;&#x8734;&#xFF0C;Anolis carolinensis &#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x5E8F;&#x5217;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x9AD8;&#x5EA6;&#x4E0E;&#x9E21; microchromosomes syntenic A.carolinensis microchromosomes &#x5C1A;&#x4E0D;&#x8868;&#x73B0;&#x51FA;&#x7684;&#x9AD8; GC &#x548C;&#x4F4E;&#x7684;&#x91CD;&#x590D;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#x6240;&#x7279;&#x6709;&#x7684;&#x79BD; microchromosomes&#x3002;A.carolinensis &#x79FB;&#x52A8;&#x5143;&#x7D20;&#x4E5F;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x5E74;&#x8F7B;&#x548C;&#x591A;&#x6837;&#x591A;&#x8FD9;&#x4E48;&#x6BD4;&#x4EFB;&#x4F55;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x987A;&#x5E8F;&#x7684; amniote &#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x4E2D;&#x3002;GC &#x542B;&#x91CF;&#x7684;&#x8FD9;&#x4E2A;&#x8725;&#x8734;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x4E5F;&#x662F;&#x5728;&#x5176;&#x540C;&#x8D28;&#x6027;&#xFF0C;&#x4E0D;&#x540C;&#x533A;&#x57DF;&#x53D8;&#x91CF;&#x7684; GC &#x542B;&#x91CF;&#x5728;&#x54FA;&#x4E73;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x548C;&#x9E1F;&#x7C7B;&#x4E2D;&#x53D1;&#x73B0;&#x4E0D;&#x5BFB;&#x5E38;&#x7684;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x4EEC;&#x63CF;&#x8FF0;&#xFF0C;&#x5E76;&#x5C06;&#x5E8F;&#x5217;&#x5206;&#x914D;&#x7ED9;&#x4EE5;&#x524D;&#x672A;&#x77E5;&#x7684; A.carolinensis X &#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#x3002;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x663E;&#x793A;&#xFF0C;amniote &#x86CB;&#x767D;&#x8D28;&#x6709;&#x663E;&#x8457;&#x53D1;&#x5C55;&#x66F4;&#x5FEB;&#x6BD4;&#x5176;&#x4ED6;&#x86CB;&#x767D;&#x8D28;&#x7684;&#x9E21;&#x86CB;&#x3002;&#x963F;&#x8BFA;&#x83B1;&#x4EB2;&#x7F18;&#x5173;&#x7CFB;&#x89E3;&#x6790;&#x57FA;&#x5E95;&#x7684;&#x5206;&#x652F;&#x673A;&#x6784;&#xFF0C;&#x4EE5;&#x7167;&#x4EAE;&#x4ED6;&#x4EEC;&#x4E00;&#x518D;&#x9002;&#x5E94;&#x8F90;&#x5C04;&#x7684;&#x5386;&#x53F2;&#x3002;

&#x7EFF;&#x8272;&#x963F;&#x8BFA;&#x83B1;&#x8725;&#x8734;&#x548C;&#x6BD4;&#x8F83;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x4E0E;&#x9E1F;&#x7C7B;&#x548C;&#x54FA;&#x4E73;&#x52A8;&#x7269;&#x7684;&#x57FA;&#x56E0;&#x7EC4;&#x3002;

The evolution of the amniotic egg was one of the great evolutionary innovations in the history of life, freeing vertebrates from an obligatory connection to water and thus permitting the conquest of terrestrial environments. Among amniotes, genome sequences are available for mammals and birds, but not for non-avian reptiles. Here we report the genome sequence of the North American green anole lizard, Anolis carolinensis. We find that A. carolinensis microchromosomes are highly syntenic with chicken microchromosomes, yet do not exhibit the high GC and low repeat content that are characteristic of avian microchromosomes. Also, A. carolinensis mobile elements are very young and diverse-more so than in any other sequenced amniote genome. The GC content of this lizard genome is also unusual in its homogeneity, unlike the regionally variable GC content found in mammals and birds. We describe and assign sequence to the previously unknown A. carolinensis X chromosome. Comparative gene analysis shows that amniote egg proteins have evolved significantly more rapidly than other proteins. An anole phylogeny resolves basal branches to illuminate the history of their repeated adaptive radiations.

The genome of the green anole lizard and a comparative analysis with birds and mammals.

L&#x26;#39;&#xE9;volution de l&#x26;#39;&#x153;uf amniotique &#xE9;tait l&#x26;#39;une des grandes innovations &#xE9;volutives dans l&#x26;#39;histoire de la vie, en lib&#xE9;rant les vert&#xE9;br&#xE9;s &#xE0; partir d&#x26;#39;une connexion obligatoire &#xE0; l&#x26;#39;eau et permettant ainsi la conqu&#xEA;te des milieux terrestres. Parmi les amniotes, les s&#xE9;quences du g&#xE9;nome sont disponibles pour les mammif&#xE8;res et les oiseaux, mais pas pour non-aviaires reptiles. Ici, nous rapportons la s&#xE9;quence du g&#xE9;nome du l&#xE9;zard vert anole Am&#xE9;rique du Nord, Anolis carolinensis. Nous constatons que les microchromosomes carolinensis A. sont tr&#xE8;s synt&#xE9;nique avec microchromosomes de poulet, mais ne pr&#xE9;sentent pas la GC &#xE9;lev&#xE9; et &#xE0; faible teneur en r&#xE9;p&#xE9;tition qui sont caract&#xE9;ristiques de microchromosomes aviaire. En outre, A. carolinensis &#xE9;l&#xE9;ments mobiles sont tr&#xE8;s jeune et diversifi&#xE9;e, plus que dans n&#x26;#39;importe quel g&#xE9;nome s&#xE9;quenc&#xE9; autre amniote. La teneur en GC de ce g&#xE9;nome l&#xE9;zard est &#xE9;galement inhabituel dans son homog&#xE9;n&#xE9;it&#xE9;, contrairement au contenu variable selon les r&#xE9;gions GC chez les mammif&#xE8;res et les oiseaux. Nous d&#xE9;crivons et affecter la s&#xE9;quence du chromosome X A. carolinensis jusque-l&#xE0; inconnue. L&#x26;#39;analyse du g&#xE8;ne comparative montre que les prot&#xE9;ines d&#x26;#39;&#x153;ufs amniotes ont &#xE9;volu&#xE9; beaucoup plus rapidement que d&#x26;#39;autres prot&#xE9;ines. Une phylog&#xE9;nie anole r&#xE9;sout branches basales pour &#xE9;clairer l&#x26;#39;histoire de leurs r&#xE9;p&#xE9;t&#xE9;es radiations adaptatives.

Le g&#xE9;nome de l&#x26;#39;Anole Lizard vert et une analyse comparative avec des oiseaux et des mammif&#xE8;res

Die Entwicklung der das amniotische Ei war einer der gro&szlig;en evolution&auml;ren Neuerungen in der Geschichte des Lebens, Freigeben von Wirbeltieren aus einer obligatorischen Verbindung zu Wasser und damit die Eroberung des terrestrischen Umgebungen bei sch&ouml;nem. Unter den Amnioten, Genomsequenzen stehen f&uuml;r S&auml;ugetiere und V&ouml;gel, aber nicht f&uuml;r nicht-Vogelgrippe Reptilien. Hier berichten wir die Genom-Sequenz der Eidechse nordamerikanischen Rotkehlanolis, Anolis Carolinensis. Wir finden, dass A. Carolinensis Microchromosomes h&ouml;chst syntenic mit Huhn Microchromosomes sind, dennoch nicht weisen die hohen GC und niedrige wiederholen Inhalte, die charakteristisch f&uuml;r avi&auml;re Microchromosomes sind. Auch A. Carolinensis mobile Elemente sind sehr jung und vielf&auml;ltig-mehr noch als in jeder anderen sequenzierten Amnioten Genom. Der GC-Gehalt dieser Eidechse-Genom ist auch ungew&ouml;hnlich in seiner Homogenit&auml;t, im Gegensatz zu den Regional Variable GC-Gehalt bei S&auml;ugetieren und V&ouml;geln gefunden. Wir beschreiben und die bisher unbekannte A. Carolinensis x-Chromosom Sequenz zuweisen. Vergleichende Genanalyse zeigt, dass Amnioten Ei, die Proteine deutlich schneller als andere Proteine entwickelt haben. Ein Anolis Phylogenie l&ouml;st basale Zweige die Geschichte ihre wiederholte Adaptive Strahlungen zu beleuchten.

Das Genom der Rotkehlanolis-Eidechse und eine vergleichende Analyse mit V&ouml;geln und S&auml;ugetieren.

L&#39;evoluzione dell&#39;uovo amniotico &egrave; stato uno dei grandi innovazioni evolutive nella storia della vita, liberando i vertebrati da un collegamento obbligatorio per acqua e permettendo cos&igrave; alla conquista di ambienti terrestri. Tra amnioti, sequenze di genoma sono disponibili per i mammiferi e gli uccelli, ma non per i rettili non-aviari. Riportiamo la sequenza del genoma della lucertola anole verde nord americano, Anolis carolinensis. Troviamo che microchromosomes a. carolinensis sono altamente syntenic con pollo microchromosomes, eppure non esibiscono il GC alto e basso contenuto di ripetere che sono caratteristici della microchromosomes aviaria. Inoltre, a. carolinensis elementi mobili sono molto giovane e diversificata di pi&ugrave; cos&igrave; che in qualsiasi altro genoma sequenziato amniote. Il contenuto di GC del genoma lucertola &egrave; anche insolito nella sua omogeneit&agrave;, a differenza di contenuto GC regionalmente variabile trovato in uccelli e mammiferi. Ci descrivono e assegnare sequenza la precedentemente sconosciuta a. carolinensis cromosoma X. Analisi del gene comparativa dimostra che amniote uovo proteine sono evoluti significativamente pi&ugrave; rapidamente di altre proteine. Un phylogeny anole risolve rami basali per illuminare la storia delle loro radiazioni ripetute adattiva.

Il genoma dei anole verde lucertola e un&#39;analisi comparativa con uccelli e mammiferi.

&#x7F8A;&#x819C;&#x5375;&#x306E;&#x9032;&#x5316;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x6C34;&#x3078;&#x306E;&#x7FA9;&#x52D9;&#x7684;&#x306A;&#x63A5;&#x7D9A;&#x304B;&#x3089;&#x810A;&#x690E;&#x52D5;&#x7269;&#x3092;&#x89E3;&#x653E;&#x3059;&#x308B;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x3001;&#x9678;&#x57DF;&#x74B0;&#x5883;&#x306E;&#x5F81;&#x670D;&#x3092;&#x53EF;&#x80FD;&#x306B;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3001;&#x751F;&#x547D;&#x306E;&#x6B74;&#x53F2;&#x306E;&#x4E2D;&#x3067;&#x5927;&#x304D;&#x306A;&#x9032;&#x5316;&#x306E;&#x6280;&#x8853;&#x9769;&#x65B0;&#x306E;&#x4E00;&#x3064;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x3063;&#x305F;&#x3002;&#x7F8A;&#x819C;&#x306E;&#x4E2D;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x914D;&#x5217;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x54FA;&#x4E73;&#x985E;&#x3068;&#x9CE5;&#x985E;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x306A;&#x304F;&#x3001;&#x975E;&#x9CE5;&#x985E;&#x722C;&#x866B;&#x985E;&#x306E;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x7528;&#x610F;&#x3055;&#x308C;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x3053;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x5317;&#x7C73;&#x306E;&#x30B0;&#x30EA;&#x30FC;&#x30F3;&#x30A2;&#x30CE;&#x30FC;&#x30EB;&#x30C8;&#x30AB;&#x30B2;&#x3001;Anolis&#x306E;carolinensis&#x306E;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x914D;&#x5217;&#x3092;&#x5831;&#x544A;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x3005;&#x306F;&#x3001;A. carolinensis microchromosomes&#x9D8F;&#x306E;microchromosomes&#x6027;&#x306E;&#x9AD8;&#x3044;&#x30B7;&#x30F3;&#x30C6;&#x30CB;&#x30FC;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x304C;&#x3001;&#x307E;&#x3060;&#x9CE5;microchromosomes&#x306E;&#x7279;&#x5FB4;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x9AD8;GC&#x3068;&#x4F4E;&#x7E70;&#x308A;&#x8FD4;&#x3057;&#x306E;&#x5185;&#x5BB9;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3055;&#x306A;&#x3044;&#x898B;&#x3064;&#x3051;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x307E;&#x305F;&#x3001;A. carolinensis&#x30E2;&#x30D0;&#x30A4;&#x30EB;&#x8981;&#x7D20;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x4ED6;&#x306E;&#x30B7;&#x30FC;&#x30B1;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x7F8A;&#x819C;&#x985E;&#x306E;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x306B;&#x6BD4;&#x3079;&#x306E;&#x3067;&#x3001;&#x975E;&#x5E38;&#x306B;&#x82E5;&#x3044;&#x3001;&#x3088;&#x308A;&#x591A;&#x69D8;&#x306A;&#x3001;&#x3067;&#x3042;&#x308B;&#x3002;&#x3053;&#x306E;&#x30C8;&#x30AB;&#x30B2;&#x306E;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x306E;GC&#x542B;&#x91CF;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x54FA;&#x4E73;&#x985E;&#x3068;&#x9CE5;&#x985E;&#x306B;&#x898B;&#x3089;&#x308C;&#x308B;&#x5730;&#x57DF;&#x5909;&#x6570;GC&#x542B;&#x91CF;&#x304C;&#x7570;&#x306A;&#x308A;&#x3001;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x5747;&#x4E00;&#x6027;&#x306B;&#x3082;&#x73CD;&#x3057;&#x3044;&#x3067;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x6211;&#x3005;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x672A;&#x77E5;&#x306E;A.&#x306E;carolinensis&#x306E;X&#x67D3;&#x8272;&#x4F53;&#x306B;&#x30B7;&#x30FC;&#x30B1;&#x30F3;&#x30B9;&#x3092;&#x8A18;&#x8FF0;&#x3057;&#x3001;&#x5272;&#x308A;&#x5F53;&#x3066;&#x308B;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x304C;&#x3067;&#x304D;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x6BD4;&#x8F03;&#x907A;&#x4F1D;&#x5B50;&#x5206;&#x6790;&#x3067;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x7F8A;&#x819C;&#x985E;&#x306E;&#x5375;&#x306E;&#x30BF;&#x30F3;&#x30D1;&#x30AF;&#x8CEA;&#x304C;&#x306F;&#x308B;&#x304B;&#x306B;&#x6025;&#x901F;&#x306B;&#x4ED6;&#x306E;&#x30BF;&#x30F3;&#x30D1;&#x30AF;&#x8CEA;&#x3088;&#x308A;&#x3082;&#x9032;&#x5316;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x304D;&#x305F;&#x3053;&#x3068;&#x3092;&#x793A;&#x3057;&#x3066;&#x3044;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;&#x30A2;&#x30CE;&#x30FC;&#x30EB;&#x7CFB;&#x7D71;&#x306F;&#x3001;&#x305D;&#x306E;&#x7E70;&#x308A;&#x8FD4;&#x3057;&#x9069;&#x5FDC;&#x653E;&#x5C04;&#x7DDA;&#x306E;&#x6B74;&#x53F2;&#x3092;&#x7167;&#x3089;&#x3059;&#x305F;&#x3081;&#x306B;&#x57FA;&#x5E95;&#x679D;&#x3092;&#x89E3;&#x6C7A;&#x3057;&#x307E;&#x3059;&#x3002;

&#x30B0;&#x30EA;&#x30FC;&#x30F3;&#x30A2;&#x30CE;&#x30FC;&#x30EB;&#x30C8;&#x30AB;&#x30B2;&#x306E;&#x30B2;&#x30CE;&#x30E0;&#x3068;&#x9CE5;&#x985E;&#x3068;&#x54FA;&#x4E73;&#x985E;&#x3068;&#x306E;&#x6BD4;&#x8F03;&#x5206;&#x6790;

&#xC591;&#xC218; &#xB0B4; &#xACC4;&#xB780;&#xC758; &#xC9C4;&#xD654; &#xBB3C; &#xC758;&#xBB34; &#xC5F0;&#xACB0;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xCC99;&#xCD94; &#xB3D9;&#xBB3C;&#xC744; &#xD574;&#xBC29; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xB530;&#xB77C;&#xC11C; &#xC9C0;&#xC0C1;&#xD30C; &#xD658;&#xACBD; &#xC815;&#xBCF5;&#xC744; &#xD5C8;&#xC6A9; &#xC0DD;&#xD65C;&#xC758; &#xC5ED;&#xC0AC;&#xC5D0;&#xC11C; &#xC704;&#xB300;&#xD55C; &#xC9C4;&#xD654; &#xD601;&#xC2E0; &#xC911; &#xD558;&#xB098; &#xC600;&#xB2E4;. Amniotes, &#xAC00;&#xC6B4;&#xB370; &#xAC8C;&#xB188; &#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2A4;&#xB97C; &#xC0AC;&#xC6A9;&#xD560; &#xC218; &#xC788;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;-&#xC870;&#xB958; &#xD30C;&#xCDA9;&#xB958; &#xD558;&#xC9C0;&#xB9CC; &#xD3EC;&#xC720;&#xB958; &#xBC0F; &#xC870;&#xB958;. &#xC5EC;&#xAE30; &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xBD81;&#xBBF8; &#xB179;&#xC0C9; anole &#xB3C4;&#xB9C8;&#xBC40; Anolis carolinensis&#xC758; &#xAC8C;&#xB188; &#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2A4;&#xB97C; &#xBCF4;&#xACE0;&#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xAC00; &#xCC3E;&#xC744; A. carolinensis microchromosomes &#xB192;&#xC740; &#xCE58;&#xD0A8; microchromosomes&#xC640; syntenic&#xB294; &#xC544;&#xC9C1; &#xB192;&#xC740; GC &#xBC0F; &#xC870;&#xB958; microchromosomes&#xC758; &#xD2B9;&#xC9D5;&#xC778; &#xB0AE;&#xC740; &#xBC18;&#xBCF5; &#xCF58;&#xD150;&#xCE20;&#xB97C; &#xC804;&#xC2DC; &#xD558;&#xC9C0; &#xC54A;&#xC2B5;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xB610;&#xD55C;, A. carolinensis &#xBAA8;&#xBC14;&#xC77C; &#xC694;&#xC18C;&#xB294; &#xB9E4;&#xC6B0; &#xC80A;&#xACE0; &#xB2E4;&#xC591; &#xD55C; &#xB354; &#xADF8;&#xB798;&#xC11C; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2A4; amniote &#xAC8C;&#xB188; &#xBCF4;&#xB2E4;. &#xC774; &#xB3C4;&#xB9C8;&#xBC40; &#xAC8C;&#xB188;&#xC758; GC &#xCF58;&#xD150;&#xCE20; &#xC774;&#xAE30;&#xB3C4; &#xD3EC;&#xC720;&#xB958;&#xC640; &#xC870;&#xB958;&#xC5D0; &#xC788;&#xB294; &#xC9C0;&#xC5ED; &#xBCC0;&#xC218; GC &#xB0B4;&#xC6A9; &#xB2EC;&#xB9AC;&#xB294; &#xB3D9;&#xC9C8;&#xC131;&#xC5D0; &#xD3C9;&#xC18C; &#xD558; &#xACE0;. &#xC6B0;&#xB9AC;&#xAC00; &#xC124;&#xBA85; &#xD558; &#xACE0; &#xC774;&#xC804;&#xC5D0; &#xC54C;&#xB824;&#xC9C0;&#xC9C0; &#xC54A;&#xC740; A. carolinensis X &#xC5FC;&#xC0C9;&#xCCB4;&#xC5D0; &#xC2DC;&#xD000;&#xC2A4;&#xB97C; &#xC9C0;&#xC815; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;. &#xBE44;&#xAD50; &#xC720;&#xC804;&#xC790; &#xBD84;&#xC11D; &#xACB0;&#xACFC; &#xADF8; amniote &#xACC4;&#xB780; &#xB2E8;&#xBC31;&#xC9C8; &#xD06C;&#xAC8C; &#xB2E4;&#xB978; &#xB2E8;&#xBC31;&#xC9C8; &#xBCF4;&#xB2E4; &#xB354; &#xBE60;&#xB978; &#xC18D;&#xB3C4;&#xB85C; &#xC9C4;&#xD654;&#xD574;&#xC654;&#xB2E4;. Anole &#xACC4;&#xD1B5; &#xADF8;&#xB4E4;&#xC758; &#xBC18;&#xBCF5; &#xB41C; &#xC801;&#xC751; &#xBC29;&#xC0AC;&#xC120;&#xC758; &#xC5ED;&#xC0AC;&#xB97C; &#xBC1D;&#xD788;&#xB294; &#xAE30;&#xC800; &#xBD84;&#xAE30;&#xB97C; &#xD574;&#xACB0; &#xD569;&#xB2C8;&#xB2E4;.

&#xB179;&#xC0C9; anole &#xB3C4;&#xB9C8;&#xBC40;&#xACFC; &#xBE44;&#xAD50; &#xBD84;&#xC11D; &#xC870;&#xB958;&#xC640; &#xD3EC;&#xC720;&#xB958;&#xC758; &#xAC8C;&#xB188;.

La evoluci&#xF3;n del huevo amni&#xF3;tico fue una de las grandes innovaciones evolutivas en la historia de la vida, la liberaci&#xF3;n de los vertebrados desde una conexi&#xF3;n obligatoria con el agua y permitiendo as&#xED; la conquista del medio terrestre. Entre los amniotas, las secuencias del genoma est&#xE1;n disponibles para los mam&#xED;feros y las aves, pero no para los reptiles no aviares. Aqu&#xED; mostramos la secuencia del genoma del Norte lagarto anolis verde americana, Anolis carolinensis. Encontramos que microcromosomas A. carolinensis son muy syntenic con microcromosomas de pollo, sin embargo, no presentan el GC alto contenido de repetici&#xF3;n baja que son caracter&#xED;sticos de microcromosomas aviar. Adem&#xE1;s, A. carolinensis elementos m&#xF3;viles son muy j&#xF3;venes y diversa, m&#xE1;s que en cualquier otro genoma secuenciado amniote. El contenido de GC de este genoma lagarto es tambi&#xE9;n inusual en su homogeneidad, a diferencia de la GC contenido regional variable que se encuentra en mam&#xED;feros y aves. Se describe y asigna la secuencia del cromosoma X A. carolinensis previamente desconocido. El an&#xE1;lisis comparativo muestra que el gen de las prote&#xED;nas de huevo amniotas han evolucionado mucho m&#xE1;s r&#xE1;pidamente que otras prote&#xED;nas. Una filogenia lagartijo resuelve ramas basales para iluminar la historia de sus repetidas radiaciones adaptativas.

El genoma de la lagartija verde y un an&#xE1;lisis comparativo con aves y mam&#xED;feros

With advances in sequencing technology, greater and greater amounts of eukaryotic genome data are becoming available. Often, large portions of these genomes consist of transposable elements, frequently accounting for 50% or more in vertebrates. Each transposable element family may have thousands or tens of thousands of individual copies within a given genome, and therefore it can take an exorbitant amount of time and effort to process data in a meaningful fashion.

Expedited batch processing and analysis of transposon insertions.

Unilateral, transtibial amputees exhibit walking asymmetries and higher metabolic costs of walking than nonamputees walking at similar speeds. Using lightweight prostheses has previously been suggested as a contributing factor to walking asymmetries. The purpose was to investigate the effects of prosthesis mass and mass distribution on metabolic costs and walking asymmetries among six unilateral, transtibial amputees. Kinematic and temporal symmetry did not improve when mass was added at different locations on the limb. Stance and swing time asymmetries increased by 3.4% and 7.2%, respectively, with loads positioned distally on the limb. Maximum knee angular velocity asymmetries increased by 6% with mass added to the thigh, whereas maximum thigh angular velocity asymmetries increased by approximately 10% with mass positioned near the prosthetic ankle. Adding 100% of the estimated mass difference between intact and prosthetic legs to the ankle of the prosthesis increased energy costs of walking by 12%; adding the same mass to the prosthesis center of mass or thigh center of mass increased metabolic cost by approximately 7% and 5%, respectively. Unless other benefits are gained by increasing prosthesis mass, this should not be considered as a possible alternative to current lightweight prosthesis designs currently being prescribed to unilateral amputees.

Effects of prosthetic mass distribution on metabolic costs and walking symmetry.

Much of the work related to lower extremity inertia manipulations has focused on temporal, kinematic and traditional inverse dynamics assessments during locomotion. Intersegmental dynamics is an analytical technique that provides further insights into mechanisms underlying linked-segment motion. The purpose of this study was to determine how intersegmental dynamics during the swing phase of walking are altered during asymmetrical lower extremity loading. Participants walked overground at a speed of 1.57 ms(-1) with 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 kg attached to one foot. Net, interaction, gravitational, and muscle moments were computed. Moment magnitudes at joints of the loaded leg increased systematically with increasing load, whereas unloaded leg moments were unaffected by loading. With increasing load, relative contributions of interaction moments about the knee and hip and gravitational moment about the ankle increased (i.e., 21%, 8%, and 44% increases, respectively), whereas the relative contributions of muscle moments about all three joints declined (i.e., -4%, -13%, and -8% decreases for the ankle, knee, and hip, respectively for unloaded vs. 2.0 kg). These results suggest that altered inertia properties of the limb not only affected the amount of muscular effort required to swing the leg, but also changed the nature of the interaction between segments.

Asymmetrical loading affects intersegmental dynamics during the swing phase of walking.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of asymmetrical loading on the intersegmental dynamics of the swing phase. Participants were asked to walk on a treadmill for 20min under three loading conditions: (a) unloaded baseline, (b) 2kg attached to the dominant limb's ankle, and (c) post-load, following load removal. Sagittal plane motion data of both legs were collected and an intersegmental dynamics analysis of each swing phase was performed. Comparisons of steady-state responses across load conditions showed that absolute angular impulses of the loaded limb's hip and knee increased significantly after load addition, and returned to baseline following load removal. Unloaded leg steady-state responses were not different across load conditions. However, after a change in leg inertia both legs experienced a period of adaptation that lasted approximately 40 strides before a steady state walking pattern was achieved. These findings suggest that the central nervous system refined the joint moments over time to account for the altered limb inertia and to maintain the underlying kinematic walking pattern. Maintaining a similar kinematic walking pattern resulted in altered moment profiles of the loaded leg, but similar moment profiles of the unloaded leg compared with the unloaded baseline condition.

Changes in intersegmental dynamics over time due to increased leg inertia.

Condensed-phase chemistry plays a significant role in the formation and evolution of atmospheric organic aerosols. Past studies of the aqueous photoformation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) have largely focused on hydroxyl radical oxidation, but here we show that triplet excited states of organic compounds ((3)C*) can also be important aqueous oxidants. We studied the aqueous photoreactions of three phenols (phenol, guaiacol, and syringol) with the aromatic carbonyl 3,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde (DMB); all of these species are emitted by biomass burning. Under simulated sunlight, DMB forms a triplet excited state that rapidly oxidizes phenols to form low-volatility SOA. Rate constants for these reactions are fast and increase with decreasing pH and increasing methoxy substitution of the phenols. Mass yields of aqueous SOA are near 100% for all three phenols. For typical ambient conditions in areas with biomass combustion, the aqueous oxidation of phenols by (3)C* is faster than by hydroxyl radical, although rates depend strongly on pH, oxidant concentrations, and the identity of the phenol. Our results suggest that (3)C* can be the dominant aqueous oxidant of phenols in areas impacted by biomass combustion and that this is a significant pathway for forming SOA.

Jeremy D. Smith

School of Sport & Exercise Science

University of Northern Colorado

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

Jeremy D. Smith

.css-o250i3{font-size:18px;font-family:Open Sans,sans-serif;line-height:21.6px;}School of Sport & Exercise Science

University of Northern Colorado

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis

School of Sport & Exercise Science