investigating-pain-related-avoidance-behavior-using-robotic-arm

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm

Avoidance behavior is a key contributor to the transition from acute pain to chronic pain disability. Yet, there has been a lack of ecologically valid ...

Maastricht University

Interrupted by pain: an anatomy of pain-contingent activity interruptions.

Psychological therapies help reduce headache and non-headache pain in children and adolescents.

Behavioural inhibition in the context of pain: Measurement and conceptual issues.

Interrupting ongoing activities with the intention to resume them again later is a natural response to pain. However, such interruptions might have negative consequences for the subsequent resumption and performance of the interrupted activity. Activity interruptions by pain may be more impairing than interruptions by non-painful stimuli, and also be subjectively experienced as such. These effects might be more pronounced in people high in pain catastrophizing. These hypotheses were investigated in two experiments.

Taking a break in response to pain. An experimental investigation of the effects of interruptions by pain on subsequent activity resumption.

Interrupting ongoing activities whilst intending to resume them later is a natural response to pain. Whereas this response facilitates pain management, at the same time it may also disrupt task performance. Previous research has shown that activity interruptions by pain impair subsequent resumption of the activity, but not more than pain-irrelevant interruptions. Ongoing task complexity and pain threat value might influence interruption effects. In this experiment, we adjusted a paradigm from outside the field of pain to investigate how activity interruptions by pain affect task performance. Healthy participants (n = 69) were required to answer a series of questions, in a specific sequence, about presented letter-digit combinations. This ongoing task was occasionally interrupted by painful electrocutaneous or nonpainful vibrotactile stimulation (between-subjects), followed by a typing task. On interruption completion, participants were required to resume the ongoing task at the next step of the question sequence. Results indicate impaired sequence accuracy (less frequent resumption at the correct step of the sequence) but preserved nonsequence accuracy (similarly frequent correct responses to question content) immediately after an interruption. Effects were not larger for interruptions by pain compared with nonpain. Furthermore, participants in the 2 conditions reported similar task experience, namely task motivation, perceived difficulty, and confidence to resume the interrupted task. Pain catastrophizing did not influence the results. As in previous studies, activity interruptions by pain were shown to impair the resumption of a task that requires keeping to a step sequence, but not more than interruptions by nonpainful stimuli. Potential explanations are discussed.

Activity interruptions by pain impair activity resumption, but not more than activity interruptions by other stimuli: an experimental investigation.

Suspending an ongoing activity with the intention to resume it again later is a natural response to pain. This response facilitates coping with the pain, but it may also have negative consequences for the resumption and performance of the activity. For example, people with pain problems are often forced to take a break from doing their household chores because of their pain. They might delay resuming their chore, eventually needing longer time to finish it. We investigated how activity interruptions by pain influence the pattern of subsequent activity performance. We expected that when an activity is interrupted by pain (compared to non-pain), people spend longer time away from the activity, need longer time to complete it, and are less motivated to perform it.

Effects of activity interruptions by pain on pattern of activity performance - an experimental investigation.

Activity interruptions, namely temporary suspensions of an ongoing task with the intention to resume it later, are common in pain. First, pain is a threat signal that urges us to interrupt ongoing activities in order to manage the pain and its cause. Second, activity interruptions are used in chronic pain management. However, activity interruptions by pain may carry costs for activity performance. These costs have recently started to be systematically investigated. We review the evidence on the consequences of activity interruptions by pain for the performance of the interrupted activity. Further, inspired by literature on interruptions from other research fields, we suggest ways to improve interruption management in the field of pain, and provide a future research agenda.

A break from pain! Interruption management in the context of pain.

Avoidance is considered a key contributor to the development and maintenance of chronic pain disability, likely through its excessive generalization. This study investigated whether acquired avoidance behavior generalizes to novel but similar movements. Using a robotic arm, participants moved their arm from a starting to a target location via one of three possible movement trajectories. For the Experimental Group, the shortest, easiest trajectory was always paired with pain (T1 = 100% reinforcement/no resistance and deviation). Pain could be partly or completely avoided by choosing increasingly effortful movements (T2 = 50% reinforcement, moderate resistance/deviation; T3 = 0% reinforcement, strongest resistance/largest deviation). A Yoked Group received the same number of painful stimuli irrespective of their own behavior. Outcomes were self-reported fear of movement-related pain, pain-expectancy, avoidance behavior, (maximal deviation from the shortest trajectory), and trajectory choice behavior. We tested generalization to three novel trajectories (G1-3) positioned next to the acquisition trajectories. Whereas acquired fear of movement-related pain and pain-expectancy generalized in the Experimental Group, avoidance behavior did not, suggesting that threat beliefs and high-cost avoidance may not be directly related. The lack of avoidance generalization may be due to a perceived context-switch in the configurations of the acquisition and the generalization phases.

Generalization of instrumentally acquired pain-related avoidance to novel but similar movements using a robotic arm-reaching paradigm.

In exposure for chronic pain, avoidance is often forbidden (extinction with response prevention; RPE) to prevent misattributions of safety. Although exposure is an effective treatment, relapse is common. Little is known about the underlying mechanisms of return of pain-related avoidance. We hypothesized that pain-related avoidance would recover when becoming available again after RPE and after unexpected pain episodes ("reinstatement"), especially when restricting avoidance during RPE (compared to instructing not to use it). In an operant pain-related avoidance conditioning paradigm, healthy volunteers used a robotic arm to perform various arm reaching movements differing in pain-effort trade-off. During acquisition, participants learned to avoid pain by performing more effortful movements. During RPE they only performed the formerly pain-associated movement under extinction, and were either forbidden (Restricted group) or merely instructed (Instructed group) not to perform other movements. One day later, we tested spontaneous recovery and reinstatement of pain-related fear and avoidance with availability of all movements. Results showed that pain-related fear and avoidance re-emerge after RPE, though not to pretreatment levels. The reinstatement manipulation had no additional effect. No group differences were observed. We discuss findings in the context of learning processes in (chronic) pain disability and relapse prevention in chronic pain treatment. Perspective: Using experimental models of relapse, we investigated the return of pain-related avoidance behavior after extinction with response prevention. Findings are potentially informative for clinicians performing exposure treatment with chronic pain patients.

Rena Gatzounis

Experimental Health Psychology

Maastricht University

Investigating Pain-Related Avoidance Behavior using a Robotic Arm-Reaching Paradigm