Biosensor for Detection of Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus Bacteria

A structurally transformed lytic bacteriophage having a broad host range of Staphylococcus aureus strains and a penicillin-binding protein (PBP 2a) ...

Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> Strain

This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of the Bacillus subtilis strain against complications related to heat stress. Thirty-two ...

Auburn University 

Screening with a 7-mer phage display peptide library, a panel of cell-targeting peptides for the murine microglial cell line, EOC 20, was recognized. A number of similar, but not identical, sets of sequences representing more than 75% of all the cell line-binding clones were identified. Comparative analysis indicated that motif S/(T) F T/(X) Y W is present in the vast majority of the binding sequences. The selectivity and specificity of the dominant peptide sequence identified for microglia was confirmed using both phage displaying the peptide and the synthetic peptide alone.

Targeting peptides for microglia identified via phage display.

Un panel de peptides ciblant les cellules de la lign&eacute;e de cellules microgliales murine, EOC 20, d&eacute;pistage avec un 7-mer phage display peptide library, a &eacute;t&eacute; reconnu. Un certain nombre d&#39;ensembles semblables mais non identiques, de s&eacute;quences repr&eacute;sentant plus de 75 % de tous les clones de liaison ligne de cellule ont &eacute;t&eacute; identifi&eacute;. Analyse comparative a indiqu&eacute; que ce motif S/(T) F T/(X) Y W est pr&eacute;sent dans la grande majorit&eacute; des s&eacute;quences de liaison. La s&eacute;lectivit&eacute; et la sp&eacute;cificit&eacute; de la s&eacute;quence peptidique dominante identifi&eacute;e pour la microglie a &eacute;t&eacute; confirm&eacute;e &agrave; l&#39;aide de deux phages affichant le peptide et le peptide synth&eacute;tique seul.

Ciblage des peptides pour la microglie identifi&eacute;s via phage display.

Lo screening con una libreria 7-mer phage display del peptide, un pannello di peptidi cella-targeting per la linea di cellule microgliali murine, EDC 20, &egrave; stato riconosciuto. Sono stato identificato un certo numero di insiemi simili ma non identiche, di sequenze che rappresentano oltre il 75% di tutti i cloni di linea-associazione delle cellule. Analisi comparativa indicato che quel motivo S/(T) F T/(X) Y W &egrave; presente nella maggior parte delle sequenze di associazione. La selettivit&agrave; e la specificit&agrave; della sequenza del peptide dominante identificata per la microglia &egrave; stata confermata usando entrambe fago visualizzando il peptide e il peptide sintetico da solo.

Peptidi targeting per le microglia identificato tramite il display dei fagi.

Biosensors based on phage display-derived peptides as biorecognition molecules were used for the detection of cell surface cross-species markers in tissue homogenates. The peptide selected for murine myofibers was immobilized onto the surface of an acoustic wave sensor by biotin-streptavidin coupling. To detect peptide-receptor interaction, the sensors were exposed to muscle and control (kidney, liver, brain) tissue homogenates. The sensor showed a strong response to murine muscle. The amplitudes of the responses to the feline muscle homogenates were lower compared to those of the murine muscle, while the same K(d) indicated that the peptide has cross-species affinity. In contrast, murine kidney, liver and brain homogenates produced insignificant responses. Specificity of the sensor was shown in a blocking experiment, as reduced signal was detected when muscle preparations were preincubated with free peptide. Additionally, when muscle-specific peptide was replaced with two different random control peptides, the sensors produced no response to murine muscle. Suitability of peptide ligands for a variety of species can be evaluated using this technology.

Peptide biosensor for recognition of cross-species cell surface markers.

Biocapteurs gr&acirc;ce aux peptides de phage affichage d&eacute;riv&eacute; comme bioreconnaissance mol&eacute;cules ont &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute;es pour la d&eacute;tection des marqueurs de h&eacute;t&eacute;rosp&eacute;cifique surface cellulaire dans des homog&eacute;nats de tissu. Le peptide s&eacute;lectionn&eacute; pour les myofibres murines &eacute;tait immobilis&eacute; sur la surface d&#39;un capteur d&#39;ondes acoustiques par couplage de la streptavidine-biotine. Pour d&eacute;tecter l&#39;interaction du peptide, les capteurs ont &eacute;t&eacute; expos&eacute;s au muscle et contr&ocirc;le (cerveau, foie, rein,) des homog&eacute;nats de tissu. Le capteur a montr&eacute; une forte r&eacute;ponse au muscle murine. Les amplitudes des r&eacute;ponses pour les homog&eacute;nats de muscle f&eacute;lin ont &eacute;t&eacute; compar&eacute;s inf&eacute;rieur &agrave; celles du muscle murin, tandis que le m&ecirc;me K(d) a indiqu&eacute; que le peptide a h&eacute;t&eacute;rosp&eacute;cifique affinit&eacute;. En revanche, des homog&eacute;nats de rein, foie et cerveau murins produit des r&eacute;ponses insignifiantes. Sp&eacute;cificit&eacute; du capteur a &eacute;t&eacute; montr&eacute;e dans une exp&eacute;rience de blocage, comme signal r&eacute;duit a &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;tect&eacute;e lors des pr&eacute;parations de muscle sont pr&eacute;incub&eacute;es avec peptide gratuit. En outre, lorsque peptidiques sp&eacute;cifiques du muscle a &eacute;t&eacute; remplac&eacute; par deux peptides diff&eacute;rents contr&ocirc;le al&eacute;atoire, les capteurs ne produit aucune r&eacute;ponse au muscle murin. Qualit&eacute;s des ligands peptidiques pour une vari&eacute;t&eacute; d&#39;esp&egrave;ces peuvent &ecirc;tre &eacute;valu&eacute;e &agrave; l&#39;aide de cette technologie.

BIOCAPTEUR de peptide pour reconnaissance de marqueurs de surface cellulaire intersp&eacute;cifique.

Biosensori basati su peptidi derivati da esposizione dei fagi come molecole di biorecognition sono stati utilizzati per la rilevazione di marcatori di cross-specie superficiale delle cellule nel tessuto omogeneati. Il peptide selezionato per myofibers murino &egrave; stato immobilizzato sulla superficie del sensore onda acustica di biotina-streptavidina accoppiamento. Per rilevare l&#39;interazione del recettore del peptide, i sensori sono stati esposti a muscolare e di controllo (cervello, fegato, rene,) omogeneati del tessuto. Il sensore ha mostrato una risposta forte al muscolo murino. Le ampiezze delle risposte omogeneati del muscolo felino erano inferiori rispetto a quelli del muscolo murino, mentre il K(d) stesso ha indicato che il peptide ha affinit&agrave; cross-specie. Al contrario, murino omogeneati rene, fegato e cervello prodotto risposte insignificanti. Specificit&agrave; del sensore &egrave; stato mostrato in un esperimento di blocco, come segnale ridotto &egrave; stato rilevato quando preparati muscolari sono state preincubate con libero del peptide. Inoltre, quando il muscolo specifico peptide &egrave; stato sostituito con due peptidi differenti controllo casuale, i sensori non prodotto nessuna risposta muscolare murino. Idoneit&agrave; dei ligandi peptidici per una variet&agrave; di specie pu&ograve; essere valutata utilizzando questa tecnologia.

Biosensore peptide per il riconoscimento dei marcatori di superficie cellulare cross-specie.

Early diagnosis and effective treatment of malignant gliomas, which are heterogeneous brain tumors with variable expression of cell surface markers, are inhibited by the lack of means to characterize and target tumor-selective molecules. To create molecular profiles for RG2 rat glioma cells, we used phage display technology, an approach capable of producing valuable ligands to unknown cell surface targets. The ligands were selected from libraries of peptides displayed as fusion molecules on phage particles. Modifications of the selection conditions resulted in identification of three distinctive families of peptide ligands for malignant glioma cells. The first family with V (D)/(G) L P (E)/(T) H(3) binding motif appeared to target a marker that is common for glioma cells, normal brain cells, and cells of non-brain origin. The second group of peptide-presented phage displayed D (T)/S/(L) T K consensus sequence and contained peptides with pronounced glioma-selective properties. Phage clones expressing peptides with E (L)/V/(S) R G D S motif were found in cell lysates and represented the third family of glioma-specific ligands. All peptides within this family contain the RGD amino acid sequence, which is known to bind to a number of integrins. Phage clones that belong to this family were internalized by RG2 glioma cells about 63-fold more efficiently than by astrocytes. The approach described could be applicable for accurate detection of glioma expression patterns in individual tumors. Such patterns could be beneficial in the design of effective combinations of drugs for anti-glioma treatments.

Phage probes for malignant glial cells.

Un diagnostic pr&eacute;coce et un traitement efficace des gliomes malins, qui sont des tumeurs de cerveau h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&egrave;ne avec expression variable des marqueurs de surface cellulaire, sont inhib&eacute;es par le manque de moyens pour caract&eacute;riser et cibler les mol&eacute;cules s&eacute;lectives. Pour cr&eacute;er des profils mol&eacute;culaires pour cellules de gliome RG2 rat, nous avons utilis&eacute; la technologie d&#39;affichage de phage, une approche capable de produire des ligands pr&eacute;cieuses pour cibles de surface cellulaire inconnue. Les ligands ont &eacute;t&eacute; s&eacute;lectionn&eacute;s dans les biblioth&egrave;ques des peptides affich&eacute;s sous la forme des molecules de fusion sur les particules phagiques. Modifications des conditions de s&eacute;lection conduit &agrave; identifier trois familles distinctes de ligands peptidiques pour cellules de gliome malin. La premi&egrave;re famille avec V (D)/(G) L P (motif de liaison E)/(T) h semble cibler un marqueur commun pour des cellules de gliome, les cellules normales du cerveau et cellules d&#39;origine non brain. Le deuxi&egrave;me groupe de peptide-pr&eacute;sent&eacute; phage affiche D (s&eacute;quence consensus T)/S/(L) T K et confin&eacute;es de peptides ayant des propri&eacute;t&eacute;s s&eacute;lectives gliomes prononc&eacute;es. Phage clones exprimant des peptides avec /V/ E (L) motif (S) R G D S trouv&eacute;es dans les Lysats cellulaires et repr&eacute;sentait la troisi&egrave;me famille de ligands sp&eacute;cifiques gliome. Tous les peptides au sein de cette famille contient la s&eacute;quence d&#39;acides amin&eacute;s RGD, qui est connue pour lier &agrave; un certain nombre d&#39;int&eacute;grines. Les clones de phage qui appartiennent &agrave; cette famille ont &eacute;t&eacute; int&eacute;rioris&eacute;es par les cellules de gliome RG2 environ 63-fold plus efficacement que par les astrocytes. L&#39;approche d&eacute;crite pourrait &ecirc;tre applicable pour la d&eacute;tection pr&eacute;cise des mod&egrave;les d&#39;expression de gliome dans les tumeurs individuelles. De tels motifs pourraient &ecirc;tre b&eacute;n&eacute;fiques dans la conception des combinaisons de m&eacute;dicaments pour les traitements d&#39;anti-glioma.

Phage sondes pour des cellules gliales malignes.

Diagnosi precoce e un trattamento efficace dei gliomi maligni, che sono tumori cerebrali eterogenei con espressione variabile di marcatori di superficie delle cellule, sono inibiti dalla mancanza di mezzi per caratterizzare e molecole tumore-selettivi di destinazione. Per creare profili molecolari di cellule di glioma ratto RG2, abbiamo utilizzato la tecnologia di visualizzazione dei fagi, un approccio in grado di produrre preziose ligands ai bersagli di superficie cella sconosciuto. I ligandi sono stati selezionati da librerie di peptidi visualizzati come molecole di fusione su particelle dei fagi. Modifiche delle condizioni di selezione ha portato nella identificazione di tre famiglie distintive dei ligandi peptidici per cellule di glioma maligno. La prima famiglia con V (P L D)/(G) (E)/(T) H(3) il motivo obbligatorio sembrava un marcatore che &egrave; comune per glioma, le cellule cerebrali normali e cellule di origine non-cervello di destinazione. Il secondo gruppo del peptide presentato fago visualizzato D (sequenza consenso T)/S/(L) T K e peptidi contenuti con marcate Propriet&agrave; glioma-selettivo. Fago cloni che esprimono peptidi con /V/ E (L) motivo (S) R G D S sono stati trovati nei lisati cellulari e rappresentato la terza famiglia di glioma specifici ligandi. Tutti i peptidi all&#39;interno di questa famiglia contengono la sequenza di amminoacido RGD, che &egrave; conosciuta da associare a un numero di integrine. Cloni dei fagi che appartengono a questa famiglia sono stati interiorizzati dalle cellule di glioma RG2 circa 63-fold in modo pi&ugrave; efficiente rispetto gli astrociti. L&#39;approccio descritto potrebbe essere applicabile per la rilevazione accurata di modelli di glioma espressione nei tumori singoli. Tali modelli potrebbero essere utile nella progettazione di efficaci combinazioni di farmaci per i trattamenti anti-glioma.

Fago sonde per le cellule gliale maligne.

Cell-binding ligands for RG2 rat glioma were identified in our recent study from a library of peptides that are displayed as fusion molecules on phage particles. Here, one of the phage clones was used to affinity purify those cell membrane components to which the displayed peptides bind. This phage clone, displaying the ELRGDSLP peptide, was shown to recognize glioma cells specifically in comparison to control phage-expressing peptides of either similar or irrelevant sequences. Blocking experiments with synthetic RGDS peptide demonstrated that the phage-glioma cell recognition occurs via the RGD motif known to be present in many integrin-binding proteins. To form an affinity matrix that would bind to glioma cell membrane molecules, ELRGDSLP phage particles were cross-linked using dextran polymer. Whole cell lysate from RG2 rat glioma cells was passed through the matrix, resulting in the isolation of cell membrane components having strong affinity to the peptides on phage and molecules associated with those components. One of the isolated proteins was found to be CD44s, a cell surface adhesion molecule involved in glioma cell invasion and migration, which likely formed a complex with an RGD-binding integrin. Cell membrane proteins isolated with this innovative approach could be used for the design of cell-specific anticancer treatments.

Phage matrix for isolation of glioma cell membrane proteins.

Ligands cellules de gliome rat RG2 ont &eacute;t&eacute; identifi&eacute;s dans notre &eacute;tude r&eacute;cente d&#39;une biblioth&egrave;que de peptides qui sont affich&eacute;s sous forme de molecules de fusion sur les particules phagiques. Ici, l&#39;un des clones phage servait &agrave; affinit&eacute; purifier ces composants de la membrane cellulaire qui se lient les peptides affich&eacute;es. Ce clone de phage, affichant le peptide ELRGDSLP, s&#39;est av&eacute;r&eacute; de reconna&icirc;tre les cellules de gliome sp&eacute;cifiquement par rapport aux peptides de contr&ocirc;le exprimant le phage de s&eacute;quences soit semblables ou non pertinentes. Blocage exp&eacute;rimente le peptide synth&eacute;tique de RGDS a d&eacute;montr&eacute; que la reconnaissance de cellule phage-gliome s&#39;effectue via le motif RGD, connu pour &ecirc;tre pr&eacute;sent dans nombreuses prot&eacute;ines liant l&#39;int&eacute;grine. Pour former une matrice d&#39;affinit&eacute; qui se lier aux mol&eacute;cules de membrane de cellules de gliome, particules phagiques ELRGDSLP ont &eacute;t&eacute; r&eacute;ticul&eacute;s &agrave; l&#39;aide de polym&egrave;re de dextran. Lysat de cellules enti&egrave;res de cellules de gliome RG2 rat a &eacute;t&eacute; pass&eacute;e par l&#39;interm&eacute;diaire de la matrice, ce qui entra&icirc;ne l&#39;isolement des composants de membrane cellulaire ayant une affinit&eacute; forte pour les peptides sur les phages et les mol&eacute;cules associ&eacute;es aux composants. Une des prot&eacute;ines isol&eacute;es s&#39;est av&eacute;r&eacute;e CD44s, une mol&eacute;cule de surface d&#39;adh&eacute;rence cellulaire impliqu&eacute;e dans l&#39;invasion de cellules de gliome et migration, qui probablement forme un complexe avec une int&eacute;grine RGD-liaison. Prot&eacute;ines de la membrane de la cellule isol&eacute;es avec cette approche novatrice pourraient servir pour la conception de traitements anticanc&eacute;reuses sp&eacute;cifiques des cellules.

Matrice de phage pour isoler des prot&eacute;ines de membrane de cellules de gliome.

Cella-associazione ligandi per RG2 glioma ratto sono stati identificati nel nostro recente studio da una libreria di peptidi che vengono visualizzati come molecole di fusione su particelle dei fagi. Qui, uno dei cloni dei fagi &egrave; stato utilizzato per l&#39;affinit&agrave; di purificare quei componenti della membrana cellulare che legano i peptidi visualizzati. Questo clone di fago, visualizzazione del peptide ELRGDSLP, &egrave; stato mostrato a riconoscere le cellule di glioma in particolare rispetto ai peptidi di fago-esprimendo controllo di sequenze o simili o irrilevante. Bloccando gli esperimenti con peptidi sintetici RGDS ha dimostrato che il riconoscimento delle cellule dei fagi-glioma avviene attraverso il motivo RGD conosciuto per essere presente in molti integrina-binding proteins. Per formare una matrice di affinit&agrave; che si legherebbe alle molecole di membrana delle cellule di glioma, particelle dei fagi ELRGDSLP erano reticolati utilizzando polimeri destrano. Cella intera lisato da cellule di glioma RG2 ratto &egrave; stato passato attraverso la matrice, con conseguente isolamento della membrana delle cellule componenti aventi forte affinit&agrave; per i peptidi dei fagi e molecole associate a tali componenti. Una delle proteine isolate &egrave; stata trovata per essere CD44s, una molecola di adesione superficiale delle cellule coinvolta nell&#39;invasione delle cellule di glioma e migrazione, che probabilmente formava un complesso con un&#39;integrina RGD-associazione. Proteine di membrana delle cellule isolate con questo innovativo approccio potrebbero essere utilizzate per la progettazione di cella specifici trattamenti anticancro.

Matrice dei fagi per l&#39;isolamento delle proteine di membrana delle cellule di glioma.

Unfolding and subsequent aggregation of proteins is a common phenomenon that is linked to many human disorders. Misfolded hemoglobin is generally manifested in various autoimmune, infectious and inherited diseases. We isolated micrometer and submicrometer particles, termed proteons, from human and animal blood. Proteons lack nucleic acids but contain two major polypeptide populations with homology to the hemoglobin alpha-chain. Proteons form by reversible seeded aggregation of proteins around proteon nucleating centers (PNCs). PNCs are comprised of 1- to 2-nm metallic nanoclusters containing 40-300 atoms. Each milliliter of human blood contained approximately 7 x 10(13) PNCs and approximately 3 x 10(8) proteons. Exposure of isolated blood plasma to elevated temperatures increased the number of proteons. When an aliquot of this heated plasma was introduced into untreated plasma that was subsequently heated, the number of proteons further increased, reaching a maximum after a total of three such iterations. Small concentrations of PNCs were lethal to cultured cancer cells, whereas noncancerous cells were much less affected.

Novel metal clusters isolated from blood are lethal to cancer cells.

D&eacute;pliage et suivantes l&#39;agr&eacute;gation des prot&eacute;ines est un ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne courant qui est li&eacute; &agrave; plusieurs maladies humaines. Forme anormale de l&#39;h&eacute;moglobine se manifeste g&eacute;n&eacute;ralement dans diverses maladies auto-immunes, infectieuses et h&eacute;r&eacute;ditaires. Nous avons isol&eacute; les particules microm&egrave;tre et SUBMICROMETRIQUES, appel&eacute;s proteons, du sang humain et des animaux. Proteons manque d&#39;acides nucl&eacute;iques mais contiennent deux populations de polypeptide majeur avec une homologie avec la cha&icirc;ne alpha de l&#39;h&eacute;moglobine. Proteons forme par une agr&eacute;gation ensemenc&eacute;e r&eacute;versible de prot&eacute;ines autour de carte proteon nucl&eacute;ation centres (PNCs). PNCs sont composent de 1 &agrave; 2 nm nanoagr&eacute;gats m&eacute;tallique contenant des atomes de 40-300. Chaque millilitre de sang humain contenue environ 7 x 10 (13) PNCs et environ 3 x 10 (8) proteons. Exposition d&#39;isol&eacute; le plasma sanguin &agrave; des temp&eacute;ratures &eacute;lev&eacute;es ont augment&eacute; le nombre de proteons. Quand une partie aliquote de ce plasma chauff&eacute;e fut introduite en plasma non trait&eacute; qui est chauff&eacute; par la suite, le nombre de proteons encore augment&eacute;, pour atteindre un maximum apr&egrave;s un total de trois de ces it&eacute;rations. Petites concentrations de PNCs ont &eacute;t&eacute; mortelles pour les cellules canc&eacute;reuses cultiv&eacute;es, alors que les cellules non canc&eacute;reuses sont beaucoup moins affect&eacute;s.

Nouveaux clusters m&eacute;talliques isol&eacute;s du sang sont l&eacute;tales pour les cellules canc&eacute;reuses.

Svolgimento e conseguente aggregazione delle proteine &egrave; un fenomeno comune che &egrave; legato a molte patologie umane. Emoglobina malpiegata generalmente si manifesta in varie malattie autoimmuni, infettive ed ereditarie. Abbiamo isolato particelle micrometriche e submicrometriche, definite proteons, da sangue umano e animale. Proteons mancanza di acidi nucleici, ma contengono due popolazioni principali del polipeptide con omologia per la catena alfa dell&#39;emoglobina. Proteons forma di aggregazione reversibile seminato di proteine intorno proteon nucleare centri (PNCs). PNCs sono costituite da 1 - 2 nm nanocluster metallici contenenti atomi di 40-300. Ogni millilitro di sangue umano contiene circa 7 x si PNCs e circa 3 x 10, paragrafo 8 proteons. L&#39;esposizione del plasma sanguigno isolato a temperature elevate ha aumentato il numero di proteons. Quando &egrave; stata introdotta un&#39;aliquota di questo plasma riscaldato nel plasma non trattato che successivamente &egrave; stato riscaldato, il numero di proteons ulteriormente aumentato, raggiungendo un massimo dopo un totale di tre tali iterazioni. Piccole concentrazioni di PNCs erano letale per le cellule tumorali coltivate, mentre le cellule non tumorali molto meno sono state influenzate.

Romanzo cluster metallo isolato dal sangue sono letali per le cellule tumorali.

Two bacterial cultures were isolated and tested for degradation of shrimp shell waste. According to morphological examination, physiological tests, and applied molecular techniques, isolates were identified as Bacillus cereus and Exiguobacterium acetylicum. Both strains were cultivated separately in flasks with 100 mL of shrimp shell waste broth (3% of washed, dried and ground shrimp shell waste in tap water, pH 7.0) at 37 degrees C. At determined periods of time, deproteinization and demineralization of residuals were measured. Fermentation of 3% shell waste with B. cereus indicated 97.1% deproteinization and 95% demineralization. For E. acetylicum, the level of deproteinization and demineralization was 92.8 and 92%, respectively. Protein content was reduced from 18.7 to 5.3% with B. cereus and to 7.3% with E. acetylicum. No additional supplements were used during the fermentation of shell waste. B. cereus strain showed higher efficacy in decomposition of shell waste and was used for large-scale fermentation in 12 L of 10% shrimp shell waste broth. Incubation of bacteria with shell waste during 14 days at 37 degrees C resulted in 78.6% deproteinization and 73% demineralization. High activity of isolated cultures in decomposition of shrimp shell waste suggests broad potential for application of these bacteria in environmentally friendly approaches to chitin extraction from chitin-rich wastes.

Efficient decomposition of shrimp shell waste using Bacillus cereus and Exiguobacterium acetylicum.

Deux cultures bact&eacute;riennes ont &eacute;t&eacute; isol&eacute;es et test&eacute;s pour la d&eacute;gradation des d&eacute;chets de coquille de crevettes. Selon l&#39;examen morphologique, tests physiologiques et techniques mol&eacute;culaires appliqu&eacute;es, les isolats ont &eacute;t&eacute; identifi&eacute;s comme Bacillus cereus et Exiguobacterium acetylicum. Les deux souches ont &eacute;t&eacute; cultiv&eacute;es s&eacute;par&eacute;ment dans des flacons avec 100 mL de bouillon d&eacute;chets coquille crevettes (3 % des d&eacute;chets de coquille de crevettes lav&eacute;, s&eacute;ch&eacute; et moulu dans l&#39;eau du robinet, pH 7,0) &agrave; 37 degr&eacute;s C. At a d&eacute;termin&eacute; des p&eacute;riodes de temps, d&eacute;prot&eacute;inisation et d&eacute;min&eacute;ralisation des r&eacute;sidus a &eacute;t&eacute; mesur&eacute;es. Fermentation des d&eacute;chets de coquille de 3 % avec b. cereus indiqu&eacute; d&eacute;prot&eacute;inisation de 97,1 % et 95 % de d&eacute;min&eacute;ralisation. Pour E. acetylicum, le niveau de d&eacute;prot&eacute;inisation et d&eacute;min&eacute;ralisation &eacute;tait de 92,8 et 92 %, respectivement. Teneur en prot&eacute;ines est pass&eacute;e de 18,7 &agrave; 5,3 % avec b. cereus et &agrave; 7,3 % avec E. acetylicum. Aucun suppl&eacute;ments additionnels ont &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute;s au cours de la fermentation des d&eacute;chets de la coquille. Souche de b. cereus a montr&eacute; une efficacit&eacute; sup&eacute;rieure dans la d&eacute;composition des d&eacute;chets de shell et a &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute;e pour la fermentation &agrave; grande &eacute;chelle dans 12 L de bouillon de d&eacute;chets coquille 10 % de crevettes. Incubation des bact&eacute;ries avec coquille d&eacute;chets pendant 14 jours &agrave; 37 degr&eacute;s C entra&icirc;ne 78,6 % de d&eacute;prot&eacute;inisation et 73 % de d&eacute;min&eacute;ralisation. Forte activit&eacute; de cultures isol&eacute;es dans la d&eacute;composition des d&eacute;chets de coquille de crevettes sugg&egrave;re vaste potentiel d&#39;application de ces bact&eacute;ries dans des approches respectueuses de l&#39;environnement &agrave; l&#39;extraction de la chitine de chitine riche en d&eacute;chets.

D&eacute;composition efficace de coquille de crevettes des d&eacute;chets &agrave; l&#39;aide de Bacillus cereus et Exiguobacterium acetylicum.

Due colture batteriche sono state isolate e testate per la degradazione dei rifiuti shell gamberetti. Secondo esame morfologico, prove fisiologiche e tecniche molecolari applicate, gli isolati sono stati identificati come Bacillus cereus ed Exiguobacterium acetylicum. Entrambi i ceppi sono stati coltivati separatamente in palloni tarati da 100 ml di brodo dei rifiuti conchiglia di gamberetti (3% di rifiuti shell gamberetti lavati, essiccati e macinati in acqua di rubinetto, pH 7.0) a 37 gradi C. In determinati periodi di tempo, deproteinizzazione e demineralizzazione dei residui sono stati misurati. La fermentazione dei rifiuti shell 3% con b. cereus indicato deproteinizzazione 97.1% e 95% demineralizzazione. Per E. acetylicum, il livello di deproteinizzazione e demineralizzazione era 92,8% e 92%, rispettivamente. Contenuto di proteine &egrave; stato ridotto da 18,7 a 5,3% con b. cereus e al 7,3% con E. acetylicum. No supplementi sono stati utilizzati durante la fermentazione dei residui di guscio. Ceppo di b. cereus ha mostrato maggiore efficacia nella decomposizione dei rifiuti shell ed &egrave; stato utilizzato per la fermentazione su larga scala in 12 L di brodo dei rifiuti 10% gamberetti shell. L&#39;incubazione di batteri con guscio rifiuti durante 14 giorni a 37 gradi C portato a demineralizzazione deproteinizzazione e 73% 78.6%. Elevata attivit&agrave; di culture isolate in decomposizione dei rifiuti shell gamberetti suggerisce ampia possibilit&agrave; di applicazione di questi batteri negli approcci ecologici per estrazione di chitina da rifiuti ricchi di chitina.

Efficiente decomposizione della shell gamberetti rifiuti utilizzando il Bacillus cereus ed Exiguobacterium acetylicum.

A new inexpensive and simple method for preserving microorganisms has been developed. Natural polymers of acacia gum and pullulan were used to preserve model bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis via immobilization and storage under various conditions. Formulation of E. coli and B. subtilis in acacia gum significantly increased the viability of both cultures during desiccation at 40 degrees C as well as during the storage at various temperatures and relative humidity. In the ranges of temperatures and humidity used in experiments, the high humidity affected the viability of E. coli more than high temperature. Thermodynamic parameters for E. coli thermal degradation were used for quantification of results and characterization of the preservation process. Viability of B. subtilis in acacia gum polymer was not significantly changed during the storage in the temperature and humidity experiments. The number of viable B. subtilis recovered after storage in pullulan, and in PBS under various humidity conditions was 1-2 logs less in comparison with the number of cells before storage. It was found that acacia gum provides better protection than pullulan for both bacteria during the preservation process.

Preservation of bacteria in natural polymers.

Une nouvelle m&eacute;thode simple et peu co&ucirc;teuse pour pr&eacute;server les microorganismes a &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e. Polym&egrave;res naturels de gomme d&#39;acacia et de pullulan servaient &agrave; pr&eacute;server le mod&egrave;le bact&eacute;ries Escherichia coli et Bacillus subtilis via immobilisation et stockage dans des conditions diff&eacute;rentes. Formulation d&#39;e. coli et B. subtilis en gomme arabique a significativement augment&eacute; la viabilit&eacute; des deux cultures pendant la dessiccation &agrave; 40 degr&eacute;s C, ainsi que lors du stockage &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes temp&eacute;ratures et humidit&eacute; relative. Dans les gammes de temp&eacute;ratures et d&#39;humidit&eacute; utilis&eacute;s dans des exp&eacute;riences, la forte humidit&eacute; touch&eacute;s la viabilit&eacute; d&#39;Escherichia coli &agrave; plus haute temp&eacute;rature. Param&egrave;tres thermodynamiques de la d&eacute;gradation thermique d&#39;e. coli ont &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute;es pour la quantification des r&eacute;sultats et de la caract&eacute;risation du processus de pr&eacute;servation. Viabilit&eacute; de b. subtilis en acacia &agrave; gomme polym&egrave;re ne varia pas significativement durant le stockage dans les exp&eacute;riences de temp&eacute;rature et d&#39;humidit&eacute;. Le nombre de viable b. subtilis r&eacute;cup&eacute;r&eacute; apr&egrave;s stockage dans pullulane et dans du PBS sous diverses conditions d&#39;humidit&eacute; &eacute;tait de 1-2 billes de moins par rapport au nombre de cellules avant du ranger. Il a &eacute;t&eacute; constat&eacute; que gomme d&#39;acacia prot&egrave;ge mieux que pullulane pour ces deux bact&eacute;ries pendant le processus de pr&eacute;servation.

Conservation des bact&eacute;ries en polym&egrave;res naturels.

&Egrave; stato sviluppato un nuovo metodo semplice e poco costoso per conservazione microrganismi. Polimeri naturali di gomma di acacia e di pullulan erano usati per conservare il modello batteri Escherichia coli e Bacillus subtilis mediante immobilizzazione e archiviazione in varie condizioni. Formulazione di e. coli e B. subtilis in gomma di acacia aumentato significativamente la sopravvivenza di entrambe le culture durante l&#39;essiccazione a 40 gradi C, cos&igrave; come durante l&#39;immagazzinaggio a varie temperature e umidit&agrave; relativa. Nelle gamme di temperature e umidit&agrave; usato negli esperimenti, l&#39;alta umidit&agrave; colpite la vitalit&agrave; di e. coli pi&ugrave; che ad alta temperatura. Parametri termodinamici per degradazione termica di e. coli sono stati utilizzati per la quantificazione dei risultati e la caratterizzazione del processo di conservazione. Redditivit&agrave; di b. subtilis in polimero di gomma di acacia non &egrave; stato significativamente modificato durante l&#39;immagazzinaggio in esperimenti di temperatura e umidit&agrave;. Il numero di b. subtilis vitali recuperato dopo immagazzinaggio di pullulan e in PBS in diverse condizioni di umidit&agrave; era 1-2 tronchi in meno rispetto al numero di cellule prima dell&#39;immagazzinamento. Si scopr&igrave; che la gomma d&#39;acacia fornisce maggiore protezione rispetto pullulan per entrambi batteri durante il processo di conservazione.

Conservazione dei batteri in polimeri naturali.

Zinc metal nanoparticles in picomolar concentrations strongly enhance odorant responses of olfactory sensory neurons. One- to 2-nm metallic particles contain 40-300 zinc metal atoms, which are not in an ionic state. We exposed rat olfactory epithelium to metal nanoparticles and measured odorant responses by electroolfactogram and whole-cell patch clamp. A small amount of zinc nanoparticles added to an odorant or an extracellular/intracellular particle perfusion strongly increases the odorant response in a dose-dependent manner. Zinc nanoparticles alone produce no odor effects. Copper, gold, or silver nanoparticles do not produce effects similar to those of zinc. If zinc nanoparticles are replaced by Zn(+2) ions in the same concentration range, we observed a reduction of the olfactory receptor neuron odorant response. Based on these observations, we hypothesize that zinc nanoparticles are closely located to the interface between the guanine nucleotide-binding protein and the receptor proteins and are involved in transferring signals in the initial events of olfaction. Our results suggest that zinc metal nanoparticles can be used to enhance and sustain the initial olfactory events.

Enhancement of odorant-induced responses in olfactory receptor neurons by zinc nanoparticles.

Nanoparticules m&eacute;talliques zinc concentrations picomoles am&eacute;liorent fortement odorants r&eacute;ponses des neurones sensoriels olfactifs. 1 &Agrave; 2 nm particules m&eacute;talliques contiennent des atomes de m&eacute;tal zinc 40-300, qui ne sont pas &agrave; l&#39;&eacute;tat ionique. Nous expos&eacute;s &eacute;pith&eacute;lium olfactif rat aux nanoparticules m&eacute;talliques et mesur&eacute; odorisant r&eacute;ponses par &eacute;lectroolfactogrammes et whole-cell patch clamp. Une petite quantit&eacute; de nanoparticules de zinc ajout&eacute; &agrave; une odeur ou une perfusion de particule extracellulaire/intracellulaire augmente fortement la r&eacute;ponse odorant de mani&egrave;re dose-d&eacute;pendante. Nanoparticules de zinc seuls ne produisent aucun effet d&#39;odeur. Nanoparticules de cuivre, or ou argent ne produisent pas d&#39;effets similaires &agrave; ceux de zinc. Si des nanoparticules de zinc sont remplac&eacute;s par des ions de Zn(+2) dans la m&ecirc;me gamme de concentration, nous avons observ&eacute; une r&eacute;duction de la r&eacute;ponse de substance odorante de neurones r&eacute;cepteurs olfactifs. Selon ces observations, nous &eacute;mettons l&#39;hypoth&egrave;se que le zinc nanoparticules sont &eacute;troitement situ&eacute;s &agrave; l&#39;interface entre la prot&eacute;ine de liaison nucl&eacute;otidique de guanine et les prot&eacute;ines r&eacute;ceptrices et sont impliqu&eacute;s dans le transfert de signaux dans les &eacute;v&eacute;nements initiaux de l&#39;olfaction. Nos r&eacute;sultats sugg&egrave;rent que des nanoparticules m&eacute;talliques de zinc peuvent &ecirc;tre utilis&eacute;s pour renforcer et soutenir les &eacute;v&eacute;nements initiaux olfactifs.

Am&eacute;lioration des r&eacute;ponses induites par odorants dans des neurones r&eacute;cepteurs olfactifs de nanoparticules de zinc.

Nanoparticelle metalliche di zinco in concentrazioni picomolar migliorano fortemente odorant risposte dei neuroni sensoriali olfattivi. Particelle metalliche uno - 2 nm contengono atomi metallici zinco 40-300, che non sono in uno stato ionico. Abbiamo esposto epitelio olfattivo del topo di nanoparticelle metalliche e misurato odorant risposte da electroolfactogram e cellule intere patch clamp. Una piccola quantit&agrave; di nanoparticelle di zinco aggiunto una odorant o una perfusione delle particelle extracellulari/intracellulare aumenta fortemente la risposta odorant in modo dose-dipendente. Le nanoparticelle di zinco da solo non producono effetti nessun odore. Le nanoparticelle di argento, oro o rame non producono effetti simili a quelli di zinco. Se le nanoparticelle di zinco vengono sostituite da ioni di Zn(+2) nello stesso intervallo di concentrazione, abbiamo osservato una riduzione della risposta odorant neurone olfattivo del ricevitore. Sulla base di queste osservazioni, si ipotizza che lo zinco nanoparticelle sono strettamente trova all&#39;interfaccia tra la guanina nucleotide-proteina e le proteine del recettore e sono coinvolti nel trasferimento di segnali negli eventi iniziali dell&#39;olfatto. I nostri risultati suggeriscono che le nanoparticelle di metallo di zinco possono essere utilizzate per migliorare e sostenere gli eventi olfattivi iniziali.

Miglioramento delle risposte odorant indotta nei neuroni olfattivi del ricevitore da nanoparticelle di zinco.

Stability of microbial cultures during sampling and storage is a vital issue in various fields of medicine, biotechnology, food science, and forensics. We have developed a unique bacterial preservation process involving a non-toxic, water-soluble acacia gum polymer that eliminates the need for refrigerated storage of samples. The main goal of this study is to characterize the efficacy of acacia gum polymer for preservation of pathogenic bacteria (Bacillus anthracis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-MRSA) on different materials, used for swabbing and filtration: cotton, wool, polyester, rayon, charcoal cloth, and Whatman paper. Acacia gum polymer used for preservation of two pathogens has been shown to significantly protect bacteria during dehydration and storage in all tested samples at the range of temperatures (5-45Â°C for MRSA and 40-90Â°C for B. anthracis). Our results showed higher recovery as well as higher viability during the storage of both bacteria in all materials with acacia gum. Addition of acacia gum polymer to swabbing materials or filters will increase efficacy of sample collection and identification of pathogenic bacteria from locations such as hospitals or the environment. Proposed approach can also be used for long-term storage of culture collections, since acacia gum contributes to viability and stability of bacterial cultures.

Natural biopolymer for preservation of microorganisms during sampling and storage.

Stabilit&eacute; des cultures microbiennes au cours de l&#39;&eacute;chantillonnage et stockage est une question vitale dans divers domaines de la m&eacute;decine, biotechnologie, agronomie et m&eacute;decine l&eacute;gale. Nous avons d&eacute;velopp&eacute; un proc&eacute;d&eacute; de pr&eacute;servation bact&eacute;rienne unique impliquant un polym&egrave;re de gomme d&#39;acacia non toxique, soluble dans l&#39;eau qui &eacute;limine le besoin de stockage r&eacute;frig&eacute;r&eacute; des &eacute;chantillons. L&#39;objectif principal de cette &eacute;tude est de caract&eacute;riser l&#39;efficacit&eacute; d&#39;acacia &agrave; gomme polym&egrave;re pour la pr&eacute;servation des bact&eacute;ries pathog&egrave;nes (Bacillus anthracis et methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-SARM) sur diff&eacute;rents mat&eacute;riaux, utilis&eacute;s pour le pistonnage et filtration : coton, laine, polyester, rayonne, tissu charbon de bois et papier Whatman. Polym&egrave;re de gomme Acacia utilis&eacute;e pour la pr&eacute;servation de deux agents pathog&egrave;nes a &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;tabli pour prot&eacute;ger les bact&eacute;ries significativement au cours de la d&eacute;shydratation et le stockage dans tous les &eacute;chantillons test&eacute;s &agrave; la plage de temp&eacute;ratures (5-45&deg; C pour les SARM et 40-90&deg; C pour le b. anthracis). Nos r&eacute;sultats ont montr&eacute; la plus forte reprise ainsi que la viabilit&eacute; sup&eacute;rieure lors du stockage de ces deux bact&eacute;ries dans toutes les mati&egrave;res avec la gomme d&#39;acacia. Ajout de polym&egrave;re Gomme acacia d&#39;&eacute;couvillonnage des mat&eacute;riaux ou des filtres augmentera l&#39;efficacit&eacute; du pr&eacute;l&egrave;vement d&#39;&eacute;chantillons et l&#39;identification des bact&eacute;ries pathog&egrave;nes de lieux tels que les h&ocirc;pitaux ou l&#39;environnement. L&#39;approche propos&eacute;e permet &eacute;galement pour la conservation &agrave; long terme des collections de cultures, &eacute;tant donn&eacute; que la gomme d&#39;acacia contribue &agrave; la viabilit&eacute; et la stabilit&eacute; des cultures bact&eacute;riennes.

Biopolym&egrave;re naturel pour la conservation des micro-organismes pendant l&#39;&eacute;chantillonnage et stockage.

Stabilit&agrave; delle colture microbiche durante il prelievo e stoccaggio &egrave; una questione vitale in vari campi della medicina, biotecnologie, scienza alimentare e medicina forense. Abbiamo sviluppato un processo unico di conservazione batterica che coinvolge un polimero di gomma d&#39;acacia non tossico, solubile in acqua che elimina la necessit&agrave; di conservazione refrigerata dei campioni. L&#39;obiettivo principale di questo studio &egrave; di caratterizzare l&#39;efficacia del polimero gomma d&#39;acacia per la conservazione dei batteri patogeni (Bacillus anthracis e meticillino-resistente Staphylococcus aureus-MRSA) su diversi materiali, utilizzati per strofinare e filtrazione: cotone, lana, poliestere, rayon, panno di carbone di legna e Carta Whatman. Polimero di gomma di acacia utilizzato per la conservazione di due agenti patogeni ha dimostrato di proteggere in modo significativo batteri durante la disidratazione e lo stoccaggio in tutti i campioni testati presso la gamma di temperature (5-45&deg; C per MRSA e 40-90&deg; C per b. anthracis). I nostri risultati hanno mostrato recupero superiore cos&igrave; come la maggiore redditivit&agrave; durante l&#39;immagazzinaggio di entrambi batteri in tutti i materiali con gomma di acacia. Aggiunta di polimero gomma d&#39;acacia a strofinare materiali o filtri aumenter&agrave; efficacia della raccolta del campione e identificazione dei batteri patogeni da luoghi come ospedali o per l&#39;ambiente. Approccio proposto utilizzabile anche per l&#39;archiviazione a lungo termine delle collezioni di cultura, dato che la gomma di acacia contribuisce alla vitalit&agrave; e alla stabilit&agrave; delle colture batteriche.

Biopolimero naturale per la conservazione dei microrganismi durante il prelievo e stoccaggio.

Discrimination of methicillin resistant (MRSA) and sensitive (MSSA) strains of Staphylococcus aureus, was achieved by the specially selected lytic bacteriophage with a wide host range of S. aureus strains and a penicillin-binding protein (PBP 2a) specific antibody. A quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) was employed to analyze bacteria-phage interactions. The lytic phages were transformed into phage spheroids by exposure to water-chloroform interface. Phage spheroid monolayers were transferred onto QCM-D sensors by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique. Biosensors were tested in the flow mode with bacterial water suspensions, while collecting frequency and energy dissipation changes. Bacteria-spheroid interactions resulted in decreased resonance frequency and an increase in dissipation energy for both MRSA and MSSA strains. Following the bacterial binding, these sensors were further exposed to a flow of the penicillin-binding protein (PBP 2a) specific antibody conjugated latex beads. Sensors tested with MRSA responded to PBP 2a antibody beads; while sensors examined with MSSA gave no response. This experimental difference establishes an unambiguous discrimination between methicillin resistant and sensitive S. aureus strains. Both free and immobilized bacteriophages strongly inhibit bacterial growth on solid/air interfaces and in water suspensions. After lytic phages are transformed into spheroids, they retain their strong lytic activity and demonstrate high bacterial capture efficiency. The phage and phage spheroids can be used for screening and disinfection of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Other applications may include use on biosensors, bacteriophage therapy, and antimicrobial surfaces.

Detection and identification of methicillin resistant and sensitive strains of Staphylococcus aureus using tandem measurements.

Discrimination de r&eacute;sistant &agrave; la m&eacute;thicilline (SARM) et des souches sensibles (MSSA) de Staphylococcus aureus, a &eacute;t&eacute; atteint par le bact&eacute;riophage lytique sp&eacute;cialement s&eacute;lectionn&eacute; avec une gamme de S. aureus souches de gamme d&#39;h&ocirc;tes et un anticorps sp&eacute;cifique de la p&eacute;nicilline-liaison prot&eacute;ique (PBP 2 a). Une microbalance &agrave; cristal de quartz avec dissipation surveillance (QCM-D) a &eacute;t&eacute; utilis&eacute;e pour analyser les interactions bact&eacute;riophages-bact&eacute;ries. Les phages lytiques sont transform&eacute;es en sph&eacute;ro&iuml;des phage par l&#39;exposition &agrave; l&#39;interface eau-chloroforme. Monocouches sph&eacute;ro&iuml;de phage ont &eacute;t&eacute; transf&eacute;r&eacute;s sur des capteurs de QCM-D par la technique de Langmuir-Blodgett (LB). Biocapteurs ont &eacute;t&eacute; test&eacute;s sous le mode avec des suspensions bact&eacute;riennes de l&#39;eau, tout en collectant des changements de dissipation de fr&eacute;quence et de l&#39;&eacute;nergie. Interactions bact&eacute;ries-sph&eacute;ro&iuml;de a abouti &agrave; la fr&eacute;quence de r&eacute;sonance une diminution et une augmentation de l&#39;&eacute;nergie de dissipation pour les souches de SARM et de MSSA. Suite &agrave; la liaison bact&eacute;rienne, ces capteurs ont &eacute;t&eacute; davantage expos&eacute;s &agrave; un flux des prot&eacute;ine se liant &agrave; la p&eacute;nicilline (PBP 2 a) anticorps sp&eacute;cifique conjugu&eacute; billes de latex. Capteurs test&eacute; par SARM a r&eacute;pondu aux perles d&#39;anticorps PBP 2 a ; pendant l&#39;examen de capteurs avec MSSA a donn&eacute; aucune r&eacute;ponse. Cette diff&eacute;rence exp&eacute;rimentale &eacute;tablit une discrimination sans ambigu&iuml;t&eacute; entre r&eacute;sistants &agrave; la m&eacute;thicilline et sensibles S. aureus souches. Les bact&eacute;riophages libres et immobilis&eacute;es inhibent fortement la croissance bact&eacute;rienne sur des interfaces solide/air et dans des suspensions de l&#39;eau. Apr&egrave;s que les phages lytiques sont transform&eacute;s en sph&eacute;ro&iuml;des, ils conservent leur forte activit&eacute; lytique et d&eacute;montrent l&#39;efficacit&eacute; de captage bact&eacute;rienne &eacute;lev&eacute;e. Le phage et sph&eacute;ro&iuml;des phage peuvent &ecirc;tre utilis&eacute;s pour le d&eacute;pistage et la d&eacute;sinfection de bact&eacute;ries r&eacute;sistantes aux antibiotiques. Autres applications peuvent inclure l&#39;utilisation sur surfaces antimicrobiennes, th&eacute;rapie bact&eacute;riophage et biocapteurs.

D&eacute;tection et identification des souches sensibles et r&eacute;sistantes &agrave; la m&eacute;thicilline de Staphylococcus aureus en utilisant des mesures en tandem.

Discriminazione di meticillino-resistente (MRSA) e sensibile (MSSA) ceppi di Staphylococcus aureus, fu raggiunto da batteriofago litico appositamente selezionato con un host vasta gamma di S. aureus ceppi e un anticorpo specifico penicillina-binding protein di (PBP 2a). Una microbilancia al quarzo cristallo con dissipazione di monitoraggio (QCM-D) &egrave; stato impiegato per analizzare le interazioni dei fagi batteri. I fagi litici furono trasformati in sferoidi fago da esposizione all&#39;interfaccia acqua-cloroformio. Monostrati sferoide dei fagi sono stati trasferiti su sensori QCM-D da tecnica di Langmuir-Blodgett (LB). Biosensori sono stati testati in modalit&agrave; flusso con sospensioni batteriche dell&#39;acqua, mentre la raccolta modifiche di dissipazione di energia e frequenza. Interazioni batteri-sferoide portato a frequenza di risonanza &egrave; diminuito e un aumento di energia di dissipazione per i ceppi MRSA sia MSSA. Seguendo l&#39;associazione batterica, questi sensori sono stati ulteriormente esposti ad un flusso di penicillina-binding protein (PBP 2a) specifico anticorpo coniugato con lattice perline. Sensori testati con MRSA ha risposto alle perle di PBP 2a dell&#39;anticorpo; mentre sensori esaminati con MSSA ha dato alcuna risposta. Questa differenza sperimentale stabilisce una discriminazione univoca tra i ceppi meticillino resistente e sensibile S. aureus. Entrambi gratuiti e immobilizzati batteriofagi fortemente inibiscono la crescita batterica su interfacce solido/aria e nelle sospensioni di acqua. Dopo fagi litici vengono trasformati in sferoidi, essi conservano la loro forte attivit&agrave; litico e dimostrare acquisizione batterica ad alta efficienza. Il fago e sferoidi fago possono essere utilizzati per lo screening e la disinfezione dei batteri resistenti agli antibiotici. Altre applicazioni possono includere utilizzo su superfici antimicrobiche, terapia del batteriofago e biosensori.

Rilevazione e l&#39;identificazione dei ceppi meticillino resistenti e sensibili di Staphylococcus aureus utilizzando misurazioni tandem.

The images of human erythrocytes and vesicles were analyzed by a light microscopy system with spatial resolution of better than 90 nm. The samples were observed in an aqueous environment and required no freezing, dehydration, staining, shadowing, marking, or any other manipulation. Temperature elevation resulted in significant concentration increase of structurally transformed erythrocytes (echinocytes) and vesicles in the blood. The process of vesicle separation from spiculated erythrocytes was video recorded in real time. At a temperature of 37°C, mean vesicle concentrations and diameters were found to be 1.50 ± 0.35 × 10(6) vesicles per microliter and 0.365 ± 0.065 μm, respectively. The vesicle concentration increased approximately threefold as the temperature increased from 37 to 40°C. It was estimated that 80% of all vesicles found in the blood are smaller than 0.4 μm. Accurate account of vesicle numbers and dimensions suggest that 86% of the lost erythrocyte material is lost not by vesiculation but by another, as yet, unknown mechanism.

Microscopic evaluation of vesicles shed by erythrocytes at elevated temperatures.

In the 1960s Bong Han Kim discovered and characterized a new vascular system. He was able to differentiate it clearly from vascular blood and lymph systems by the use of a variety of methods, which were available to him in the mid-20th century. He gave detailed characterization of the system and created comprehensive diagrams and photographs in his publications. He demonstrated that this system is composed of nodes and vessels, and it was responsible for tissue regeneration. However, he did not disclose in detail his methods. Consequently, his results are relatively obscure from the vantage point of contemporary scientists. The stains that Kim used had been perfected and had been in use for more than 100 years. Therefore, the names of the stains were directed to the explicit protocols for the usage with the particular cells or molecules. Traditionally, it was not normally necessary to describe the method used unless it is significantly deviated from the original method. In this present work, we have been able to disclose staining methods used by Kim.

Ludmila Globa

Department of Anatomy,
Physiology and Pharmacology,
College of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine

Auburn University

Biosensor for Detection of Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus Bacteria

Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain

Ludmila Globa

.css-o250i3{font-size:18px;font-family:Open Sans,sans-serif;line-height:21.6px;}Department of Anatomy,Physiology and Pharmacology,College of Veterinary Medicine,Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine

Auburn University

Biosensor for Detection of Antibiotic Resistant Staphylococcus Bacteria

Prevention of Heat Stress Adverse Effects in Rats by Bacillus subtilis Strain

Department of Anatomy,
Physiology and Pharmacology,
College of Veterinary Medicine,
Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine