Method Article
Here, we present an in vivo technique for gene transfer to Schwann cells (SCs) in the rodent sciatic nerve. This simple technique is useful for investigating signaling mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of myelinating SCs.
The formation of the myelin sheath by Schwann cells (SCs) is essential for rapid conduction of nerve impulses along axons in the peripheral nervous system. SC-selective genetic manipulation in living animals is a powerful technique for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms of SC myelination and demyelination in vivo. While knockout/knockin and transgenic mice are powerful tools for studying SC biology, these methods are costly and time consuming. Viral vector-mediated transgene introduction into the sciatic nerve is a simpler and less laborious method. However, viral methods have limitations, such as toxicity, transgene size constraints, and infectivity restricted to certain developmental stages. Here, we describe a new method that allows selective transfection of myelinating SCs in the rodent sciatic nerve using electroporation. By applying electric pulses to the sciatic nerve at the site of plasmid DNA injection, genes of interest can be easily silenced or overexpressed in SCs in both neonatal and more mature animals. Furthermore, this in vivo electroporation method allows for highly efficient simultaneous expression of multiple transgenes. Our novel technique should enable researchers to efficiently manipulate SC gene expression, and facilitate studies on SC development and function.
The rapid transmission of sensory and motor information in the peripheral nervous system is permitted by the myelin sheath, which is formed by myelinating Schwann cells (SCs)1. Insulation of axons by the myelin sheath enables saltatory conduction, which increases the speed of nerve impulses. In disorders in which the development or maintenance of the myelin sheath is impaired, nerve conduction speed is reduced. This results in neuropathy involving motor and sensory dysfunction. Although there are many studies on the molecular mechanisms of myelination and demyelination in the peripheral nervous system, the roles of the numerous proteins involved in these processes remain unclear.
To study the molecular mechanisms of SC myelination/demyelination in vivo, genetic approaches have been used to modify gene expression in animals. A powerful approach is the use of knockout/knockin or transgenic animals. However, the generation of these animals is expensive and time consuming. For SC-specific gene manipulation, crossing floxed strains with Cre mice or other conditional gene expression methods are necessary. This again is laborious and time intensive. In recent years, a cutting-edge genetic technology, the CRISPR-Cas9 system, has made the generation of genetically modified mice much quicker (about 4 weeks)2,3, but this method is hindered by target sequence limitations, and suffers from off-target effects. As an alternative method, viral vector-mediated gene transfer is a faster and easier method of achieving gene transfer into SCs in vivo4-6. Indeed, the generation of viral vectors is less expensive, and takes a shorter time (within a few weeks), and gene manipulation of SCs can be achieved by simply injecting engineered viral vectors, such as adenoviral vectors, adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors, and lentiviral vectors, into the sciatic nerve. Because these viral vectors have different characteristics, users have to choose the one best suited for their purpose. Adenoviral vectors infect axons and SCs in both young and mature sciatic nerves. In particular, adenoviral vectors have higher selectively for non-myelinating SCs than myelinating SCs. Adenoviruses can cause immune responses, and accordingly, immunodeficient strains should be used5. AAV vectors are currently the most widely used viral vectors, and allow in vivo gene transfer with lower toxicity7. AAV can transduce both axons and SCs by direct injection into the nerve fibers8,9. However, AAV-mediated protein expression usually requires 3 weeks or longer to reach maximum levels7,9. Therefore, it is difficult to analyze myelination, which actively progresses during the two week postnatal period. Lentiviral vectors have higher selectively for myelinating SCs than non-myelinating SCs, and do not have toxic effects on sciatic nerves. However, lentiviral vectors do not infect SCs in more mature nerves5, and therefore are unsuitable for analyzing events such as the demyelination process.
Electroporation is another faster and easier approach to achieve in vivo gene transfer. It has been reported that in vivo transfection of SCs can be achieved when electroporation is applied to transected rat sciatic nerves10. However, because this method requires nerve transection for gene delivery, the application is limited to the analysis of the damaged nerves. Here, we describe an alternative method that allows the delivery of transgenes into myelinating SCs in intact rat sciatic nerves using electroporation11. This method requires plasmid construction, which can usually be completed within a week. Then, by simply delivering electric pulses to the site on the sciatic nerve where the plasmid DNA was injected, highly selective transfection of myelinating SCs can be achieved in neonatal as well as in more mature animals. By electroporating multiple plasmids, simultaneous expression of a variety of genes can be easily achieved. The ability to simultaneous express multiple molecules, such as signaling proteins, short-hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) and functional probes, is crucial for investigating complex processes such as myelination and demyelination. The novel in vivo electroporation method described in this paper will be a powerful tool, allowing researchers to analyze the function of a multitude of molecules and their interactions in myelinating SCs.
O uso de ratos para a investigação estava em conformidade com as orientações estabelecidas pelo Comitê da Universidade de Tóquio Animal Welfare.
1.Preparation de DNA de plasmídeo
2. A esterilização de instrumentos cirúrgicos e Saline
3. Preparação da micropipeta de vidro
4. Cirurgia animal, Injecção de ADN e electroporação
Nota: Um excessoFace a esta etapa é descrita na Figura 1. Embora o procedimento de crias de ratos são descritos aqui, o método também é aplicável a animais mais maduros, utilizando o mesmo procedimento.
5. Pós-eletroporação
6. Pós-cirurgia
Um exemplo de um nervo ciático transfectada com proteína fluorescente vermelha (RFP) -expressing plasmídeo é mostrada na Figura 2A. As células que mostram morfologia bipolar, uma característica de SCs, foram escassamente transfectadas com RFP. Nenhuma fluorescência RFP foi detectado em axónios. Normalmente encontramos ~ 100 SCs transfectadas em cada nervo. Esta eficiência de transfecção parece semelhante à in vivo SC eficiência de infecção utilizando vectores lentivirais 4.
Experimentos imunocoloração mostrou que a maioria (~ 96%) as células RFP-positivo em P7 co-marcadas durante S100, um marcador SC (Figura 2B), e 91% de células RFP-positivo em P14 co-marcadas durante MBP, um marcador mielinizantes SC (Figura 2C), o que sugere que a transferência genética através de electroporação é altamente selectivo para myelinating SCs.
A introdução de genes em múltiplas SCs in vivo será extremamente útil para investigar os mecanismos de mielinização / desmielinização. Uma grande vantagem do método de electroporação in vivo descrito aqui é a capacidade de transferência de genes múltiplos com um procedimento simples. A Figura 2D mostra uma imagem representativa de um nervo ciático transfectadas com uma mistura de GFP e os plasmídeos que expressam RFP utilizando electroporação em vivo. Cerca de 97% das SC foram GFP e RFP duplo positivo, sugerindo que a entrega altamente eficiente de genes múltiplos pode ser conseguido simplesmente electroporating misturas de vários plasmídeos.
Em roedores, a mielinização inicia em torno do nascimento, aumentando dramaticamente durante as primeiras duas semanas após o parto, e depois diminui gradualmente. Assim, manipulando geneticamente SCs durante essas janelas de tempo de desenvolvimento, os mecanismos subjacentes a estas diferentes fases de mielinização pode ser esclarecida. lentivirais são uma boa ferramenta para umnalyzing mielinização, especialmente como eles têm uma toxicidade mínima, mas lentivírus única infectar neonatal nervo ciático 5,6. Em comparação, a transferência de genes mediada por electroporação funciona bem quando a transfecção é realizada na P3 (Figura 2E, topo) ou em P14 (Figura 2E, parte inferior).
As aplicações do novo método em electroporação in vivo são descritos aqui. A Figura 3A mostra que as imagens ao microscópio óptico de GFP-expressando myelinating SCs em várias fases do desenvolvimento (P7, P14, P21 e P31). Por análise microscópica de luz, alterações nos parâmetros morfológicos, tais como comprimento e diâmetro, pode ser avaliado. Note-se que estes parâmetros têm valores semelhantes em comparação com ratos intactos 15,16 nervos periféricos, o que sugere que os nervos electroporadas desenvolver, sem efeitos prejudiciais significativos. A Figura 3B mostra uma imagem microscópica de electrões de LacZ-expressing myelinating SCs. Neste caso, LacZ foi utilizada como um marcador de expressão. β-galactosidase coloração utilizando Bluo-gal, um substrato insolúvel em etanol, possibilita a análise da estrutura de mielina de SCs transfectadas por microscopia eletrônica 11,17. Nestas experiências, o papel de moléculas de sinalização pode ser examinado por silenciamento ou aumentando a sua expressão, permitindo assim a análise da perda de função ou efeitos de ganho de função. Para além da análise de tecido fixo, in vivo, transferência de genes mediada por electroporação pode ser também aplicado a viver experiências de imagiologia. Por exemplo, a Figura 3C mostra uma mielinizantes SC co-expressando G-GECO1.1 18, um indicador verde fluorescente citosólica de Ca2 +, e R-GECO1mt 19, um indicador vermelho fluorescente Ca2 + mitocondrial. Ao expressar estes indicadores, identificamos uma via de sinalização que controla citosólica e mitocondrial de Ca2 + concentrações em myelinating SCs . Assim, o presente método pode ser usado para estudar uma variedade de mecanismos de sinalização, especialmente quando as sondas fluorescentes geneticamente codificados estão disponíveis para detectar os sinais de interesse.
Figura 1:. Esquemática do i n vivo A electroporação Método Em primeiro lugar, o nervo ciático do rato anestesiado é exposta. Em segundo lugar, o ADN de plasmídeo é injectado no nervo ciático. Terceiro, os impulsos eléctricos são entregues no local da injecção, através do eléctrodo de uma pinça em forma de. Finalmente, a ferida é fechada com cola. Este procedimento pode ser repetido sobre o nervo contralateral. Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.
Figura 3: Aplicação de electroporação in vivo (a) uma análise microscópica de luz do desenvolvimento de myelinating SCs.. Os nervos ciáticos foram electroporadas com o plasmídeo que expressa GFP em P3, e foram fixados em vários estágios de desenvolvimento (P7, P14, P21 e P31). Imagens representativas de CT-GFP positivo estão apresentados à esquerda. A duração média e o diâmetro estão resumidos como média ± EPM (n = 30-47 de 3 nervos) no lado direito. O comprimento e diâmetro do myelinating SCs aumenta à medida que prossegue o desenvolvimento. (B) uma imagem de microscopia electrónica de um nervo ciático transfectadas com um plasmídeo que codifica para LacZ. Um transf SC (asterisco branco, à esquerda) foi finamente marcado com precipitados do produto da reacção de β-galactosidase. (C) Uma imagem de um SC cotransfectadas com G-GECO1.1, um indicador verde fluorescente citosólica de Ca2 +, e R-GECO1mt, um indicador vermelho fluorescente mitocondrial de Ca2 +. As regiões dentro dos retângulos pontilhadas brancas são mostrados ampliada nos painéis à direita. Barras de escala = 50 uM (A e C); 1 | iM (B). Este valor foi modificado a partir de nossa publicação anterior 11. Por favor clique aqui para ver uma versão maior desta figura.
In this paper, we describe a simple and efficient method that allows in vivo gene transfer to myelinating SCs in the rat sciatic nerve using electroporation. This method allows highly selective gene expression in myelinating SCs by simply applying electric pulses to the plasmid DNA-injected sciatic nerve. Because the molecular mechanisms of myelination and demyelination in the peripheral nervous system remain unclear, the present in vivo electroporation method will be a powerful tool to clarify the roles of multiple genes of interest in living animals.
A critical requirement of this method is to keep damage to the nerve during surgery to a minimal level. Should surgical damage cause excessive inflammation, the sciatic nerve may degenerate. To avoid this, one must conduct surgery with extreme care, so as to not damage the blood vessels around the nerve. Mechanical stress to the nerve during the surgery can also be a cause of nerve damage. To minimize mechanical stress, lifting the exposed nerve should be done as gently as possible, and the tweezer-type electrode should be placed close to the nerve without contact. Furthermore, electrical pulses that are too strong can cause undesirable large leg movement, which leads to mechanical stress, or can burn the nerve. If significant damages are observed in the nerves, we recommend reducing the electrical pulse intensities or placing the electrode further away from the nerve.
In our present protocol, CAG promoter-driven plasmids were used as expression vectors. CAG promoter-driven plasmids allow high levels of gene expression in myelinating SCs in vivo. We also have tried a CMV promoter, another widely used universal promoter for mammalian gene expression, but expression of the gene product was very weak. This is consistent with previous results, in which electroporation-mediated transfection was conducted in the embryonic brain20. Therefore, we recommend using CAG promoter-driven plasmids for the in vivo electroporation method.
Because axonal signaling is a key factor in myelination/demyelination21, gene modification in neurons is also important. However, delivery of transgenes using our in vivo electroporation method is limited to SCs. It has been reported that gene delivery into sciatic nerve axons can be achieved when in vivo electroporation is applied to dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in adult rats22. This suggests that delivery of plasmid DNA to the cell body is likely to be critical for in vivo transfection of peripheral axons. Thus, to examine the involvement of axonal molecules in myelination/demyelination, researchers should use neuron-specific genetic methods such as genetically modified animals, neuron-specific viral vectors, or in vivo electroporation to DRG neurons.
Compared with current methods, such as the generation of genetically modified animal lines23 and delivery of transgenes by viral vectors4-6, gene modification of SCs by in vivo electroporation is simpler. This method only requires several days for plasmid DNA construction and one day for electroporation surgery. Plasmid DNA construction does not require a biohazard room that is usually essential for viral vector handling. In addition, one of the advantages of the electroporation method is the capacity for simultaneous expression of multiple gene products using a simple protocol. Our novel technique will be useful for analyzing the interaction of a variety of signaling molecules involved in myelination and demyelination. In particular, by permitting the cotransfection of a number of different intracellular fluorescent probes, our method should be a powerful tool for investigating intracellular signaling dynamics in SCs using live imaging experiments.
The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.
This work was supported by grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology to M.I. (21229004 and 25221304).
Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
Genopure Plasmid Maxi Kit | Roche | 03 143 422 001 | Plasmid DNA purification kit |
Fast Green CFC | WAKO | 069-00032 | Dye for DNA injection |
GC 150T-10 | HARVARD APPARATUS | 30-0062 | Glass capillary |
Suction tubing | Drummond | 05-2000-00 | Suction tubing for micro injection |
MODEL P-97 | SUTTER INSTRUMENT CO. | Micropipette puller | |
CUY21 Single Cell | BEX | Electroporator CUY21 Single Cell | Pulse generator |
Electric warmer | KODEN | CAH-6A | Warmer during the surgery |
Isofluolane | Mylan | 1119701G1076 | Anesthetic |
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