placement of soil sample in the tensiometer-sensor units for assessing soil hydraulic conductivity and water retention using evaporation

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Protocolo para Medição de Propriedades Hidráulicas do Solo por Evaporação

Soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity within natural and human-altered environments help us understand and observe changes in soil health and functionality. Quantifying hydraulic properties through the soil water retention curve (SWRC) and soil water conductivity curve offers insight into key drivers of soil physical behavior and water movement characterization1. The relationship between volumetric water content (&#952;) and matric head (h) is represented within an SWRC, and the ranges within the curve describe the saturation point, field capacity, and permanent wilting point2. Soil management practices, amendments, agroecosystem types, and environmental conditions can all have an impact on soil hydraulics3,4. These factors can in turn influence solute transport5 and plant available water6, soil respiration and microbial activity7, as well as wetting and drying cycles8. As an important piece in quantifying healthy and functioning soil, proper analysis of the SWRC is imperative for obtaining an informed understanding of soil hydraulic properties.
A variety of measurement techniques currently exist for developing a reliable SWRC, with the hanging-water column and pressure plate methods being common traditional approaches for determining the pore size distribution of soil2. Traditional methods can be time-consuming, usually taking weeks or months to analyze a small set of samples9. Moreover, once analysis is complete, these methods result in only a few data points that inform the SWRC9. Additionally, the accuracy of producing representative data using traditional methods such as pressure plates can become a concern at lower matric potentials, in particular, with fine-textured soils10,11. More modern techniques, which involve the simple evaporation experiment approach using tensiometers and the chilled-mirror dew point method, tend to deliver more reproducible data across a wide range of soil textures2. Initially developed by Wind in 1968, the simple evaporation experiment involved measuring water mass changes and tension changes through tensiometers in the soil sample over time12. As evaporation occurs, soil sample mass measurements are taken at specific time intervals to create an SWRC. Later refined by Schindler (1980), the method involved only two tensiometers placed at different pressure heads within the soil sample. The modified method was then tested and validated as capable of being used in scientific analysis13,14. A key benefit of the simple evaporation experiment is the potential to easily produce data across a large portion of the soil moisture curve (0 to -300 kPa), with more data points than with traditional methods. 
These modern methods involve automated instruments that take numerous data points throughout the sample analysis period and produce data using a software interface. The hydraulic property instrument is a contemporary instrument that creates water retention curves and conductivity curves from sample data15. By employing a simple evaporation experiment using the hydraulic property instrument, the relationship between water content and water potential in the soil can be evaluated1. In this experiment, water present within the tensiometer shaft exists in an equilibrium with water in the soil solution. As evaporation of soil water occurs and the soil sample dries, cavitation takes place in the tensiometer, and the experiment ends. There is a limitation of the hydraulic property instrument in the dry range of the SWRC, as the instrument is only capable of operating within matric potentials of 0 to -100 kPa. This can be remedied with the inclusion of data generated with a chilled-mirror dew point experiment using a soil water potential instrument16, which can extend the data range to -300,000 kPa or the permanent wilting point. All these data are brought together in the modeling software post processing to cohesively inform the SWRC from null tensions to higher tensions even beyond wilting point. The SWRC and hydraulic conductivity curves are then generated based on matric potential data points taken throughout the measurement period, allowing a complete curve projected from saturation to permanent wilting point to be generated. 
The method described here presents a succinct operating procedure for soil analysis with a hydraulic property instrument. This method has been conducted in a number of scientific settings, including quantification of soil health in a broad range of agroecosystems3,17,18,19, and efforts have been made to understand best practices beyond the instrument user manual20. Here, a standardized protocol is outlined for all steps of the procedure, including field sampling, sample preparation, software function, and data processing. Following this method will ensure a successful campaign that results in reliable data. Critical steps for ensuring quality data, common challenges, and best practices are presented to ensure proper implementation.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>Autor em destaque: Avançando na pesquisa de ecossistemas de terras agrícolas com um analisador de propriedades hidráulicas para avaliar a saúde do solo

Medições do Potencial Hídrico e Condutividade do Solo com base em um Experimento de Evaporação Simples usando um Analisador de Propriedades Hidráulicas

Colocação de amostra de solo nas unidades tensiômetro-sensor para avaliação da condutividade hidráulica do solo e retenção de água por evaporação

placement-soil-sample-tensiometer-sensor-units-for-assessing-soil

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Placement of Soil Sample in the Tensiometer-Sensor Units for Assessing Soil Hydraulic Conductivity and Water Retention Using Evaporation

49 visualizações. Para começar, sature as amostras de solo com água desgaseificada e deionizada. Depois de configurar os tensiômetros e o sensor, coloque a amostra saturada e a placa de saturação correspondente em uma superfície de trabalho. Coloque a guia do sem-fim em cima do anel de amostra.Insira o eixo do tensor no orifício da guia do sem-fim e gire-o completamente para remover a sujeira. Em seguida, remova a guia do sem-fim e certifique-se de que a amostra ...

Vídeo: Colocação de amostra de solo nas unidades tensiômetro-sensor para avaliação da condutividade hidráulica do solo e retenção de água por evaporação

Measurements of Soil Water Potential and Conductivity based on a Simple Evaporation Experiment using a Hydraulic Property Analyzer

The measurement of soil hydraulic properties is critical in understanding the physical components of soil health as well as integrated knowledge of soil systems under various management practices. Collecting reliable data is imperative for informing decisions that affect agriculture and the environment. The simple evaporation experiment described here uses instrumentation in a laboratory setting to analyze soil samples collected in the field. The soil water tension of the sample is measured by the instrument, and tension data is modeled by software to return soil hydraulic properties. This method can be utilized to measure soil water retention and hydraulic conductivity and give insight into differences in treatments or environmental dynamics over time. Initial establishment requires a user, but data acquisition is automated with the instrument. Soil hydraulic properties are not easily measured with traditional experiments, and this protocol offers a simple and optimal alternative. Interpretation of results and options for extending the data range are discussed.

This article features a simple evaporation experiment using a hydraulic property instrument for a soil sample. Through efficient means, measurements can be taken over a series of days to generate high-quality data.

The measurement of soil hydraulic properties is critical in understanding the physical components of soil health as well as integrated knowledge of soil ...