Este projecto é financiado pela Autism Speaks Pilot Research Grant # 2597 e pela Fundação Nacional de Ciência dos EUA Faculdade Early Career Development Award # BCS-0846892.

<ol>
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Não há conflitos de interesse declarados.

Talvez o obstáculo mais importante para os estudos de integração é o limite prático sobre a quantidade de tempo que um único sujeito experimental (especialmente um de uma população clínica) pode razoavelmente esperar para realizar antes de se tornar desgastado. Infelizmente, muitas vezes os mais controlada é um estímulo a partir do ponto do cientista de vista, a mais repetitiva e tediosa experimento pode parecer a partir do ponto do sujeito de vista. Pesquisas comportamentais em transtornos neuropsiquiátrico...

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		<div>
		<table border="1">
		<thead>
		<tr>
		<th>Material Name</th>
		<th>Type</th>
		<th>Company</th>
		<th>Catalogue Number</th>
		<th>Comment</th>
		</tr>
		</thead>
		<tbody>
		
<tr>
<td>128-channel BioSemi ActiveTwo measurement system</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioSemi</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://www.biosemi.com">http://www.biosemi.com</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>32 channel A-set + CMS/DRL</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioSemi</td>
<td>P32-ABC-ACMS</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>32 channel B-set</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioSemi</td>
<td>P32-ABC-B</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>32 channel C-set</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioSemi</td>
<td>P32-ABC-C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>32 channel D-set</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioSemi</td>
<td>P32-ABC-D</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EX1-EX8 electrodes</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioSemi</td>
<td>8 x TP PIN</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>128-channel cap</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BioSemi</td>
<td>CAP M 128</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EyeLink 1000 infrared gaze tracker</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>SR Research</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>EyeLink 1000 Remote Camera Upgrade</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>SR Research</td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>Allows for target sticker tracking</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>SignaGel electrode gel</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Parker Labs</td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>0.05% KCl electrolytic (NaCl) gel</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>n/a</td>
<td>Purchased from compounding pharmacy</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Intensity Pro</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Blackmagic Design</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>		</tbody>
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combining computer game-based behavioural experiments with high-density eeg and infrared gaze tracking

Paradigmas experimentais são valiosos na medida em que o tempo e outros parâmetros de seus estímulos são bem especificado e controlado, e na medida em que o rendimento de dados relevantes para o processamento cognitivo que ocorre sob condições ecologicamente válido. Esses dois objetivos, muitas vezes estão em desacordo, uma vez que estímulos bem controlada, muitas vezes são muito repetitivas para manter a motivação dos sujeitos. Estudos empregando eletroencefalografia (EEG) são muitas vezes especialmente sensíveis a este dilema entre validade ecológica e controle experimental: alcançar suficiente sinal-ruído em médias demandas fisiológicas grande número de ensaios repetidos dentro de longas sessões de gravação, limitando a piscina sujeitos a indivíduos com a capacidade e paciência para executar uma tarefa definida uma e outra vez. Essa restrição limita severamente a capacidade dos pesquisadores para investigar as populações mais jovens, bem como populações clínicas associadas com a ansiedade elevada ou anormalidades de atenção. Mesmo adulto, sujeitos não-clínicos podem não ser capazes de alcançar seus níveis típicos de desempenho ou envolvimento cognitivo: um sujeito desmotivado para quem uma tarefa experimental é pouco mais do que uma tarefa não é o mesmo, comportamental, cognitiva ou neuralmente, como um sujeito que está intrinsecamente motivado e comprometido com a tarefa. Um crescente corpo de literatura demonstra que a incorporação de experiências nos jogos de vídeo pode fornecer um caminho entre as pontas desse dilema entre o controle experimental e validade ecológica. A narrativa de um jogo fornece um contexto mais realista em que as tarefas ocorrem, melhorando a sua validade ecológica (Chaytor &amp; Schmitter-Edgecombe, 2003). Além disso, neste contexto fornece motivação para completar tarefas. No nosso jogo, os indivíduos executam várias missões para coletar recursos, afastar os piratas, comunicações interceptar ou facilitar as relações diplomáticas. Ao fazê-lo, eles também realizam uma série de tarefas cognitivas, incluindo um paradigma Posner atenção-shifting (Posner, 1980), um go / no-go teste de motor de inibição, uma tarefa psicofísica movimento limiar coerência, o Embedded Figures Test (Witkin , 1950, 1954) e uma teoria da mente (Wimmer &amp; Perner, 1983) tarefa. O software do jogo registra automaticamente estímulos jogo e as ações dos indivíduos e as respostas em um arquivo de log, e envia códigos de eventos para sincronizar com gravadores de dados fisiológicos. Assim o jogo pode ser combinado com medidas fisiológicas, tais como EEG, ou fMRI, e com a cada momento de rastreamento do olhar. Rastreamento de olhar pode verificar o cumprimento dos indivíduos com tarefas comportamentais (fixação, por exemplo) e atenção explícita aos estímulos experimentais, e também excitação fisiológica que se reflectem no dilatação da pupila (Bradley et al., 2008). Na grande frequências de amostragem suficiente, rastreamento olhar também pode ajudar a avaliar a atenção secreta que se reflectem no microsaccades - movimentos oculares, que são pequenos demais para foveate um novo objeto, mas são tão rápidos no início e têm a mesma relação entre a distância angular e velocidade de pico como fazer sacadas que atravessam grandes distâncias. A distribuição das direções de microsaccades correlaciona-se com a direção (não) secreto de atenção (Hafed &amp; Clark, 2002).

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Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking

Procedimentos para gravação de alta densidade de dados EEG e olhar durante o jogo de computador baseado em tarefas cognitivas são descritos. Usando um videogame para apresentar tarefas cognitivas aumenta a validade ecológica sem sacrificar o controle experimental.

Jogo computador baseado combinando experimentos comportamentais com alta densidade de rastreamento Gaze EEG e Infravermelho

Experimental paradigms are valuable insofar as the timing and other parameters of their stimuli are well specified and controlled, and insofar as they ...

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16.6K visualizações.  Cornell University. Procedimentos para gravação de alta densidade de dados EEG e olhar durante o jogo de computador baseado em tarefas cognitivas são descritos. Usando um videogame para apresentar tarefas cognitivas aumenta a validade ecológica sem sacrificar o controle experimental.

Vídeo: Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking

Functional Mapping with Simultaneous MEG and EEG

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli. We will use somatosensory stimuli to locate the hand somatosensory areas, auditory stimuli to locate the auditory cortices, visual stimuli in four quadrants of the visual field to locate the early visual areas. These type of experiments are used for functional mapping in epileptic and brain tumor patients to locate eloquent cortices. In basic neuroscience similar experimental protocols are used to study the orchestration of cortical activity. The acquisition protocol includes quality assurance procedures, subject preparation for the combined MEG/EEG study, and acquisition of evoked-response data with somatosensory, auditory, and visual stimuli. We also demonstrate analysis of the data using the equivalent current dipole model and cortically-constrained minimum-norm estimates. Anatomical MRI data are employed in the analysis for visualization and for deriving boundaries of tissue boundaries for forward modeling and cortical location and orientation constraints for the minimum-norm estimates.

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to map brain areas involved in the processing of simple sensory stimuli.

Mapeamento funcional com MEG e EEG em simultâneo

We use magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) to locate and determine the temporal evolution in brain areas involved in the ...

Neurociência

High Density Event-related Potential  Data Acquisition in Cognitive Neuroscience

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part because fMRI data acquisition and analysis techniques are readily available. Because fMRI has excellent spatial resolution but poor temporal resolution, this method can only be used to identify the spatial location of brain activity associated with a given cognitive process (and reveals virtually nothing about the time course of brain activity). By contrast, event-related potential (ERP) recording, a method that is used much less frequently than fMRI, has excellent temporal resolution and thus can track rapid temporal modulations in neural activity. Unfortunately, ERPs are under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and low density ERP recording has poor spatial resolution. In an effort to foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition. Critically, high density ERPs offer the promise of excellent temporal resolution and good spatial resolution (or excellent spatial resolution if coupled with fMRI), which is necessary to capture the spatial-temporal dynamics of human brain function.

Event-related potential (ERP) recording is under utilized in Cognitive Neuroscience because data acquisition techniques are not readily available and this method often has poor spatial resolution. To foster the increased use of ERPs in Cognitive Neuroscience, the present article details key techniques involved in high density ERP data acquisition.

Evento relacionados com alta densidade de Aquisição de Dados Potencial em Neurociência Cognitiva

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is currently the standard method of evaluating brain function in the field of Cognitive Neuroscience, in part ...

High-density EEG Recordings of the Freely Moving Mice using Polyimide-based Microelectrode

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a noninvasive brain monitoring tool in cognitive neuroscience as well as a diagnostic tool for epilepsy and sleep disorders in neurology. However, the underlying mechanism of EEG rhythm generation is still under the veil. Recently introduced polyimide-based microelectrode (PBM-array) for high resolution mouse EEG1 is one of the trials to answer the neurophysiological questions on EEG signals based on a rich genetic resource that the mouse model contains for the analysis of complex EEG generation process. This application of nanofabricated PBM-array to mouse skull is an efficient tool for collecting large-scale brain activity of transgenic mice and accommodates to identify the neural correlates to certain EEG rhythms in conjunction with behavior. However its ultra-thin thickness and bifurcated structure cause a trouble in handling and implantation of PBM-array. In the presented video, the preparation and surgery steps for the implantation of PBM-array on a mouse skull are described step by step. Handling and surgery tips to help researchers succeed in implantation are also provided.

In this article, we described the surgery procedure and handling tips for implantation of ultra-thin polyimide-based microelectrode array (PBM-array) on the mouse skull for acquisition of high-density encephalography (EEG) in a mouse model.

Gravações de alta densidade EEG dos Ratos movimentando-se livremente usando Polyimide baseado microeletrodos

Electroencephalogram (EEG) indicates the averaged electrical activity of the neuronal populations on a large-scale level. It is widely utilized as a ...

Recording Large-scale Neuronal Ensembles with Silicon Probes in the Anesthetized Rat

Large scale electrophysiological recordings from neuronal ensembles offer the opportunity to investigate how the brain orchestrates the wide variety of behaviors from the spiking activity of its neurons. One of the most effective methods to monitor spiking activity from a large number of neurons in multiple local neuronal circuits simultaneously is by using silicon electrode arrays1-3.
Action potentials produce large transmembrane voltage changes in the vicinity of cell somata. These output signals can be measured by placing a conductor in close proximity of a neuron. If there are many active (spiking) neurons in the vicinity of the tip, the electrode records combined signal from all of them, where contribution of a single neuron is weighted by its 'electrical distance'. Silicon probes are ideal recording electrodes to monitor multiple neurons because of a large number of recording sites (+64) and a small volume. Furthermore, multiple sites can be arranged over a distance of millimeters, thus allowing for the simultaneous recordings of neuronal activity in the various cortical layers or in multiple cortical columns (Fig. 1). Importantly, the geometrically precise distribution of the recording sites also allows for the determination of the spatial relationship of the isolated single neurons4. Here, we describe an acute, large-scale neuronal recording from the left and right forelimb somatosensory cortex simultaneously in an anesthetized rat with silicon probes (Fig. 2).

Extracellular recordings of neuronal activity using silicon probes in the anesthetized rat will be described. This technique allows information to be obtained across multiple brain areas from more than 100 neurons simultaneously. It provides information with single cell resolution about neuronal ensembles dynamics in multiple local circuits.

Gravação em grande escala Ensembles Neuronal com Sondas Silício na rato anestesiado

Large scale electrophysiological recordings from neuronal ensembles offer the opportunity to investigate how the brain orchestrates the wide variety of ...

Visualizing the Effects of a Positive Early Experience, Tactile Stimulation, on Dendritic Morphology and Synaptic Connectivity with Golgi-Cox Staining

To generate longer-term changes in behavior, experiences must be producing stable changes in neuronal morphology and synaptic connectivity. Tactile stimulation is a positive early experience that mimics maternal licking and grooming in the rat. Exposing rat pups to this positive experience can be completed easily and cost-effectively by using highly accessible materials such as a household duster. Using a cross-litter design, pups are either stroked or left undisturbed, for 15 min, three times per day throughout the perinatal period. To measure the neuroplastic changes related to this positive early experience, Golgi-Cox staining of brain tissue is utilized. Owing to the fact that Golgi-Cox impregnation stains a discrete number of neurons rather than all of the cells, staining of the rodent brain with Golgi-Cox solution permits the visualization of entire neuronal elements, including the cell body, dendrites, axons, and dendritic spines. The staining procedure is carried out over several days and requires that the researcher pay close attention to detail. However, once staining is completed, the entire brain has been impregnated and can be preserved indefinitely for ongoing analysis. Therefore, Golgi-Cox staining is a valuable resource for studying experience-dependent plasticity.

This paper describes the procedures for tactile stimulation of rat pups and subsequent Golgi-Cox staining of neuronal morphology. Tactile stimulation is a positive experience that is administered in the perinatal period by stroking pups with a household duster. Golgi-cox staining is a reliable procedure permitting the visualization of entire neurons.

Visualizar os Efeitos de uma experiência precoce positiva, Tátil Estimulação, em dendríticas Morfologia e Synaptic conectividade com Golgi-Cox Coloração

To generate longer-term changes in behavior, experiences must be producing stable changes in neuronal morphology and synaptic connectivity. Tactile ...

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an excellent model system for such investigations due to its complex behaviors, powerful genetic techniques, and compact nervous system. Laboratory behavioral assays have long been used with Drosophila to simulate properties of the natural environment and study the neural mechanisms underlying the corresponding behaviors (e.g. phototaxis, chemotaxis, sensory learning and memory)1-3. With the recent availability of large collections of transgenic Drosophila lines that label specific neural subsets, behavioral assays have taken on a prominent role to link neurons with behaviors4-11. Versatile and reproducible paradigms, together with the underlying computational routines for data analysis, are indispensable for rapid tests of candidate fly lines with various genotypes. Particularly useful are setups that are flexible in the number of animals tested, duration of experiments and nature of presented stimuli. The assay of choice should also generate reproducible data that is easy to acquire and analyze. Here, we present a detailed description of a system and protocol for assaying behavioral responses of Drosophila flies in a large four-field arena. The setup is used here to assay responses of flies to a single olfactory stimulus; however, the same setup may be modified to test multiple olfactory, visual or optogenetic stimuli, or a combination of these. The olfactometer setup records the activity of fly populations responding to odors, and computational analytical methods are applied to quantify fly behaviors. The collected data are analyzed to get a quick read-out of an experimental run, which is essential for efficient data collection and the optimization of experimental conditions.

Olfactory Behaviors Assayed by Computer Tracking Of Drosophila in a Four-quadrant Olfactometer

We describe here a behavioral setup and data analysis method for assaying olfactory responses of up to 100 vinegar flies (Drosophila melanogaster). This system may be used with single or multiple olfactory stimuli, and adaptable for optogenetic activation or silencing of neuronal subsets.

Comportamentos olfativos ensaiadas pelo monitoramento do computador de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Em um olfatômetro de quatro quadrantes

A key challenge in neurobiology is to understand how neural circuits function to guide appropriate animal behaviors. Drosophila melanogaster is an ...

High-density Electroencephalographic Acquisition in a Rodent Model Using Low-cost and Open-source Resources

Advanced electroencephalographic analysis techniques requiring high spatial resolution, including electrical source imaging and measures of network connectivity, are applicable to an expanding variety of questions in neuroscience. Performing these kinds of analyses in a rodent model requires higher electrode density than traditional screw electrodes can accomplish. While higher-density electroencephalographic montages for rodents exist, they are of limited availability to most researchers, are not robust enough for repeated experiments over an extended period of time, or are limited to use in anesthetized rodents.1-3 A proposed low-cost method for constructing a durable, high-count, transcranial electrode array, consisting of bilaterally implantable headpieces is investigated as a means to perform advanced electroencephalogram analyses in mice or rats.

Procedures for headpiece fabrication and surgical implantation necessary to produce high signal to noise, low-impedance electroencephalographic and electromyographic signals are presented. While the methodology is useful in both rats and mice, this manuscript focuses on the more challenging implementation for the smaller mouse skull. Freely moving mice are only tethered to cables via a common adapter during recording. One version of this electrode system that includes 26 electroencephalographic channels and 4 electromyographic channels is described below.

Instructions for the low-cost construction and surgical implantation of a chronic transcranial high-density electroencephalographic montage into mice are provided. Signal recording, extraction, and processing techniques are also described.

De alta densidade Electroencefalografia Aquisição em um modelo de roedor Usando de baixo custo e de código aberto Recursos

Advanced electroencephalographic analysis techniques requiring high spatial resolution, including electrical source imaging and measures of network ...

Visual Evoked Potential Recordings in Mice Using a Dry Non-invasive Multi-channel Scalp EEG Sensor

For scalp EEG research environments with laboratory mice, we designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable because of the plunger-spring-barrel structural facet and mechanical strengths resulting from metal materials. The whole process for acquiring the VEP responses in vivo from a mouse consists of four steps: (1) sensor assembly, (2) animal preparation, (3) VEP measurement, and (4) signal processing. This paper presents representative measurements of VEP responses from multiple mice with a submicro-voltage signal resolution and sub-hundred millisecond temporal resolution. Although the proposed method is safer and more convenient compared to other previously reported animal EEG acquiring methods, there are remaining issues including how to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio and how to apply this technique with freely moving animals. The proposed method utilizes easily available resources and shows a repetitive VEP response with a satisfactory signal quality. Therefore, this method could be utilized for longitudinal experimental studies and reliable translational research exploiting non-invasive paradigms.

We designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable. This paper describes the whole process from manufacturing the proposed EEG electrode to signal processing of visual evoked potential (VEP) signals measured on a mouse scalp using a dry non-invasive multi-channel EEG sensor.

Gravações de potenciais evocadas visuais em ratos usando um não-invasivo seco multi-canal do couro cabeludo Sensor de EEG

For scalp EEG research environments with laboratory mice, we designed a dry-type 16 channel EEG sensor which is non-invasive, deformable, and re-usable ...

Analyzing Neural Activity and Connectivity Using Intracranial EEG Data with SPM Software

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive neuroscience. Intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) can directly record electrical neural activity and has the unique potential to accomplish this goal. Traditionally, averaging analysis has been applied to analyze intracranial EEG data; however, several new techniques are available for depicting neural activity and intra- and inter-regional connectivity. Here, we introduce two analytical protocols we recently applied to analyze intracranial EEG data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency SPM analysis for neural activity and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity. We report our analysis of intracranial EEG data during the observation of faces as representative results. The results revealed that the inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) showed gamma-band activity at very early stages (110 ms) in response to faces, and both the IOG and amygdala showed rapid intra- and inter-regional connectivity using various types of oscillations. These analytical protocols have the potential to identify the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive functions with high spatial and temporal profiles.

We present two analytical protocols that can be used to analyze intracranial electroencephalography data using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) software: time-frequency statistical parametric mapping analysis for neural activity, and dynamic causal modeling of induced responses for intra- and inter-regional connectivity.

Analisando a atividade Neural e conectividade usando dados de EEG intracraniano com SPM Software

Measuring neural activity and connectivity associated with cognitive functions at high spatial and temporal resolutions is an important goal in cognitive ...

Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of social interactions, and possibly interpersonal relationships. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is well suited for conducting hyperscanning experiments because it measures local hemodynamic effects with a high sampling rate and, importantly, it can be applied in natural settings, not requiring strict motion restrictions. In this article, we present a protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments with parent-child dyads and for analyzing brain-to-brain synchrony. Furthermore, we discuss critical issues and future directions, regarding the experimental design, spatial registration of the fNIRS channels, physiological influences and data analysis methods. The described protocol is not specific to parent-child dyads, but can be applied to a variety of different dyadic constellations, such as adult strangers, romantic partners or siblings. To conclude, fNIRS hyperscanning has the potential to yield new insights into the dynamics of the ongoing social interaction, which possibly go beyond what can be studied by examining the activities of individual brains.

The present protocol describes how to conduct fNIRS hyperscanning experiments and analyze brain-to-brain synchrony. Further, we discuss challenges and possible solutions.

Hyperscanning experimentos com espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo funcional

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding ...