The authors would like to thank Tiffany Cherry in her help in optimizing this protocol. This work was funded by National Institute of Aging (AG032320) as well as Advancing a Healthier Wisconsin.

Refer to Figure 1 for a basic schematic of the procedure beginning with the homogenate. Estimated time from preparation of cellular extracts to elution of CaM-bound proteins is about six to seven hours.
1. Tissue preparation 
<ol>
	<li>Inject organotypic hippocampal slices with a virus containing a plasmid expressing the recombinant protein of interest (in this example, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Ng) and allow tissue to express protein overnight.</li>
 <li>Approximately 12 to...

<ol>
	<li>Vincenzi, F. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calmodulin+in+the+regulation+of+intracellular+calcium.">Calmodulin in the regulation of intracellular calcium.</a> Proc. West Pharmacol Soc. 22, 289-294 (1979).</li><li>Cheung, W. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calmodulin+plays+a+pivotal+role+in+cellular+regulation.">Calmodulin plays a pivotal role in cellular regulation.</a> Science. 207, 19-27 (1980).</li><li>Zhang, M., Tanaka, T., Ikura, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcium-induced+conformational+transition+revealed+by+the+solution+structure+of+apo+calmodulin.">Calcium-induced conformational transition revealed by the solution structure of apo calmodulin.</a> Nat. Struct. Biol. 2, 758-767 (1995).</li><li>Alexander, K. A., Wakim, B. T., Doyle, G. S., Walsh, K. A., Storm, D. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+characterization+of+the+calmodulin-binding+domain+of+neuromodulin,+a+neurospecific+calmodulin-binding+protein.">Identification and characterization of the calmodulin-binding domain of neuromodulin, a neurospecific calmodulin-binding protein.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 263, 7544-7549 (1988).</li><li>Huang, K. P., Huang, F. L., Chen, H. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+7.5-kDa+protein+kinase+C+substrate+(RC3+protein,+neurogranin)+from+rat+brain.">Characterization of a 7.5-kDa protein kinase C substrate (RC3 protein, neurogranin) from rat brain.</a> Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 305, 570-580 (1993).</li><li>Bahler, M., Rhoads, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calmodulin+signaling+via+the+IQ+motif.">Calmodulin signaling via the IQ motif.</a> FEBS Lett. 513, 107-113 (2002).</li><li>Routtenberg, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protein+kinase+C+activation+leading+to+protein+F1+phosphorylation+may+regulate+synaptic+plasticity+by+presynaptic+terminal+growth.">Protein kinase C activation leading to protein F1 phosphorylation may regulate synaptic plasticity by presynaptic terminal growth.</a> Behav. Neural. Biol. 44, 186-200 (1985).</li><li>Zhong, L., Cherry, T., Bies, C. E., Florence, M. A., Gerges, N. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurogranin+enhances+synaptic+strength+through+its+interaction+with+calmodulin.">Neurogranin enhances synaptic strength through its interaction with calmodulin.</a> EMBO J. 28, 3027-3039 (2009).</li><li>Needham, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Myosin+and+adenosinetriphosphate+in+relation+to+muscle+contraction.">Myosin and adenosinetriphosphate in relation to muscle contraction.</a> Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 4, 42-49 (1950).</li><li>Hathaway, D. R., Adelstein, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+platelet+myosin+light+chain+kinase+requires+the+calcium-binding+protein+calmodulin+for+activity.">Human platelet myosin light chain kinase requires the calcium-binding protein calmodulin for activity.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76, 1653-1657 (1979).</li><li>Fukunaga, K., Yamamoto, H., Matsui, K., Higashi, K., Miyamoto, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Purification+and+characterization+of+a+Ca2+-+and+calmodulin-dependent+protein+kinase+from+rat+brain.">Purification and characterization of a Ca2+- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase from rat brain.</a> J. Neurochem. 39, 1607-1617 (1982).</li><li>Yang, S. D., Tallant, E. A., Cheung, W. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calcineurin+is+a+calmodulin-dependent+protein+phosphatase.">Calcineurin is a calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase.</a> Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 106, 1419-1425 (1982).</li><li>Huestis, W. H., Nelson, M. J., Ferrell, J. E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calmodulin-dependent+spectrin+kinase+activity+in+human+erythrocytes.">Calmodulin-dependent spectrin kinase activity in human erythrocytes.</a> Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 56, 137-155 (1981).</li><li>Yamniuk, A. P., Vogel, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Calmodulin's+flexibility+allows+for+promiscuity+in+its+interactions+with+target+proteins+and+peptides.">Calmodulin's flexibility allows for promiscuity in its interactions with target proteins and peptides.</a> Mol. Biotechnol. 27, 33-57 (2004).</li><li>Zhong, L., Kaleka, K. S., Gerges, N. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurogranin+phosphorylation+fine-tunes+long-term+potentiation.">Neurogranin phosphorylation fine-tunes long-term potentiation.</a> Eur. J. Neurosci. 33, 244-250 (2011).</li></ol>

No conflicts of interest declared.

The provided protocol utilizes CaM-sepharose beads to investigate the Ca2+-dependence of CaM-binding proteins. Many proteins bind CaM in a Ca2+-dependent manner. These interactions are of great importance given the number of CaM-binding proteins and their critical role in many signaling pathways. In this protocol, CaM-sepharose beads are used to separate CaM-binding proteins from tissue homogenate in the presence or absence of Ca2+. The results of this simple approach will further the...

<table border="1">
 <tr>
 <td>Product</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Notes</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Calmodulin-Sepharose beads</td>
 <td>GE Healthcare</td>
 <td>17-0529-01</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-CamKII alpha</td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>C6974</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Anti-neurogranin</td>
 <td>Millipore</td>
 <td>07-425</td>
 <td>&nbsp;</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Gel Loading Pipet Tips</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>02-707-138</td>
 <td>Use for aspiration of supernatants</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Microcentrifuge tubes (2.0 mL)</td>
 <td>Fisher</td>
 <td>05-408-146</td>
 <td>Use for all steps involving calmodulin-sepharose beads</td>
 </tr>
</table>

pull-down of calmodulin-binding proteins

Calcium (Ca2+) is an ion vital in regulating cellular function through a variety of mechanisms. Much of Ca2+ signaling is mediated through the calcium-binding protein known as calmodulin (CaM)1,2. CaM is involved at multiple levels in almost all cellular processes, including apoptosis, metabolism, smooth muscle contraction, synaptic plasticity, nerve growth, inflammation and the immune response. A number of proteins help regulate these pathways through their interaction with CaM. Many of these interactions depend on the conformation of CaM, which is distinctly different when bound to Ca2+ (Ca2+-CaM) as opposed to its Ca2+-free state (ApoCaM)3.
While most target proteins bind Ca2+-CaM, certain proteins only bind to ApoCaM. Some bind CaM through their IQ-domain, including neuromodulin4, neurogranin (Ng)5, and certain myosins6. These proteins have been shown to play important roles in presynaptic function7, postsynaptic function8, and muscle contraction9, respectively. Their ability to bind and release CaM in the absence or presence of Ca2+ is pivotal in their function. In contrast, many proteins only bind Ca2+-CaM and require this binding for their activation. Examples include myosin light chain kinase10, Ca2+/CaM-dependent kinases (CaMKs)11 and phosphatases (e.g. calcineurin)12, and spectrin kinase13, which have a variety of direct and downstream effects14.
The effects of these proteins on cellular function are often dependent on their ability to bind to CaM in a Ca2+-dependent manner. For example, we tested the relevance of Ng-CaM binding in synaptic function and how different mutations affect this binding. We generated a GFP-tagged Ng construct with specific mutations in the IQ-domain that would change the ability of Ng to bind CaM in a Ca2+-dependent manner. The study of these different mutations gave us great insight into important processes involved in synaptic function8,15. However, in such studies, it is essential to demonstrate that the mutated proteins have the expected altered binding to CaM.
Here, we present a method for testing the ability of proteins to bind to CaM in the presence or absence of Ca2+, using CaMKII and Ng as examples. This method is a form of affinity chromatography referred to as a CaM pull-down assay. It uses CaM-Sepharose beads to test proteins that bind to CaM and the influence of Ca2+ on this binding. It is considerably more time efficient and requires less protein relative to column chromatography and other assays. Altogether, this provides a valuable tool to explore Ca2+/CaM signaling and proteins that interact with CaM.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pull-down of Calmodulin-binding Proteins at JoVE.com

Pull-down of Calmodulin-binding Proteins

Calmodulin (CaM) pull-down assay is an effective way to investigate the interaction of CaM with various proteins. This method uses CaM-sepharose beads for efficient and specific analysis of CaM-binding proteins. This provides an important tool to explore CaM signaling in cellular function.

Calcium (Ca2+) is an ion vital in regulating cellular function through a variety of mechanisms. Much of Ca2+ signaling is mediated through the ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

25.2K visualizações.  Medical College of Wisconsin. Calmodulina (CaM) ensaio de pull-down é uma maneira eficaz para investigar a interação de CaM com várias proteínas. Este método usa CaM-sepharose contas para análise eficiente e específica do CaM proteínas de ligação. Isto proporciona uma importante ferramenta para explorar sinalização CaM em função celular.