<h2><a href="https://www.jove.com/details.php?id=3126">Live Imaging of Dorsal Root Axons after Rhizotomy</a></h2>
Andrew Skuba1, B. Timothy Himes2, 3, Young-Jin Son4 1Temple University, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 2Medical Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Hospital, 3Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, 4Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Temple University School of Medicine
An in vivo imaging protocol to monitor primary sensory axons following dorsal root crush is described. The procedures utilize wide-field fluorescence microscopy and thy1-YFP transgenic mice, and permit repeated imaging of axon regeneration over 4 cm in the PNS and axon interactions with the interface of the CNS.
<h2><a href="https://www.jove.com/details.php?id=3241">Introducing Shear Stress in the Study of Bacterial Adhesion</a></h2>
Magali Soyer, Guillaume Dum&#233;nil Blood vessels as a target for infection, Paris center for cardiovascular research, INSERM U970
During the infection process, a key step is the adhesion of pathogens with host cells. In most instances this adhesion step occurs in the presence of mechanical stress generated by flowing liquid. We describe a technique that introduces shear stress as an important parameter in the study of bacterial adhesion.
<h2><a href="https://www.jove.com/details.php?id=2837">Guide Wire Assisted Catheterization and Colored Dye Injection for Vascular Mapping of Monochorionic Twin Placentas</a></h2>
Eric B. Jelin1, Samuel C. Schecter1, Kelly D. Gonzales1, Shinjiro Hirose1, Hanmin Lee1, Geoffrey A. Machin2, Larry Rand3, Vickie A. Feldstein4 1Division of Pediatric and Fetal Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 2Department of Pathology, University of Alberta, 3Department of Obstretics and Gynecology, University of California, San Francisco, 4Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco
Vascular mapping of monochorionic (MC) twin placentas after birth provides a means for detailed demonstration of vascular connections between the twins&#x2019; circulations. Imbalance of these connections is thought to play a pivotal role in the development of complications of MC twinning including twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome.
<h2><a href="https://www.jove.com/details.php?id=3208">Accurate and Simple Evaluation of Vascular Anastomoses in Monochorionic Placenta using Colored Dye</a></h2>
Enrico Lopriore1, Femke Slaghekke2, Johanna M. Middeldorp2, Frans J. Klumper2, Jan M. van Lith3, Frans J. Walther1, Dick Oepkes2 1Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2Division of Fetal Therapy, Department of Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center, 3Department of Obstetrics, Leiden University Medical Center
Twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome and twin anemia polycythemia sequence are two potentially devastating problems in perinatal medicine. Both disorders occur only in monochorionic twins and result from unbalanced blood flow through placental vascular anastomoses. We provide a simple protocol to accurately evaluate the presence of vascular anastomoses using colored dye injection of placental vessels after birth.
<h2><a href="https://www.jove.com/details.php?id=2767">Diagnosis of Ecto- and Endoparasites in Laboratory Rats and Mice</a></h2>
Christina M. Parkinson1, Alexandra O'Brien1, Theresa M. Albers1, Meredith A. Simon1, Charles B. Clifford1, Kathleen R. Pritchett-Corning2, 3 1Research Animal Diagnostic Services, Charles River, 2Research Models and Services, Charles River, 3Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington
This article describes various procedures for screening rats and mice to detect endo- or ectoparasitism. Several diagnostic assays will be demonstrated, both those suitable for use on live animals and those used after euthanasia of the animal. Photographs to aid in identification of rat and mouse parasites will be included.
<h2><a href="https://www.jove.com/details.php?id=3197">Autologous Endothelial Progenitor Cell-Seeding Technology and Biocompatibility Testing For Cardiovascular Devices in Large Animal Model</a></h2>
Alexandra E. Jantzen1, Whitney O. Lane2, Shawn M. Gage3, Justin M. Haseltine1, Lauren J. Galinat1, Ryan M. Jamiolkowski4, Fu-Hsiung Lin3, George A. Truskey1, Hardean E. Achneck3 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University , 2School of Medicine, Duke University , 3Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, 4School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania 
A method for seeding titanium blood-contacting biomaterials with autologous cells and testing biocompatibility is described. This method uses endothelial progenitor cells and titanium tubes, seeded within minutes of surgical implantation into porcine venae cavae. This technique is adaptable to many other implantable biomedical devices.
<h2><a href="https://www.jove.com/details.php?id=3160">Multiparametric Optical Mapping of the Langendorff-perfused Rabbit Heart</a></h2>
Qing Lou, Wenwen Li, Igor R. Efimov Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis
This article describes the basic procedures for conducting optical mapping experiments in the Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart using the panoramic imaging system, and the dual (voltage and calcium) imaging modality.
<h2><a href="https://www.jove.com/details.php?id=3275">Optical Mapping of Action Potentials and Calcium Transients in the Mouse Heart</a></h2>
Di Lang, Matthew Sulkin, Qing Lou, Igor R. Efimov Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis
This paper details the dissection procedure, instrumental setup, and experimental conditions during optical mapping of transmembrane potential (Vm) and intracellular calcium transient (CaT) in intact isolated Langendorff perfused mouse hearts.
<h2><a href="https://www.jove.com/details.php?id=3128">Imaging G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)-mediated Signaling Events that Control Chemotaxis of Dictyostelium Discoideum</a></h2>
Xuehua Xu, Tian Jin Chemotaxis Signal Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
Here, we describe detailed live cell imaging methods for investigating chemotaxis. We present fluorescence microscopic methods to monitor spatiotemporal dynamics of signaling events in migrating cells. Measurement of signaling events permits us to further understand how a GPCR-signaling network achieves gradient sensing of chemoattractants and controls directional migration of eukaryotic cells.
<h2><a href="https://www.jove.com/details.php?id=3173">Using a Comparative Species Approach to Investigate the Neurobiology of Paternal Responses</a></h2>
Catherine L. Franssen1, Massimo Bardi2, Kelly G. Lambert1 1Department of Psychology, Randolph-Macon College, 2Department of Psychology, Marshall University
The comparative species approach allows behavioral neuroscientists to explore various neurobiological factors associated with specific behaviors viewed as characteristic of a specific animal model. Taking advantage of naturally occurring differences in behavior between closely related species, this technique doesn&#x2019;t require invasive techniques to manipulate the expression of the behavior.

september 2011: this month in jove

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September 2011: This Month in JoVE

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September 2012: This Month in JoVE

This September in JoVE, researchers from the School of Medicine at the Free University of Berlin demonstrate a novel method for studying how stroke patients compensate for visual field defects. To do this, our authors make use of a driving simulator complete with brakes, a steering wheel, and turn signals. Using driving simulation software and sophisticated eye tracking, researchers can compare the gaze behavior of stroke patients as they navigate through virtual driving courses with varying degrees of complexity. Though posterior cerebral artery infarction can lead to similar visual deficits in patients, some are able to navigate through the driving courses by developing compensatory eye movements, while others crash into dangerous obstacles, like wild boars. Through the analysis of compensatory gaze behavior employed by patients, our authors see great potential for using driving simulation as a tool to rehabilitate stroke patients trying to overcome the blind spots in their visual fields.
In collaboration with the University of Southern California, researchers in the Department of Ophthalmology at Oregon Health and Science University present a method for measuring total blood flow in the retina using Doppler optical coherence tomography (OCT). The retina contains millions of neurons that capture visual images and convert them into electrical signals, which travel through the optic nerve to the brain. Blood vessels enter the retina at the optic disk, where the optic nerve connects to the retina. These vessels supply oxygen and nutrients, and also remove waste. In some retinal diseases (such as diabetic retinopathy) or glaucoma (which affects the optic nerve), the retinal vasculature may be abnormal. Because these diseases are leading causes of irreversible vision loss, measurements of retinal blood flow can be very useful in clinical practice and research. Unlike traditional optical imaging methods, like laser Doppler and ultrasound color Doppler, laser Doppler OCT can provide absolute measurements of retinal blood flow; these are based on Doppler-shifted light, which is backscattered from red blood cells as they flow through vessels. Our authors demonstrate how to scan the retina and optic disc with Doppler OCT; the scans are then graded and analyzed with DOCTORC software, which our authors developed. This method shows good reproducibility between graders and methods. Furthermore, in eyes with glaucoma, retinal blood flow measurements are highly correlated with vision loss. Thus, Doppler OCT represents a powerful tool that can be used in ophthalmology research and clinical practice.
Coinciding with mosquito season, researchers in the Department of Entomology at Virginia Tech demonstrate a simple and robust technique for chromosome mapping of mosquito genomes. Out of more than 40 mosquito genera containing thousands of species, researchers are particularly interested in the genera Anopheles, Aedes, and Culex because they contain species that transmit harmful human diseases. About 90% of the Anopheles gambia genome has been mapped to chromosomal locations; however, it is extremely difficult to prepare suitable chromosome spreads for the Aedes genus or the Culex genus using cell lines and standard techniques. To overcome this problem, our authors use 4th instar mosquito larvae, which have imaginal discs that produce high-quality chromosomal spreads. The researchers show how to dissect the imaginal discs and prepare suitable chromosome preparations for fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Genome mapping is thus possible for mosquitoes in the Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles genera. This technique paved the way for entomologists to make precise chromosomal maps for not only mosquitoes, but also for other insects.
In the Center for Research at Quebec's University of Laval, researchers demonstrate a method for tracking neuronal migration in the murine forebrain. One important site of neurogenesis in the mammalian brain is the subventricular zone, and newly born neurons migrate away from this area via the rostral migratory stream to the olfactory bulb. The cells are labeled with a stereotaxically injected retrovirus encoding a green fluorescent protein; then, using a combination of acute slice preparation, timelapse imaging, and image analysis, our authors can calculate the migration speed of labeled neuroblasts. Through careful tracking of cell trajectories along blood vessels, this method can help elucidate the different molecular cues and cellular mechanisms that influence cell migration.
This brief summary highlights just a few notable video-articles that will be released this September in JoVE. We also feature methods for tracking cell fate in zebrafish with photoconvertible fluorescent proteins, using micropipettes to test cell stiffness, and imaging the behavior of proteins that respond to DNA damage.

This September in JoVE, researchers from the School of Medicine at the Free University of Berlin demonstrate a novel method for studying how stroke patients compensate for visual field defects. To do this, our authors make use of a driving simulator complete with brakes, a steering wheel, and turn signals. Using driving simulation software and sophisticated eye tracking, researchers can compare the gaze behavior of stroke patients as they navigate through virtual driving courses with varying degrees of complexity. Though posterior cerebral artery infarction can lead to similar visual deficits in patients, some are able to navigate through the driving courses by developing compensatory eye movements, while others crash into dangerous obstacles, like wild boars. Through the analysis of compensatory gaze behavior employed by patients, our authors see great potential for using driving simulation as a tool to rehabilitate stroke patients trying to overcome the blind spots in their visual fields.

Setembro 2012: Este mês, em JoVE

This September in JoVE, researchers from the School of Medicine at the Free University of Berlin demonstrate a novel method for studying how stroke ...

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Setembro 2012: Este mês, em JoVE