Agradecemos drs. Robert Bonneau e Neil Christensen pelos comentários úteis. Este trabalho foi apoiado pela Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine fundos.

1. Isolamento de células T de baço e linfonodos de BDC2.5 Mice <ol><li> Use 6 semanas de idade pré-diabéticos do sexo feminino BDC2.5 ratos como doadores de células T CD4 + diabetogênicos. Os ratos devem estar livre de diabetes, conforme determinado por medição de glucose na urina (ver abaixo). </li><li> Eutanásia cada rato usando asfixia CO 2 e remover o baço, axilar e braquial gânglios linfáticos sob condições estéreis. Para remover o baço, mergulhe a pele com álcool 70%, em seguida, cortar e retirar a pele. O baço será visível como um órgão de vermelho escuro sobre o lado esquerdo do rato. Adicione uma incisão de 1 cm no peritoneu utilizando as pequenas tesouras e agarrar suavemente o baço, no centro, com um par de pequenas pinças. Aparar cuidadosamente o tecido conjuntivo e gordura em anexo, tanto quanto possível, e remover o baço. </li><li> Recolha as baço e linfonodos em 10 ml de Meio Dulbecco&#39;s-Modified Eagle (DMEM), em um tubo cônico de 15 ml no gelo. </li><li> Prepara-se uma suspensão de células individuais utilizando the final de um estéril 10 ml êmbolo da seringa para pressionar suavemente os órgãos linfóides através de 70 filtros de celulares mM (um baço por peneira e 4-6 linfonodos por filtro) no mesmo tubo de 50 ml. </li></ol> Durante o processo, lavar cada filtro com um ml de DMEM várias vezes para maximizar a recuperação de células a partir do filtro. <ol start="5"><li> Transferir as células recolhidas a partir do tubo cónico de 50 ml para um tubo cónico de 15 ml e centrifugar a 300-400 x g durante 7 minutos à TA. </li><li> Para lisar as células vermelhas do sangue, descartar o sobrenadante, re-suspender as células em 5 ml de tampão de amónio-cloreto e potássio (ACK) (pH 7,2), e incubar a suspensão de célula ACK à TA durante 5 min. </li><li> Adicionar 10 ml de DMEM para a suspensão de célula ACK e centrifugar o tubo como acima. Lava-se a pelete celular uma vez com 10 ml de DMEM. </li></ol> 2. Separação de células de fluorescência-activated de diabetogênicos TCD4 + de BDC2.5 Mice <ol><li> Re-suspender as células em 5 ml FACS scontendo tampão e contar o número de células viáveis ​​(por microscopia de contraste de fase e um hemocitómetro) por exclusão do corante azul de tripano. </li><li> Usando tampão FACS, ajustar o volume da suspensão de células a 5 x 10 7 células / ml. Remover ~ 1 x 10 6 células por controle coloração (1 não mancha, três manchas individuais). Stain a amostra para CD4 transgénicos não activadas + células T com anti-CD4 (APC), anti-TCR Vβ4 (FITC) e (PE), os anticorpos monoclonais anti-CD62L (Acm) em um tubo de 15 ml. Realização da coloração celular, utilizando as concentrações de mAb sugeridas pelo fabricante durante 20-30 minutos a 4 ° C no escuro. </li><li> Lava-se a amostra e controles de manchas individuais com tampão FACS em&gt; 3x o volume da reacção de coloração. Centrifuga-se o tubo a 300-400 x g, remover o sobrenadante, e re-suspender as células em tampão de SCAF (1-2 x 10 7 células / ml de amostra de triagem e 300 ul para os controlos mancha individual) e armazenar em gelo até que o próximo passo. </li><li> Passar a amostra de células através de uma célula de 35 mMtubo de tampa de filtro para remover aglomerados de células. Classificar as amostras de CD4 + TCR Vβ4 + CD62L + células em um classificador de células com um operador treinado. Recolher as células classificadas em 3 ml de DMEM em um tubo de 15 ml. Permitir 2,5-3 horas, incluindo a configuração, para classificar 8 1,5 x 10 células (com o número aproximado de células obtidos a partir de três ratinhos dadores) a uma taxa de tipo de 2 x 10 4 eventos totais / seg. Esperar ~ 2,5 x 10 6 CD4 transgênicos não ativados + células T por rato após separação de células. </li><li> Registe o número absoluto de células classificadas no final do tipo e centrifugar para durante 7 minutos a 300-400 x g. Descartar o sobrenadante e ressuspender as células (2 x 10 6 células / ml) em fosfato estéril-salino tamponado (PBS) (Mg 2 + / Ca2 + livre) para a transferência adoptiva de células T. </li></ol> 3. Transferência adotiva de diabetogênicos TCD4 + de BDC2.5 Mice <ol><li> Usando uma seringa de 1 ml e uma agulha de calibre 18-1 ½, gentilmente re-suspender as células CD4 FACS-purificadas +Células T e carregar a seringa de 1 ml. Em preparação para a injeção, substitua o 18-1 ½ agulha de calibre com uma agulha de calibre 27 ½. </li><li> Expor 6-8 semanas de idade, do sexo feminino ratos destinatário NOD.SCID a uma lâmpada de aquecimento até que exibem comportamento de limpeza. </li><li> Conter em ratinhos receptores limitador e limpar a sua cauda com etanol a 70% (v / v) para desinfectar o local da injecção. </li><li> Injectar 1-2 x 10 6 células / murganho FACS classificados (em até 500 ul de PBS) em qualquer uma das veias laterais da cauda. </li></ol> Não force o êmbolo. Se a agulha está localizado apropriadamente na veia, a injecção terá lugar com quase nenhuma resistência. 4. Monitoramento Mice destinatário para hiperglicemia e DM1 <ol><li> Começando cinco dias após a transferência de células T, ratinhos receptores NOD.SCID são monitorados diariamente para glucose na urina elevada usando tiras reagentes (Bayer Diastix) de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. Ratos com duas urin consecutivoleituras electrónicos glicose&gt; 250 mg / dl são considerados diabéticos. </li></ol>

<ol>
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L., Singh, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nonobese+diabetic+mouse+as+a+model+of+autoimmune+diabetes:+immune+dysregulation+gets+the+NOD.">The nonobese diabetic mouse as a model of autoimmune diabetes: immune dysregulation gets the NOD.</a> Immunity. 7, 727-738 (1997).</li><li>Wicker, L. S., Miller, B. J., Mullen, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transfer+of+autoimmune+diabetes+mellitus+with+splenocytes+from+nonobese+diabetic+(NOD)+mice.">Transfer of autoimmune diabetes mellitus with splenocytes from nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice.</a> Diabetes. 35, 855-860 (1986).</li><li>Bendelac, A., Carnaud, C., Boitard, C., Bach, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Syngeneic+transfer+of+autoimmune+diabetes+from+diabetic+NOD+mice+to+healthy+neonates.+Requirement+for+both+L3T4++and+Lyt-2++T+cells.">Syngeneic transfer of autoimmune diabetes from diabetic NOD mice to healthy neonates. Requirement for both L3T4+ and Lyt-2+ T cells.</a> J. Exp. Med. 166, 823-833 (1987).</li><li>Haskins, K., McDuffie, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acceleration+of+diabetes+in+young+NOD+mice+with+a+CD4++islet-specific+T+cell+clone.">Acceleration of diabetes in young NOD mice with a CD4+ islet-specific T cell clone.</a> Science. 249, 1433-1436 (1990).</li><li>Christianson, S. W., Shultz, L. D., Leiter, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adoptive+transfer+of+diabetes+into+immunodeficient+NOD-scid/scid+mice.+Relative+contributions+of+CD4++and+CD8++T-cells+from+diabetic+versus+prediabetic+NOD.NON-Thy-1a+donors.">Adoptive transfer of diabetes into immunodeficient NOD-scid/scid mice. Relative contributions of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells from diabetic versus prediabetic NOD.NON-Thy-1a donors.</a> Diabetes. 42, 44-55 (1993).</li><li>Wicker, L. S., Todd, J. A., Peterson, L. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+control+of+autoimmune+diabetes+in+the+NOD+mouse.">Genetic control of autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse.</a> Annual Reviews in Immunology. 13, 179-200 (1995).</li><li>Serreze, D. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=MHC+class+I-mediated+antigen+presentation+and+induction+of+CD8++cytotoxic+T-cell+responses+in+autoimmune+diabetes-prone+NOD+mice.">MHC class I-mediated antigen presentation and induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell responses in autoimmune diabetes-prone NOD mice.</a> Diabetes. 45, 902-908 (1996).</li><li>Milton, M. J., Poulin, M., Mathews, C., Piganelli, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation,+maintenance,+and+adoptive+transfer+of+diabetogenic+T-cell+lines/clones+from+the+nonobese+diabetic+mouse.">Generation, maintenance, and adoptive transfer of diabetogenic T-cell lines/clones from the nonobese diabetic mouse.</a> Methods Mol. Med. 102, 213-225 (2004).</li><li>Kurrer, M. O., Pakala, S. V., Hanson, H. L., Katz, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beta+cell+apoptosis+in+T+cell-mediated+autoimmune+diabetes.">Beta cell apoptosis in T cell-mediated autoimmune diabetes.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 213-218 (1997).</li><li>Amrani, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Perforin-independent+beta-cell+destruction+by+diabetogenic+CD8(+)+T+lymphocytes+in+transgenic+nonobese+diabetic+mice.">Perforin-independent beta-cell destruction by diabetogenic CD8(+) T lymphocytes in transgenic nonobese diabetic mice.</a> J. Clin. Invest. 103, 1201-1209 (1999).</li><li>Dobbs, C., Haskins, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+a+T+cell+clone+and+of+T+cells+from+a+TCR+transgenic+mouse:+TCR+transgenic+T+cells+specific+for+self-antigen+are+atypical.">Comparison of a T cell clone and of T cells from a TCR transgenic mouse: TCR transgenic T cells specific for self-antigen are atypical.</a> J. Immunol. 166, 2495-2504 (2001).</li><li>Haskins, K., Portas, M., Bradley, B., Wegmann, D., Lafferty, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T-lymphocyte+clone+specific+for+pancreatic+islet+antigen.">T-lymphocyte clone specific for pancreatic islet antigen.</a> Diabetes. 37, 1444-1448 (1988).</li><li>Katz, J. D., Wang, B., Haskins, K., Benoist, C., Mathis, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Following+a+diabetogenic+T+cell+from+genesis+through+pathogenesis.">Following a diabetogenic T cell from genesis through pathogenesis.</a> Cell. 74, 1089-1100 (1993).</li><li>Stadinski, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromogranin+A+is+an+autoantigen+in+type+1+diabetes.">Chromogranin A is an autoantigen in type 1 diabetes.</a> Nat. Immunol. 11, 225-231 (2010).</li><li>Luhder, F., Chambers, C., Allison, J. P., Benoist, C., Mathis, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pinpointing+when+T+cell+costimulatory+receptor+CTLA-4+must+be+engaged+to+dampen+diabetogenic+T+cells.">Pinpointing when T cell costimulatory receptor CTLA-4 must be engaged to dampen diabetogenic T cells.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97, 12204-12209 (2000).</li><li>Tang, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro-expanded+antigen-specific+regulatory+T+cells+suppress+autoimmune+diabetes.">In vitro-expanded antigen-specific regulatory T cells suppress autoimmune diabetes.</a> J. Exp. Med. 199, 1455-1465 (2004).</li><li>Calderon, B., Suri, A., Pan, X. O., Mills, J. C., Unanue, E. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IFN-gamma-dependent+regulatory+circuits+in+immune+inflammation+highlighted+in+diabetes.">IFN-gamma-dependent regulatory circuits in immune inflammation highlighted in diabetes.</a> J. Immunol. 181, 6964-6974 (2008).</li><li>Shultz, L. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+defects+in+innate+and+adaptive+immunologic+function+in+NOD/LtSz-scid+mice.">Multiple defects in innate and adaptive immunologic function in NOD/LtSz-scid mice.</a> J. Immunol. 154, 180-191 (1995).</li><li>Waldner, H., Sobel, R. A., Price, N., Kuchroo, V. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+autoimmune+diabetes+locus+Idd9+regulates+development+of+type+1+diabetes+by+affecting+the+homing+of+islet-specific+T+cells.">The autoimmune diabetes locus Idd9 regulates development of type 1 diabetes by affecting the homing of islet-specific T cells.</a> J. Immunol. 176, 5455-5462 (2006).</li><li>Verdaguer, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneous+autoimmune+diabetes+in+monoclonal+T+cell+nonobese+diabetic+mice.">Spontaneous autoimmune diabetes in monoclonal T cell nonobese diabetic mice.</a> J. Exp. Med. 186, 1663-1676 (1997).</li><li>Thomas, D. C., Mellanby, R. J., Phillips, J. M., Cooke, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+early+age-related+increase+in+the+frequency+of+CD4++Foxp3++cells+in+BDC2.5NOD+mice.">An early age-related increase in the frequency of CD4+ Foxp3+ cells in BDC2.5NOD mice.</a> Immunology. 121, 565-576 (2007).</li><li>Prochazka, M., Gaskins, H. R., Shultz, L. D., Leiter, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nonobese+diabetic+scid+mouse:+model+for+spontaneous+thymomagenesis+associated+with+immunodeficiency.">The nonobese diabetic scid mouse: model for spontaneous thymomagenesis associated with immunodeficiency.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89, 3290-3294 (1992).</li></ol>

Todos os animais foram alojados na Penn State College of livre de patógenos instalação específica Medicine (SPF), de acordo com as diretrizes da Penn State Institutional Animal Care e do Comitê Use. Os autores declaram que não têm interesses financeiros concorrentes.

DM1 pode ser induzida em ratinhos receptores em diferentes eficiências de transferência adoptiva de células do baço inteiro ou subconjuntos de células T a partir de ratinhos NOD diabéticos ou ratinhos transgénicos para TCRs derivados de clones de células T diabetogênicas. Nós relatamos aqui um método reprodutível para induzir DM1 em camundongos receptores dentro de duas semanas a 100% de incidência, transferindo FACS-purificadas CD62L + BDC2.5 CD4 + células T transgênicos em camundongos NOD.SCID. <p c...

O ratinho NOD espontaneamente desenvolve a diabetes auto-imune e tem sido amplamente utilizada como um modelo animal para 1,2 T1D humano. Patogénese de DM1 em ratinhos NOD é caracterizada pela infiltração de, com início às 3-4 semanas de idade, dos ilhéus pancreáticos de Langerhans por macrófagos e células dendríticas, seguido de células T e B. Esta fase de não-destrutiva peri-insulite leva à destruição lenta e progressiva das células β pancreáticas produtoras de insulina, o que resulta em diabetes evidente por 4-6 meses de idade 3. A transferência de esplenócitos de 4,5, 6,7 ou CD4 + CD8 + 8,9 As células T de ratinhos NOD diabéticos têm mostrado mediar a diabetes em ratinhos NOD imunocomprometidos, indicando que as células T reactivas ilhotas desempenham um papel central na patogénese DM1. Dependendo das condições experimentais, desenvolveram diabetes em ratinhos receptores, lentamente, ao longo de várias semanas nestes estudos. Da mesma forma, vários clones de células T, derivadas por demorado e dispendiosocultura de células T diabetogênicas, têm sido relatados para mediar a diabetes várias semanas após a transferência para ratinhos receptores 7,10. Com a disponibilidade de ratinhos transgénicos que expressam TCR derivados de CD4 ou clones de células T CD8 + restritas diabetogênicas T, vários laboratórios têm subsequentemente demonstrado que as células T do baço de tais ratinhos eram capazes de transferir a diabetes aos receptores 11-13. Especificamente, os ratinhos NOD são BDC2.5 transgénico para a BDC2.5 TCR, que é específico para a cromogranina A, uma proteína em células beta pancreáticas 14-16. Transferência de in vitro ativado ou células do baço inteiro ou fracionado não-ativado a partir abertamente diabéticos ou pré-diabéticos BDC2.5 ratos transferidos diabetes em camundongos NOD neonatais ou imunodeficientes em diferentes eficiências 11,17-19. Nós descrevemos um método simples que utiliza transgênicos CD4 + purificadas células T de pré-diabéticos BDC2.5 ratos para induzir DM1 em camundongos receptores de alta eficiência e Consistency. Grandes números de células T naive, ilhotas CD4 + específicas para o antigénio são isolados a partir destes ratos por separação de células activadas por fluorescência (FACS) para CD4 + CD62L + células T que expressam a cadeia a de TCR Vβ4 transgénica. Células purificadas transgênicos T são então transferidos sem ativação em camundongos NOD.SCID, que carecem funcionais T e células B e são insulitis e diabetes livre de 20. Os ratinhos receptores são monitorados para elevadas concentrações de glucose na urina, indicando DM1, que se desenvolve rapidamente dentro de duas semanas após a transferência de células T. Em contraste com outros métodos que transferir células T com especificidades diabetogênicas heterogéneos, o nosso protocolo utiliza células T que expressam quase exclusivamente o diabetogénico BDC2.5 TCR FACS classificados CD4 +. Devido à sua homogeneidade, apenas um pequeno número de células T transferidas (~ 1x10 6 células / rato) são necessários para o desenvolvimento rápido T1D dentro de 2 semanas a 100% de incidência. Outra vantagem é que o nosso protocolo irradiation de ratos destinatário não é necessário, pois é para alguns outros métodos. Uma limitação potencial deste método é que ela não permite a investigação sobre a contribuição de ambas as células T CD8 em diabetes subconjuntos CD4 e CD8 das células T ou especificamente. O protocolo descrito irá ser útil para estudar o desenvolvimento rápido DM1, mediada por CD4 naive, monoespecíficos + células T, bem como estratégias terapêuticas para intervir na direcção das células Th específicas do antigénio da ilhota para o órgão alvo.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of Reagent/Material</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BDC 2.5 TCR transgenic NOD mice (NOD.Cg-Tg(Tcr&alpha;BDC 2.5, Tcr&beta;BDC 2.5)</td>
			<td>JAX</td>
			<td>004460</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NOD.SCID mice (NOD.CB17-Prkdcscid/J)</td>
			<td>JAX</td>
			<td>001303</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td>Themo Scientific</td>
			<td>SH30022.01</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bayer Diastix</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AM2803</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352095</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile surgical tweezers</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile small pair scissors</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile large pair scissors</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &mu;m cell strainers</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22363548</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35 &mu;m cell strainer cap tubes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352235</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium-Chloride-Potassium (ACK) buffer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>0.15 M NH4Cl, 1 mM KHCO3, 0.1 mM Na2EDTA, pH 7.2 in dH2O</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD FACSFlowTM sheath fluid</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>342003</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FACS staining buffer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>PBS, 0.2 mM EDTA, 0.5% BSA/FCS, filter sterilized</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phase contrast microscope</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD4 (APC) mAb</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>1005616</td>
			<td>clone RM4-5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-TCR V&beta;4 (FITC) mAb</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>553365</td>
			<td>clone KT4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD62L (PE) mAb</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>553151</td>
			<td>clone MEL-14</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell sorter</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>e.g. BD FACSAria III</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat lamp</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse restrainer</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 ml syringes</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>309602</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>18-1&frac12; gauge needles (sterile)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>305196</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>27&frac12; gauge needles (sterile)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>305109</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

accelerated type 1 diabetes induction in mice by adoptive transfer of diabetogenic cd4+ t cells

O diabético (NOD) do mouse não obesos espontaneamente desenvolve diabetes auto-imune após 12 semanas de idade e é o modelo animal mais estudada do ser humano diabetes tipo 1 (DM1). Estudos de transferência de células em ratinhos receptores irradiados têm demonstrado que as células T são fundamentais na patogénese T1D neste modelo. Descrevemos aqui um método simples para rapidamente induzir T1D por transferência adoptiva de purificada, as células T a partir de ratinhos NOD pré-diabéticos transgénicas para o receptor de células T específico de ilhota (TCR) BDC2.5 em ratinhos receptores NOD.SCID CD4 + primárias. As principais vantagens desta técnica são que o isolamento e transferência adoptiva de células T diabetogênicas pode ser concluída no mesmo dia, a irradiação dos destinatários não é necessária, e uma elevada incidência de DM1 é induzida dentro de 2 semanas após a transferência de células T. Assim, os estudos de patogénese e intervenções terapêuticas DM1 pode prosseguir a uma velocidade mais rápida do que com os métodos que se baseiam em populações heterogéneas de células T ou clonesderivados de ratinhos NOD diabéticos.

Os nossos resultados mostram o isolamento de células que expressam transgénicos BDC2.5 CD62L, o qual é crítico para as células T para a casa de órgãos linfóides secundários, tais como os nódulos linfáticos pancreáticas. Os resultados demonstram ainda a capacidade potente desta população de células T monoespecífico para transferir rápida e eficientemente a T1D ratinhos receptores NOD.SCID. Isolamento de células T CD4 + células T diabetogênicas BDC2.5 de ratinhos é mostrad...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells at JoVE.com

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Nós proporcionar um método reprodutível para induzir diabetes do tipo 1 (DM1) em ratinhos dentro de duas semanas pela transferência adoptiva de células T primárias de ilhéus, CD4 + específicas para o antigénio.

Accelerated Diabetes Tipo 1 Indução em Ratos por transferência adotiva de diabetogênicos TCD4 +

The nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse spontaneously develops autoimmune diabetes after 12 weeks of age and is the most extensively studied animal model of ...

accelerated-type-1-diabetes-induction-mice-adoptive-transfer

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

16.6K visualizações.  Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine. Nós proporcionar um método reprodutível para induzir diabetes do tipo 1 (DM1) em ratinhos dentro de duas semanas pela transferência adoptiva de células T primárias de ilhéus, CD4 + específicas para o antigénio.

Vídeo: Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Preparation and Use of HIV-1 Infected Primary CD4+ T-Cells as Target Cells in Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxic Assays

Natural killer (NK) cells are a vital component of the innate immune response to virus-infected cells. It is important to understand the ability of NK cells to recognize and lyse HIV-1 infected cells because identifying any aberrancy in NK cell function against HIV-infected cells could potentially lead to therapies that would enhance their cytolytic activity. There is a need to use HIV-infected primary T-cell blasts as target cells rather then infected-T-cell lines in the cytotoxicity assays. T-cell lines, even without infection, are quite susceptible to NK cell lysis. Furthermore, it is necessary to use autologous primary cells to prevent major histocompatibility complex class I mismatches between the target and effector cell that will result in lysis. Early studies evaluating NK cell cytolytic responses to primary HIV-infected cells failed to show significant killing of the infected cells 1,2. However, using HIV-1 infected primary T-cells as target cells in NK cell functional assays has been difficult due the presence of contaminating uninfected cells 3. This inconsistent infected cell to uninfected cell ratio will result in variation in NK cell killing between samples that may not be due to variability in donor NK cell function. Thus, it would be beneficial to work with a purified infected cell population in order to standardize the effector to target cell ratios between experiments 3,4. Here we demonstrate the isolation of a highly purified population of HIV-1 infected cells by taking advantage of HIV-1's ability to down-modulate CD4 on infected cells and the availability of commercial kits to remove dead or dying cells 3-6. The purified infected primary T-cell blasts can then be used as targets in either a degranulation or cytotoxic assay with purified NK cells as the effector population 5-7. Use of NK cells as effectors in a degranulation assay evaluates the ability of an NK cell to release the lytic contents of specialized lysosomes 8 called "cytolytic granules". By staining with a fluorochrome conjugated antibody against CD107a, a lysosomal membrane protein that becomes expressed on the NK cell surface when the cytolytic granules fuse to the plasma membrane, we can determine what percentage of NK cells degranulate in response to target cell recognition. Alternatively, NK cell lytic activity can be evaluated in a cytotoxic assay that allows for the determination of the percentage of target cells lysed by release of 51Cr from within the target cell in the presence of NK cells.

Cytotoxicity assays to measure natural killer cell lytic responses to HIV-infected cells is limited by the purity of the target cells. We demonstrate here the isolation of a highly purified population of HIV-1 infected primary T-cell blasts by taking advantage of HIV-1 s ability to down-modulate CD4.

Preparação e Uso de HIV-1 infectados CD4 + T-Primária células como as células-alvo em Ensaios Natural Killer Celular citotóxicos

 Natural killer (NK) cells are a vital component of the innate immune response to virus-infected cells. It is important to understand the ability of NK ...

Imunologia e Infecção

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the protocols described here use freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) to sense infections in either T cell line (MT4) or heterologous primary CD4+ T cells. In order to ensure proper sensing, it is essential that PBMC are isolated immediately after blood collection and that optimal percentage of infected T cells are used. Furthermore, multi-parametric flow cytometric staining can be used to confirm that PBMC samples contain the different cell lineages at physiological ratios. A number of controls can also be included to evaluate viability and functionality of pDCs. These include, the presence of specific surface markers, assessing cellular responses to known agonist of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) pathways, and confirming a lack of spontaneous type-I interferon (IFN) production. In this system, freshly isolated PBMCs or pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected cells in 96 well plates for 18-22 hr. Supernatants from these co-cultures are then used to determine the levels of bioactive type-I IFNs by monitoring the activation of the ISGF3 pathway in HEK-Blue IFN-&#945;/&#946; cells. Prior and during co-culture conditions, target cells can be subjected to flow cytometric analysis to determine a number of parameters, including the percentage of infected cells, levels of specific surface markers, and differential killing of infected cells. Although, these protocols were initially developed to follow type-I IFN production, they could potentially be used to study other imuno-modulatory molecules released from pDCs and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms governing HIV-1 innate sensing.

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Unlike cell-free HIV-1 particles, infected CD4+ T cells are effectively sensed by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). This manuscript describes a method where peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or isolated pDCs are co-cultured with HIV-1 infected T cells to evaluate innate sensing by pDCs as assessed by release of type-I IFN.

Avaliando a inata Sensing de HIV-1 CD4 Infected<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; As células T por células dendríticas plasmocitóides Usando um<em&gt; Ex vivo</em&gt; Co-cultura do sistema.

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the ...

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages and disadvantages. We describe here an experimental colitis model that is initiated by adoptive transfer of syngeneic splenic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipient mice. The CD4+CD45RBhigh T cell population that largely consists of na&#239;ve effector cells is capable of inducing chronic intestinal inflammation, closely resembling key aspects of human IBD. This method can be manipulated to study aspects of disease onset and progression. Additionally it can be used to study the function of innate, adaptive, and regulatory immune cell populations, and the role of environmental exposures, i.e., the microbiota, in intestinal inflammation. In this article we illustrate the methodology for inducing colitis with a step-by-step protocol. This includes a video demonstration of key technical aspects required to successfully develop this murine model of experimental colitis for research purposes.

Induction of Murine Intestinal Inflammation by Adoptive Transfer of Effector CD4+CD45RBhigh T Cells into Immunodeficient Mice

Here, we present a protocol to induce colonic inflammation in mice by adoptive transfer of syngeneic CD4+CD45RBhigh T cells into T and B cell deficient recipients. Clinical and histopathological features mimic human inflammatory bowel diseases. This method allows the study of the initiation of colonic inflammation and progression of disease.

Indução de Murino inflamação intestinal por transferência adotiva de Effector CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; CD45RB<sup&gt; Alta</sup&gt; Células T em imunodeficientes Mice

There are many different animal models available for studying the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), each with its own advantages ...

Preparation of CD4+ T Cells for Analysis of GD3 and GD2 Ganglioside Membrane Expression by Microscopy

The methods described herein for activation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in suspension and their adherence in coverslips for confocal microscopy analysis allow the spatial localization and visualization of gangliosides involved in CD4+ T cell activation, that complement expression profiling experiments such as flow cytometry, western blotting or real-time PCR. The quantification of ganglioside expression through flow cytometry and their cellular localization through microscopy can be obtained by the use of anti-ganglioside antibodies with high affinity and specificity. Nonetheless, an adequate handling of cells in suspension involves the treatment of culture plates to promote the necessary adherence required for fluorescence or confocal microscopy acquisition. In this work, we describe a protocol for determining GD3 and GD2 ganglioside expression and colocalization with the TCR during na&#239;ve CD4+ T cell activation. Also, real-time PCR experiments using &#60;40,000 cells are described for the determination of the GD3 and GM2/GD2 synthase genes, demonstrating that gene analysis experiments can be performed with a low number of cells and without the need of additional low input RNA kits.

Preparation of CD4+ T Cells for Analysis of GD3 and GD2 Ganglioside Membrane Expression by Microscopy

We describe a standard antibody staining protocol for use in microscopy to determine the membrane expression and localization of gangliosides in resting and activated human na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells. Also described are real-time PCR experiments using &#60;40,000 cells that do not require additional low input RNA kits.

Preparação de CD4<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; As células T para Análise de GD3 e GD2 gangliï¿½idos Membrane Expressão por microscopia

The methods described herein for activation of na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in suspension and their adherence in coverslips for confocal microscopy analysis ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing autoimmune diseases. Clinical approaches to adoptively transfer Tregs, or to deplete Tregs in cancer, are underway with promising first outcomes. 
Because the number of naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) is very limited, studying certain Treg features using in vitro induced Tregs (iTregs) can be advantageous. To date, the best although not absolutely specific protein marker to delineate Tregs is the transcription factor FOXP3. Despite the importance of Tregs including non-redundant roles of peripherally induced Tregs, the protocols to generate iTregs are currently controversial, particularly for human cells. This protocol therefore describes the in vitro differentiation of human CD4+FOXP3+ iTregs from human na&#239;ve T cells using a range of Treg-inducing factors (TGF-&#946; plus IL-2 only, or their combination with retinoic acid, rapamycin or butyrate) in parallel. It also describes the phenotyping of these cells by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. 
These protocols result in reproducible expression of FOXP3 and other Treg signature genes and enable the study of general FOXP3-regulatory mechanisms as well as protocol-specific effects to delineate the impact of certain factors. iTregs can be utilized to study various phenotypic aspects as well as molecular mechanisms of Treg induction. Detailed molecular studies are facilitated by relatively large cell numbers that can be obtained. 
A limitation for the application of iTregs is the relative instability of FOXP3 expression in these cells compared to nTregs. iTregs generated by these protocols can also be used for functional assays such as studying their suppressive function, in which iTregs induced by TGF-&#946; plus retinoic acid and rapamycin display superior suppressive activity. However, the suppressive capacity of iTregs can differ from nTregs and the use of appropriate controls is crucial.

&lt;em&gt;In Vitro&lt;/em&gt; Differentiation of Human CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;FOXP3&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&amp;#239;ve CD4&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; T Cells Using a TGF-&amp;#946;-containing Protocol

This protocol describes the reproducible generation and phenotyping of human induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in vitro. Different protocols for FOXP3 induction allow for the study of specific iTreg phenotypes obtained with respective protocols.

Na diferenciação in vitro de células T CD4 + humano FOXP3 + Induzida T reguladoras (iTregs) a partir de células naive T CD4 + usando um protocolo de TGF-β contendo

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing ...

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

While it is recognized that aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells and antibodies participate in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a human central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune demyelinating disease, creation of an AQP4-targeted model with both clinical and histologic manifestations of CNS autoimmunity has proven challenging. Immunization of wild-type (WT) mice with AQP4 peptides elicited T cell proliferation, although those T cells could not transfer disease to na&#239;ve recipient mice. Recently, two novel AQP4 T cell epitopes, peptide (p) 135-153 and p201-220, were identified when studying immune responses to AQP4 in AQP4-deficient (AQP4-/-) mice, suggesting T cell reactivity to these epitopes is normally controlled by thymic negative selection. AQP4-/- Th17 polarized T cells primed to either p135-153 or p201-220 induced paralysis in recipient WT mice, that was associated with predominantly leptomeningeal inflammation of the spinal cord and optic nerves. Inflammation surrounding optic nerves and involvement of the inner retinal layers (IRL) were manifested by changes in serial optical coherence tomography (OCT). Here, we illustrate the approaches used to create this new in vivo model of AQP4-targeted CNS autoimmunity (ATCA), which can now be employed to study mechanisms that permit development of pathogenic AQP4-specific T cells and how they may cooperate with B cells in NMO pathogenesis.

Here, we present a protocol to induce paralysis and opticospinal inflammation by transfer of aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells from AQP4-/- mice into WT mice. In addition, we demonstrate how to use serial optical coherence tomography to monitor visual system dysfunction.

Indução de paralisia e lesão do sistema Visual em camundongos por específicos de células T para Neuromielite Óptica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

While it is recognized that aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells and antibodies participate in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a human ...

Isolation and Adoptive Transfer of High Salt Treated Antigen-presenting Dendritic Cells

Excess dietary salt intake contributes to inflammation and plays a vital role in the development of hypertension. We previously found that antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs) can sense elevated extracellular sodium leading to the activation of the NADPH oxidase and formation of isolevuglandin (IsoLG)-protein adducts. These IsoLG-protein adducts react with self-proteins and promote an autoimmune-like state and hypertension. We have developed and optimized state-of-the-art methods to study DC function in hypertension. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for isolation, in vitro treatment with elevated sodium, and adoptive transfer of murine splenic CD11c+ cells into recipient mice to study their role in hypertension.

Here, we present a protocol to isolate dendritic cells from murine spleens by magnetic cell sorting and subsequent adoptive transfer into na&#239;ve mice. The model of high-salt activated dendritic cells was chosen to explain the step-by-step procedures of adoptive transfer and flow cytometry.

Isolamento e transferência adotiva de sal alta trataram apresentadoras de células dendríticas

Excess dietary salt intake contributes to inflammation and plays a vital role in the development of hypertension. We previously found that ...

Quantification of Proliferating Human Antigen-specific CD4+ T Cells using Carboxyfluorescein Succinimidyl Ester

Described is a simple, in vitro, dye dilution-based method for measuring antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The development of stable, non-toxic, fluorescent dyes such as carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) allows for rare, antigen-specific T cells to be distinguished from bystanders by diminution in fluorescent staining, as detected by flow cytometry. This method has the following advantages over alternative approaches: (i) it is very sensitive to low-frequency T cells, (ii) no knowledge of the antigen or epitope is required, (iii) the phenotype of the responding cells can be analyzed, and (iv) viable, responding cells can be sorted and used for further analysis, such as T cell cloning.

Quantification of Proliferating Human Antigen-specific CD4+ T Cells using Carboxyfluorescein Succinimidyl Ester

Presented here is a protocol for measuring proliferating CD4+ T cells in response to antigenic proteins or peptides using dye dilution. This assay is particularly sensitive to rare antigen-specific T cells and can be modified to facilitate cloning of antigen-specific cells.

Quantificação de células T antígeno-específicas humanas proliferating de CD4+ usando o éster do Succinimidyl do carboxyfluorescein

Described is a simple, in vitro, dye dilution-based method for measuring antigen-specific CD4+ T cell proliferation in human peripheral blood mononuclear ...

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase (G6PI)-Induced RA Mice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells. Patients with active RA present fewer iNKT cells, defective cell function, and excessive polarization of Th1. In this study, an RA animal model was established using a mixture of hGPI325-339 and hGPI469-483 peptides. The iNKT cells were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification, followed by infusion into RA mice for adoptive immunotherapy. The in vivo imaging system (IVIS) tracking revealed that iNKT cells were mainly distributed in the spleen and liver. On day 12 after cell therapy, the disease progression slowed down significantly, the clinical symptoms were alleviated, the abundance of iNKT cells in the thymus increased, the proportion of iNKT1 in the thymus decreased, and the levels of TNF-&#945;, IFN-&#947;, and IL-6 in the serum decreased. Adoptive immunotherapy of iNKT cells restored the balance of immune cells and corrected the excessive inflammation of the body.

Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase G6PI-Induced RA Mice

This protocol uses G6PI mixed peptides to construct rheumatoid arthritis models that are closer to that of human rheumatoid arthritis in CD4+ T cells and cytokines. High purity invariant natural killer T cells (mainly iNKT2) with specific phenotypes and functions were obtained by in vivo induction and in vitro purification for adoptive immunotherapy.

Imunoterapia adotiva de células iNKT em Isomerase Isomerase Induzida de Glicose-6-Fosfato (G6PI)-Induzido RaMice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease. The pathogenesis of the disease is related to invariant natural killer T ...

A High-Throughput Multiplexed Screening for Type 1 Diabetes, Celiac Diseases, and COVID-19

An ongoing clinical trial, Autoimmunity Screening for Kids (ASK), is the first screening study in the general population for type 1 diabetes (T1D) and celiac disease in the United States. With the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the epidemiology of COVID-19 in the general population and knowledge about the association between COVID-19 infection and T1D development are urgently needed. The currently standard screening method of the radio-binding assay (RBA) has met two great challenges: low efficiency with a single assay format and low disease specificity with a large proportion of low-affinity antibodies generated in screening. With the platform of the multiplex electrochemiluminescence (ECL) assay we established previously, a novel 6-Plex ECL assay was developed that combines, in a single well, all four islet autoantibodies (IAbs) to insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2), and Zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) for T1D, transglutaminase autoantibodies (TGA) for celiac disease, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies for COVID-19. The assay was validated in blind using 880 samples from the ASK study, including 325 positive samples and 555 all antibody-negative samples, and compared with the standard RBAs and a single ECL assay. With the advantages of high efficiency, low cost, and low serum volume, this assay has been accepted as the primary screening tool for the ASK study.

In line with the urgent need for screening for type 1 diabetes, celiac disease, and coronavirus disease 2019, we developed a high throughput 6-Plex electrochemiluminescence assay to simultaneously detect all four islet autoantibodies, tissue transglutaminase autoantibodies, and antibodies to the receptor binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

Uma triagem multiplexada de alto rendimento para diabetes tipo 1, doenças celíacas e COVID-19

An ongoing clinical trial, Autoimmunity Screening for Kids (ASK), is the first screening study in the general population for type 1 diabetes (T1D) and ...