Os autores reconhecem Departamento de Biotecnologia, Governo da Índia para o apoio financeiro a este projeto. Ajith Kumar GS foi apoiado com bolsa de pesquisa sênior do Conselho de Pesquisa Científica e Industrial, Governo da Índia e Binil Raj com bolsa de pesquisa sênior do Conselho Indiano de Pesquisa Médica, Governo da Índia.

Experimentos em animais foram realizados após a obtenção da aprovação do Comitê de Ética animal Institucional. Ratos Wistar foram alojados sob um escuro de 12 horas para ciclo de luz, temperatura ambiente constante (24 ± 2 ° C) com comida e água ad libitum (conforme as orientações CPCSEA). 1) Cuidados pré-operatório e anestesia <ol><li> Mantenha rato (cerca de 200 g de peso corporal) sob antibiótico guarda-chuva de 24 horas antes da cirurgia, através da administração de amoxicilina por via oral (dose: 500 mg / L de água). </li><li> Esterilizar todos os instrumentos cirúrgicos (como tesouras, pinças, clipe aplicador, agulhas de sutura, e porta-agulha) em autoclave a 121 ° C por 15 min. </li><li> Use uma almofada de aquecimento para manter a temperatura do corpo do animal em cerca de 37 ° C para evitar uma rápida queda da frequência cardíaca. </li><li> Tome cuidado para evitar a desidratação do animal antes e durante a cirurgia. </li><li> Anestesiar o rato numa câmara de indução com 3% de isoflurano misturado com0,5-1,0 L / min 100% de oxigênio; manter a anestesia com 1,5% de isoflurano. </li><li> Verifique o reflexo pedal para confirmar anestesia bem sucedida. </li></ol> 2) Preparação do sítio cirúrgico <ol><li> Manter o rato no topo de uma almofada de aquecimento de temperatura controlada, na posição supina. </li><li> Posicione uma faixa de borracha sobre os dentes da frente do rato para manter o animal na posição, mantendo a anestesia com um cone de nariz. </li><li> Retire a pele do decote e deixou região peito do rato (de preferência usando um barbeador elétrico). </li><li> Desinfectar local cirúrgico com uma solução de povidona-iodo e, em seguida, com álcool etílico a 70%. </li><li> Use um campo estéril para expor somente o sítio cirúrgico durante o procedimento cirúrgico. Nota: Como uma opção adicional para o cuidado com os animais, 0,25% bupivicaine ID (2,5 mg / kg) podem ser incorporados antes da incisão em cada local da incisão para anestesia local / analgesia. </li></ol> 3) Intubação Traqueal em Rat <ol><li> Fazer uma pequena incisão na pele paralela à traqueia usando uma lâmina de bisturi estéril e separar cuidadosamente o tecido subjacente de modo a expor a traqueia. </li><li> Aplicar um empate de 4-0 fio de seda por baixo da traquéia e levantar delicadamente o laço para cima. </li><li> Fazer uma maneira incisão meio entre dois anéis de cartilagem e inserir a cânula traqueal na traqueia do rato. </li><li> Ligue a cânula traqueal a um ventilador de roedores para manter uma taxa respiratória de 50 ciclos / min, volume corrente de 1,70 ml e hora inspiração de 0,60 seg (para rato com 200 g de peso corporal). </li></ol> 4) A constrição da aorta ascendente <ol><li> Depois de detectar a posição das nervuras com os dedos, fazer uma incisão da pele de cerca de 2 cm em relação à parede torácica esquerda entre as segunda e terceira costelas. </li><li> Separa-se a camada de musculatura intercostal por camada e fazer uma incisão de cerca de 1,5 cm de comprimento entre as segunda e terceira costelas. (Cuidado deve ser tomadan para evitar qualquer prejuízo para os pulmões ao fazer incisão entre as costelas) </li><li> Recolha as costelas e localizar a parte ascendente da aorta. </li><li> Coloque um pequeno grampo de titânio de tamanho em torno da aorta ascendente, com a ajuda de um aplicador, em que a constrição da aorta para 50-60% do diâmetro original. </li><li> Após a constrição da aorta, aproximar as segundas e terceiras nervuras com 3,0 prolene num padrão de sutura interrompida. Ao mesmo tempo, interromper o ventilador para cerca de 2-4 segundos, a fim de re-inflar os pulmões. </li><li> Appose as camadas musculares com prolene 3.0 e pele com 4,0 suturas de seda em um padrão de sutura interrompida. Suturas absorvíveis sintéticos não pode ser usado em vez de seda para sutura da pele. </li><li> Remova a cânula traqueal do rato respiração espontânea é uma vez restabelecida. </li><li> Feche a abertura traqueal com 3,0 prolene e da camada da pele com fio de seda 4.0. </li><li> Permitir que o animal se recuperar em tele aquecimento pad por redução gradual da anestesia e ventilador respiração assistida. </li><li> Nos animais do grupo controle pareados por idade, realizar traqueostomia e toracotomia sem constrição da aorta ascendente. </li></ol> 5) Cuidados pós-operatórios <ol><li> Desinfetar área cirúrgica com solução de iodo-povidona. </li><li> Como analgesia pós-operatória, injectar tramadol intraperitonealmente (10 mg / kg de peso corporal / dia) durante 1 semana. </li><li> Injetar estéril salina normal intra-peritoneal, se os sinais de desidratação aparecer após a cirurgia (cerca de 1 ml). </li><li> Administrar por via oral de amoxicilina, misturado com a água de beber, durante sete dias (dosagem: 500 mg / L de água). </li><li> Remova qualquer fio de seda restantes da pele pós 10 dias de cirurgia sob anestesia inalatória. </li></ol> 6) A confirmação da constrição de sucesso da aorta ascendente <ol><li> Realize uma trans-torácica bidimensional com Doppler-ecocardiografia para determinar a intensidade da sobrecarga de pressão produzida pela constrição da aorta ascendente. </li><li> Anestesiar os ratos uma semana após a cirurgia, como descrito anteriormente (passo 1.5) </li><li> Coloque o transdutor de ultra-som na posição esternal supra para gravar o gradiente de pressão através da parte estreitada da aorta ascendente. Nota: Os ratos com um gradiente de pressão de cerca de 60 mm de Hg no local de constrição aórtica irá desenvolver hipertrofia cardíaca grave por cerca de 8-10 semanas após a cirurgia. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Patten, R. D., Hall-Porter, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+animal+models+of+heart+failure:+development+of+novel+therapies,+past+and+present.">Small animal models of heart failure: development of novel therapies, past and present.</a> Circ Heart Fail. 2, 138-144 (2009).</li><li>Weinberg, E. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Angiotensin-converting+enzyme+inhibition+prolongs+survival+and+modifies+the+transition+to+heart+failure+in+rats+with+pressure+overload+hypertrophy+due+to+ascending+aortic+stenosis.">Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition prolongs survival and modifies the transition to heart failure in rats with pressure overload hypertrophy due to ascending aortic stenosis.</a> Circulation. 90, 1410-1422 (1994).</li><li>Schunkert, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+rat+cardiac+angiotensin+converting+enzyme+activity+and+mRNA+expression+in+pressure+overload+left+ventricular+hypertrophy.+Effects+on+coronary+resistance,+contractility,+and+relaxation.">Increased rat cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme activity and mRNA expression in pressure overload left ventricular hypertrophy. Effects on coronary resistance, contractility, and relaxation.</a> J Clin Invest. 86, 1913-1920 (1990).</li><li>Hasenfuss, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+human+cardiovascular+disease,+heart+failure+and+hypertrophy.">Animal models of human cardiovascular disease, heart failure and hypertrophy.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 39, 60-76 (1998).</li><li>Litwin, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serial+echocardiographic-Doppler+assessment+of+left+ventricular+geometry+and+function+in+rats+with+pressure-overload+hypertrophy.+Chronic+angiotensin-converting+enzyme+inhibition+attenuates+the+transition+to+heart+failure.">Serial echocardiographic-Doppler assessment of left ventricular geometry and function in rats with pressure-overload hypertrophy. Chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition attenuates the transition to heart failure.</a> Circulation. 91, 2642-2654 (1995).</li><li>Miyamoto, M. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adenoviral+gene+transfer+of+SERCA2a+improves+left-ventricular+function+in+aortic-banded+rats+in+transition+to+heart+failure.">Adenoviral gene transfer of SERCA2a improves left-ventricular function in aortic-banded rats in transition to heart failure.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 97, 793-798 (2000).</li><li>Kagaya, Y., Hajjar, R. J., Gwathmey, J. K., Barry, W. H., Lorell, B. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-term+angiotensin-converting+enzyme+inhibition+with+fosinopril+improves+depressed+responsiveness+to+Ca2++in+myocytes+from+aortic-banded+rats.">Long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with fosinopril improves depressed responsiveness to Ca2+ in myocytes from aortic-banded rats.</a> Circulation. 94, 2915-2922 (1996).</li><li>Del Monte, F., Butler, K., Boecker, W., Gwathmey, J. K., Hajjar, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+technique+of+aortic+banding+followed+by+gene+transfer+during+hypertrophy+and+heart+failure.">Novel technique of aortic banding followed by gene transfer during hypertrophy and heart failure.</a> Physiol Genomics. 9, 49-56 (2002).</li><li>Turcani, M., Rupp, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+failure+development+in+rats+with+ascending+aortic+constriction+and+angiotensin-converting+enzyme+inhibition.">Heart failure development in rats with ascending aortic constriction and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition.</a> Br J Pharmacol. 130, 1671-1677 (2000).</li><li>Kerem, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lung+endothelial+dysfunction+in+congestive+heart+failure:+role+of+impaired+Ca2++signaling+and+cytoskeletal+reorganization.">Lung endothelial dysfunction in congestive heart failure: role of impaired Ca2+ signaling and cytoskeletal reorganization.</a> Circ Res. 106, 1103-1116 (2010).</li><li>Almeida, A. C., van Oort, R. J., Wehrens, X. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transverse+aortic+constriction+in+mice.">Transverse aortic constriction in mice.</a> J Vis Exp. (38), (2010).</li></ol>

Os autores não têm nada a revelar.

Existem vários modelos cirúrgicos para a indução de sobrecarga de pressão, bem como a hipertrofia cardíaca e insuficiência cardíaca. Em pequenos animais, Lorell e seus colegas desenvolveram o modelo que descrevemos aqui e eles relataram a ocorrência de hipertrofia cardíaca compensada oito semanas de bandas pós aórtica 5. Alterações cardíacas gradualmente progredir para um estado descompensada e resultar em insuficiência cardíaca. A principal vantagem deste modelo é o aparecimento gradual de ...

Modelos animais pequenos são as ferramentas mais preferidos para o estudo de alterações crónicas no desenvolvimento da hipertrofia cardíaca e sua progressão para insuficiência cardíaca. Modelos de insuficiência cardíaca por métodos cirúrgicos foram originalmente desenvolvidos em ratos como esses animais são mais adequados para procedimentos cirúrgicos de peito aberto, ecocardiograma e avaliação dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos. Eles também fornecem amostras post mortem adequadas para o tecido, celular e estudos de nível molecular 1. Constrição da aorta ascendente é um dos modelos cirúrgicos mais comuns e bem sucedidos para a criação de insuficiência cardíaca sobrecarga de pressão 2, 3. Este modelo é bem adequado para estudar os eventos de remodelação celular celulares e sub e propriedades contráteis do coração durante a transição de hipertrofia para insuficiência cardíaca 4. Uma das principais vantagens deste modelo é o aparecimento gradual de sobrecarga de pressão sobre o coração 5, &lt;/ Sup&gt; 6. Este modelo é clinicamente relevante por causa de sua progressão lenta, mas constante de hipertrofia cardíaca compensada para a fase descompensada e, finalmente, para a fase de insuficiência cardíaca. A duração para a progressão da hipertrofia cardíaca para a insuficiência cardíaca e as alterações fisiológicas associadas são influenciados, principalmente, pelo grau de estenose produzido 7. Constrição da aorta ascendente pode ser realizada de duas maneiras, usando suturas ou pela aplicação de clipes metálicos 8, 9. A principal vantagem da utilização de um grampo metálico para a constrição da aorta é que os procedimentos cirúrgicos são menos complicados. Neste método, é preciso localizar a aorta ascendente supra valvular e insira o clipe ao redor da aorta para obter o nível desejado de constrição. Um afastador peito não é necessário este procedimento. A EAo por sutura requer manipulações mais cirúrgicos para colocar a agulha calibre ao lado da aorta ascendente e sutura em torno dele paraproduzir o nível desejado de constrição da aorta. A última técnica é mais demorada em comparação com a utilização de grampos metálicos para a constrição da aorta. O método descrito neste vídeo demonstra o procedimento cirúrgico para a constrição da aorta ascendente em ratos que permite a criação de pressão modelo de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda sobrecarregado.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="742">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Wistar rats</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:220px;">Maintained at ARF, RGCB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Inhalation anaesthesia systems&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">VetEquip</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AB19276</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Rodent ventilator</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">CWE Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SAR- 830/AP&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Rat tracheal cannula</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">CWE Inc</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">13-21032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Ultrasound system</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Philips</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HD7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Ultrasound transducer</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Philips</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S 12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Titanium clip (small)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Horizon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Clip applicator</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Weck</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">137081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Electric shaver</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Vinverth</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">VBT0817</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">BP blade (size:11)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Surgeon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">REF10111</td>
			<td>Preparation of surgical site</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Tramadol</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Orchid health care</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">OCH043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Amoxycillin Hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Ranbaxy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Piramal health care</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A23M10A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Syringes</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2015-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">4-0 braided silk</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Diamond</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">3-0 prolene</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Johnson&#38;Johnson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NW018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Surgical tape</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Romsons</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SH 6301</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Povidone iodine</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Win Medicare</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:255px;">Temp. controlled heating pad</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">Flamingo</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HC1003</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

ascending aortic constriction in rats for creation of pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy model

Crescente constrição aórtica é o modelo cirúrgico mais comum e bem sucedida para a criação de sobrecarga de pressão induzida hipertrofia cardíaca e insuficiência cardíaca. Aqui, descrevemos um procedimento cirúrgico detalhado para a criação de sobrecarga de pressão e hipertrofia cardíaca em ratos por constrição da aorta ascendente com clipe metálico pequeno. Após a anestesia, a traquéia está entubado, inserindo uma cânula através de uma incisão no meio do caminho entre dois anéis cartilaginosos da traquéia. Em seguida, uma incisão na pele é feita ao nível do segundo espaço intercostal na parede torácica esquerda e as camadas musculares estão habilitados para localizar a porção ascendente da aorta. A aorta ascendente é restrito a 50-60% do seu diâmetro original através da aplicação de um pequeno clip de titânio porte. Após a constrição da aorta, os segundo e terceiro costelas são aproximadas com prolene. A cânula da traqueia é removido uma vez que a respiração espontânea foi restabelecida. O animal é deixado recuperar oN a almofada de aquecimento por redução gradual da anestesia. A intensidade da sobrecarga de pressão criada pela constrição da aorta ascendente é determinado com base no gradiente de pressão usando transtorácica bidimensional com Doppler-ecocardiografia. Em geral, este protocolo é útil para estudar os eventos de remodelação e propriedades contráteis do coração durante o início gradual e progressão da hipertrofia cardíaca compensada para coração fase fracasso.

Nas nossas experiências que são capazes de atingir taxas de sobrevivência de mais de 80%. A eficácia da constrição aórtica foi confirmada pela realização de ecocardiograma Doppler. Os ratos (n = 6) com um gradiente de pressão de cerca de 60 mm de Hg no local da constrição da aorta foram observados durante 8 semanas e sacrificaram-se para análise do desenvolvimento de hipertrofia cardíaca (Figura 1). Após 8 semanas de avaliação ecocardiográfica pós-operatória revelou um aumento signif...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ascending Aortic Constriction in Rats for Creation of Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy Model at JoVE.com

Ascending Aortic Constriction in Rats for Creation of Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy Model

Nós descrevemos um procedimento passo a passo para a criação de sobrecarga de pressão e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em ratos Wistar pela constrição da aorta ascendente com clipe metálico pequeno. Este modelo é amplamente utilizado para o estudo de alterações de remodelação durante a hipertrofia cardíaca e para identificar e avaliar estratégias para a regressão de tais mudanças.

Aorta ascendente constrição em ratos para a criação de sobrecarga de pressão Cardíaca Hipertrofia Modelo

Ascending aortic constriction is the most common and successful surgical model for creating pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

17.0K visualizações.  Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology.  Nós descrevemos um procedimento passo a passo para a criação de sobrecarga de pressão e hipertrofia ventricular esquerda em ratos Wistar pela constrição da aorta ascendente com clipe metálico pequeno. Este modelo é amplamente utilizado para o estudo de alterações de remodelação durante a hipertrofia cardíaca e para identificar e avaliar estratégias para a regressão de tais mudanças. 

Vídeo: Ascending Aortic Constriction in Rats for Creation of Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy Model

Ultrasound Based Assessment of Coronary Artery Flow and Coronary Flow Reserve Using the Pressure Overload Model in Mice

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow reserve (CFR) in humans. Reduced CFR is accompanied by marked intramyocardial and pericoronary fibrosis and is used as an indication of the severity of dysfunction. This study explores, step-by-step, the real-time changes measured in the coronary flow velocity, CFR and systolic to diastolic peak velocity (S/D) ratio in the setting of an aortic banding model in mice. By using a Doppler transthoracic imaging technique that yields reproducible and reliable data, the method assesses changes in flow in the septal coronary artery (SCA), for a period of over two weeks in mice, that previously either underwent aortic banding or thoracotomy. 
During imaging, hyperemia in all mice was induced by isoflurane, an anesthetic that increased coronary flow velocity when compared with resting flow. All images were acquired by a single imager. Two ratios, (1) CFR, the ratio between hyperemic and baseline flow velocities, and (2) systolic (S) to diastolic (D) flow were determined, using a proprietary software and by two independent observers. Importantly, the observed changes in coronary flow preceded LV dysfunction as evidenced by normal LV mass and fractional shortening (FS). 
The method was benchmarked against the current gold standard of coronary assessment, histopathology. The latter technique showed clear pathologic changes in the coronary artery in the form of peri-coronary fibrosis that correlated to the flow changes as assessed by echocardiography. 
The study underscores the value of using a non-invasive technique to monitor coronary circulation in mouse hearts. The method minimizes redundant use of research animals and demonstrates that advanced ultrasound-based indices, such as CFR and S/D ratios, can serve as viable diagnostic tools in a variety of investigational protocols including drug studies and the study of genetically modified strains.

Coronary flow reserve (CFR) is useful for assessment of myocardial oxygen demand and evaluation of cardiovascular risk. This study establishes a step-by-step transthoracic Doppler echocardiographic (TTDE) method for longitudinal monitoring of the changes in CFR, as measured from coronary artery in mice, under the experimental pressure overload of aortic banding.

Avaliação ultra-som base de Artéria Coronária Flow e Fluxo Coronariano Reserve Usando o modelo de sobrecarga de pressão no Mice

Transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) is a clinically useful, noninvasive tool for studying coronary artery flow velocity and coronary flow ...

Medicina

Assessment of Cardiac Morphological and Functional Changes in Mouse Model of Transverse Aortic Constriction by Echocardiographic Imaging

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice has been used as a valuable model to study mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure1. A reliable noninvasive method is essential to assess real-time cardiac morphological and functional changes in animal models of heart disease. Transthoracic echocardiography represents an important tool for noninvasive assessment of cardiac structure and function2. Here we used a high-resolution ultrasound imaging system to monitor myocardial remodeling and heart failure progression over time in a mouse model of TAC. B-mode, M-mode, and Doppler imaging were used to precisely assess cardiac hypertrophy, ventricular dilatation, and functional deterioration in mice following TAC. Color and pulse wave (PW) Doppler imaging was used to noninvasively measure pressure gradient across the aortic constriction created by TAC and to assess transmitral blood flow in mice. Thus transthoracic echocardiographic imaging provides comprehensive noninvasive measurements of cardiac dimensions and function in mouse models of heart disease.

The goal of this protocol is to noninvasively assess cardiac structural and functional changes in a mouse model of heart disease created by transverse aortic constriction, using B- and M-mode echocardiography and color/pulse wave Doppler imaging.

Avaliação da morfológicas e funcionais cardíacas Mudanças no Modelo rato de Transverse aórtica constrição por ecocardiográfica de imagem

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice has been used as a valuable model to study mechanisms of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure1. A reliable ...

A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and fluid retention. Changes in myocardial structure, electrical conduction, and energy metabolism develop with heart failure, leading to contractile dysfunction, increased risk of arrhythmias, and sudden death. Hypertensive heart disease is one of the key contributing factors of cardiac remodeling associated with heart failure. The most commonly-used animal model mimicking hypertensive heart disease is created via surgical interventions, such as by narrowing the aorta. Abdominal aortic constriction is a useful experimental technique to induce a pressure overload, which leads to heart failure. The surgery can be easily performed, without the need for chest opening or mechanical ventilation. Abdominal aortic constriction-induced cardiac pathology progresses gradually, making this model relevant to clinical hypertensive heart failure. Cardiac injury and remodeling can be observed 10 weeks after the surgery. The method described here provides a simple and effective approach to produce a hypertensive heart disease animal model that is suitable for studying disease mechanisms and for testing novel therapeutics.

A rat model of abdominal aortic constriction that induces cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling is described. An efficient, highly-reproducible, and minimally-invasive method is used to provide a simple yet useful platform for research in myocardial hypertrophy and dysfunction.

Um Modelo de Cardiologia remodela Através constrição da Aorta Abdominal em Ratos

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and ...

Minimally Invasive Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) is a more desirable method for the constriction of the transverse aorta in mice than standard open-chest transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Although transverse aortic constriction is a highly functional method for the induction of high pressure in the left ventricle, it is a more difficult and lengthy procedure due to its use of artificial ventilation with tracheal intubation. TAC is oftentimes also less survivable, as the newer method, MTAC, neither requires the cutting of the ribs and intercostal muscles nor tracheal intubation with a ventilation setup. In MTAC, as opposed to a thoracotomy to access to the chest cavity, the aortic arch is reached through a midline incision in the anterior neck. The thyroid is pulled back to reveal the sternal notch. The sternum is subsequently cut down to the second rib level, and the aortic arch is reached simply by separating the connective tissues and thymus. From there, a suture can be wrapped around the arch and tied with a spacer, and then the sternal cut and skin can be closed. MTAC is a much faster and less invasive way to induce left ventricular hypertension and enables the possibility for high-throughput studies. The success of the constriction can be verified using high-frequency trans-thoracic echocardiography, particularly color Doppler and pulsed-wave Doppler, to determine the flow velocities of the aortic arch and left and right carotid arteries, the dimension of the blood vessels, and the left ventricular function and morphology. A successful constriction will also trigger significant histopathological changes, such as cardiac muscle cell hypertrophy with interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. Here, the procedure of MTAC is described, demonstrating how the resulting flow changes in the carotid arteries can be examined with echocardiography, gross morphology, and histopathological changes in the heart.

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) conserves the essentials of regular transverse aortic constriction (TAC) while eliminating the use of a ventilator with tracheal intubation. It proves to be a highly desirable method for high-throughput studies on left ventricular overload, particularly in translational studies.

Minimamente Invasiva transversal aórtica constrição em Ratos

Minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (MTAC) is a more desirable method for the constriction of the transverse aorta in mice than standard ...

Technique of Minimally Invasive Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice for Induction of Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice is one of the most commonly used surgical techniques for experimental investigation of pressure overload-induced left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and its progression to heart failure. In the majority of the reported investigations, this procedure is performed with intubation and ventilation of the animal which renders it demanding and time-consuming and adds to the surgical burden to the animal. The aim of this protocol is to describe a simplified technique of minimally invasive TAC without intubation and ventilation of mice. Critical steps of the technique are emphasized in order to achieve low mortality and high efficiency in inducing LVH.
Male C57BL/6 mice (10-week-old, 25-30 g, n=60) were anesthetized with a single intraperitoneal injection of a mixture of ketamine and xylazine. In a spontaneously breathing animal following a 3-4 mm upper partial sternotomy, a segment of 6/0 silk suture threaded through the eye of a ligation aid was passed under the aortic arch and tied over a blunted 27-gauge needle. Sham-operated animals underwent the same surgical preparation but without aortic constriction. The efficacy of the procedure in inducing LVH is attested by a significant increase in the heart/body weight ratio. This ratio is obtained at days 3, 7, 14 and 28 after surgery (n = 6 - 10 in each group and each time point). Using our technique, LVH is observed in TAC compared to sham animals from day 7 through day 28. Operative and late (over 28 days) mortalities are both very low at 1.7%.
In conclusion, our cost-effective technique of minimally invasive TAC in mice carries very low operative and post-operative mortalities and is highly efficient in inducing LVH. It simplifies the operative procedure and reduces the strain put on the animal. It can be easily performed by following the critical steps described in this protocol.

The aim of this protocol is to describe step-by-step the technique of minimally invasive transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice. By elimination of intubation and ventilation which are mandatory for the commonly used standard procedure, minimally invasive TAC simplifies the operative procedure and reduces the strain put on the animal.

Técnica de constrição da aorta minimamente invasiva transversal em camundongos para indução de Hipertrofia Ventricular Esquerda

Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in mice is one of the most commonly used surgical techniques for experimental investigation of pressure ...

A Closed-chest Model to Induce Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to perform a partial thoracotomy to visualize the transverse aortic arch. However, the surgical trauma caused by the thoracotomy in open-chest models changes the respiratory physiology as the ribs are dissected and left unattached after chest closure. To prevent this, we established a minimally invasive, closed chest approach via lateral thoracotomy. Herein we approach the aortic arch via the 2nd intercostal space without entering the chest cavities, leaving the mouse with a less traumatic injury to recover from. We perform this operation using standard laboratory settings for open chest TAC procedures with equal survival rates. Apart from maintaining physiological breathing patterns due to the closed chest approach, the mice seem to benefit by showing rapid recovery, as the less invasive technique appears to facilitate a fast healing process and to reduce immune response after trauma.

Here, we present a protocol of Transverse Aortic constriction (TAC) via a lateral thoracotomy. This technique is a minimally invasive, closed chest surgical procedure aiming to simulate pressure overload and heart failure in mice utilizing standard TAC laboratory settings.

Um modelo de peito fechado para induzir a constrição da aorta transversa em ratos

Research on cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is frequently based on pressure overload mouse models induced by TAC. The standard procedure is to ...

A Pulmonary Trunk Banding Model of Pressure Overload Induced Right Ventricular Hypertrophy and Failure

Right ventricular (RV) failure induced by sustained pressure overload is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in several cardiopulmonary disorders. Reliable and reproducible animal models of RV failure are therefore warranted in order to investigate disease mechanisms and effects of potential therapeutic strategies. Banding of the pulmonary trunk is a common method to induce isolated RV hypertrophy but in general, previously described models have not succeeded in creating a stable model of RV hypertrophy and failure.
We present a rat model of pressure overload induced RV hypertrophy caused by pulmonary trunk banding (PTB) that enables different phenotypes of RV hypertrophy with and without RV failure. We use a modified ligating clip applier to compress a titanium clip around the pulmonary trunk to a pre-set inner diameter. We use different clip diameters to induce different stages of disease progression from mild RV hypertrophy to decompensated RV failure.
RV hypertrophy develops consistently in rats subjected to the PTB procedure and depending on the diameter of the applied banding clip, we can accurately reproduce different disease severities ranging from compensated hypertrophy to severe decompensated RV failure with extra-cardiac manifestations.
The presented PTB model is a valid and robust model of pressure overload induced RV hypertrophy and failure that has several advantages to other banding models including high reproducibility and the possibility of inducing severe and decompensated RV failure.

We present a surgical method to induce right ventricular hypertrophy and failure in rats.

Um tronco pulmonar bandagem modelo de sobrecarga de pressão induzida por falha e Hipertrofia Ventricular direita

Right ventricular (RV) failure induced by sustained pressure overload is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in several cardiopulmonary ...

Operating Transverse Aortic Constriction with Absorbable Suture to Obtain Transient Myocardial Hypertrophy

Based on twice transverse aortic constrictions (TACs) in mice, it is proved that myocardial hypertrophic preconditioning (MHP) could attenuate cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and slow down progression to heart failure. For novices, however, the MHP model is usually quite difficult to establish because of the technical obstacles in ventilator operation, opening the chest repeatedly, and bleeding caused by debanding. To facilitate this model, to increase the surgical success rate and to reduce the incidence of bleeding, we switched to absorbable sutures for the first TAC combing with a ventilator-free technique. Using a 2-week absorbable suture, we demonstrated that this procedure could cause significant myocardial hypertrophy in 2 weeks; and 4 weeks after surgery, myocardial hypertrophy was almost completely regressed to the baseline. Using this protocol, the operators could master the MHP model easily with a lower operation mortality.

This protocol presents an improved method to obtain transient myocardial hypertrophy with absorbable suture, simulating left ventricular hypertrophy decrease after removing pressure overload. It could be valuable for the studies on myocardial hypertrophic preconditioning.

Constrição aórtica transversal operacional com sutura absorvível para obter hipertrofia miocárica transitória

Based on twice transverse aortic constrictions (TACs) in mice, it is proved that myocardial hypertrophic preconditioning (MHP) could attenuate ...

O-Ring Aortic Banding Versus Traditional Transverse Aortic Constriction for Modeling Pressure Overload-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy

Aortic banding in mice is one of the most commonly used experimental models for cardiac pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and the induction of heart failure. The previously used technique is based on a threaded suture around the aortic arch tied over a blunted 27 G needle to create stenosis. This method depends on the surgeon manually tightening the thread and, thus, leads to high variance in the diameter size. A newly refined method described by Melleby et al. promises less variance and more reproducibility after surgery. The new technique, o-ring- aortic banding (ORAB), uses a non-slip rubber ring instead of a suture with a thread, resulting in reduced variation in pressure overload and reproducible phenotypes of cardiac hypertrophy. During surgery, the o-ring is placed between the brachiocephalic and left carotid arteries. Successful constriction is confirmed by echocardiography. After 1 day, correct placement of the ring results in an increased flow velocity in the transverse aorta over the o-ring-induced stenosis. After 2 weeks, impaired cardiac function is proven by decreased ejection fraction and increased wall thickness. Importantly, besides less variance in the diameter size, ORAB is associated with lower intra- and post-operative mortality rates compared with transverse aortic constriction (TAC). Thus, ORAB represents a superior method to the commonly used TAC surgery, resulting in more reproducible results and a possible reduction in the number of animals needed.

The present protocol describes a new technique of aortic banding in mice to induce pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy. For banding, a rubber ring with a fixed inner diameter is used. This new technique promises less variance and more reproducible data for future experiments.

Bandas Aórticas O-Ring versus Constrição Aórtica Transversa Tradicional para Modelagem da Hipertrofia Cardíaca Induzida por Sobrecarga de Pressão

Aortic banding in mice is one of the most commonly used experimental models for cardiac pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy and the induction of ...

Modified Heterotopic Abdominal Heart Transplantation and a Novel Aortic Regurgitation Model in Rats

Over the past 50 years, many researchers have reported heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation in mice and rats, with some variations in the surgical technique. Modifying the transplantation procedure to strengthen the myocardial protection could prolong the ischemia time while preserving the donor&#39;s cardiac function. This technique&#39;s key points are as follows: transecting the donor&#39;s abdominal aorta before harvesting to unload the donor&#39;s heart; perfusing the donor&#39;s coronary arteries with a cold cardioplegic solution; and topical cooling of the donor&#39;s heart during the anastomosis procedure. Consequently, since this procedure prolongs the acceptable ischemia time, beginners can easily perform it and achieve a high success rate.
Moreover, a new aortic regurgitation (AR) model was established in this work using a technique different from the existing one,&#160;which is created by inserting a catheter from the right carotid artery and puncturing the native aortic valve under continuous echocardiographic guidance. A heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation was performed using the novel AR model. In the protocol, after the donor&#39;s heart is harvested, a stiff guidewire is inserted into the donor&#39;s brachiocephalic artery and advanced toward the aortic root. The aortic valve is punctured by pushing the guidewire further even after the resistance is felt, thus inducing AR. It is easier to damage the aortic valve using this method than with the procedure described in the conventional AR model. Additionally, this novel AR model does not contribute to the recipient&#39;s circulation; therefore, this method is expected to produce a more severe AR model than the conventional procedure.

This study demonstrates a reproducible heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation technique in rats that beginners can learn and perform. Additionally, a novel aortic regurgitation model in rats is generated by performing heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation and damaging the donor's aortic valve using a guidewire after harvesting.

Transplante Cardíaco Heterotópico Abdominal Modificado e um Novo Modelo de Regurgitação Aórtica em Ratos

Over the past 50 years, many researchers have reported heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation in mice and rats, with some variations in the surgical ...