This work is funded by NIH RO1 NS 40433 (K.J.J.).

Todos os procedimentos executados são aprovados pela Escola de Medicina da Institutional Animal Care e do Comitê Use Universidade de Indiana e siga Instituto Nacional de diretrizes de saúde. 1. Técnica Cirúrgica <ol><li> Manter a técnica asséptica durante esse procedimento usando luvas estéreis, instrumentos e um campo cirúrgico estéril acordo com as diretrizes do NIH 25. Esterilizar ferramentas antes de iniciar a cirurgia por autoclavagem-los (ver Tabela de Specific Reagentes / Equipamentos para a lista completa). Use um esterilizador de contas de vidro para esterilizar instrumentos durante a operação. </li></ol> 2. Anestesia e Preparação <ol><li> Anestesiar o rato em uma caixa de anestesia com uma mistura de 0,9 L / min de oxigénio e 2,5% de isoflurano utilizando um sistema de isoflurano vaporizador veterinária. Certifique-se de que o mouse não responder às mudanças na posição do corpo antes de removê-lo da caixa. </li><li> Aplicar pomada oftálmica para o mouOs olhos de si para protegê-los de secar. </li><li> Desligue o fluxo de gás a partir da caixa para o cone do nariz. Posicione o mouse diretamente em seu lado esquerdo em uma almofada aquecida coberta com um bloco cirúrgico e papel absorvente banco com o seu nariz e boca dentro do cone. Monitorar continuamente o ritmo de respiração do mouse e taxa e ajustar os níveis de isoflurano, conforme necessário (entre 2,5-3% de isoflurano) para manter um nível adequado de anestesia, e usar o aperto reflexo toe para confirmar sedação total. </li></ol> 3. Abordagem Cirúrgica <ol><li> Harmonizar e concentrar o estereoscópio com o campo cirúrgico. Ajustar o cone do nariz e fita-lo para baixo de modo que ele está posicionado ao longo da borda do campo visual. </li><li> Com o rato encontra-se no seu lado esquerdo, fixe a ponta da orelha direita para o cone de nariz, expondo a área atrás da orelha, onde a incisão será feita. Certifique-se de que a veia auricular posterior viaja horizontalmente através da orelha. Note-se que o posicionamento correto de tele animal ea gravação do ouvido são cruciais, a fim de encontrar rapidamente o nervo facial. </li><li> Molhar a pele em e atrás da orelha com 70% de etanol e raspar o local da cirurgia usando uma lâmina de barbear ou bisturi. Pré-molhar a pele torna a depilação mais fácil nesta localização anatômica. </li><li> Limpar a pele com uma solução de iodo, tais como Betadine limpeza cirúrgica (7,5% de povidona-iodo), seguido de etanol a 70%. Repetir esta lavagem mais duas vezes para desinfectar completamente a área. </li><li> Para determinar onde fazer a incisão, rastrear a veia auricular posterior da orelha caudalmente para a área posterior à protuberância orelha. Com uma tesoura primavera, fazer uma incisão 4 milímetros 2 - 3 mm posterior à protuberância. </li><li> Dissecar através da gordura subcutânea e fáscia usando dissecção romba. Evitar corte directo com as tesouras pois os vasos ou o tecido muscular pode ser facilmente danificado. </li><li> Se ocorrer sangramento, faça pressão no local da cirurgia com um cotonete estérildurante pelo menos 30 seg. Se ocorrer perda de líquido significativo, injetar o mouse por via intraperitoneal com até 0,5 ml de solução salina estéril 0,9% usando uma agulha G 25 ou 27. </li><li> Use vários marcos importantes, o nervo acessório espinhal, canal auditivo, e anterior do músculo digástrico (descrito abaixo), para localizar o nervo facial. Dissecar em torno destes pontos de referência até os ramos do nervo facial são visualizados. O nervo aparece como uma estrutura sólido branco significativo quando se revela e uma camada de fáscia adere a ele as estruturas subjacentes. <ol><li> Encontre o nervo acessório espinhal, que viaja a partir da porção caudal do crânio na inervação do músculo trapézio, uma vez que a gordura subcutânea e fáscia foram dissecados. O nervo facial é profundo do nervo acessório espinhal. </li><li> Encontre o canal auditivo cartilaginoso que parece branco perolado e pode ser visto rostral ao nervo facial. </li><li> Encontre o ventre muscular do músculo digástrico anterior, que se situa no topo de e caudal ao nervo facial. </li></ol></li><li> Quando os principais ramos do nervo facial são visualizados, rastreá-las dorsal para encontrar sua origem a partir do forame estilomastóideo. Usando uma pinça de ponta fina Dumont # 5/45 para manter o local da cirurgia aberta, avançar as dicas de tesoura primavera seguinte caminho do nervo, em seguida, passar a pinça dorsal para manter a área recém-avançado aberto. </li><li> Visualize o tronco do nervo facial com o zigomático, bucal e ramos mandibulares marginais neste momento. NOTA: O ramo temporal será encontrado mais perto do forame. Os ramos do nervo mandibular marginais nas suas partes superior e inferior mais perto da maxila, assim os ramos do nervo não será visível a este nível. <ol><li> Se a execução de uma secção do nervo, estabilizar o nervo suavemente com a pinça de ponta fina e cortar o nervo com a tesoura primavera. Evite aplicar muita tração para o nervo com a pinça para evitar avulsing o nervo do tronco cerebral. Empurreos tocos de distância um do outro, ou cortar e remover uma porção do nervo distal para assegurar que não pode ocorrer a reconexão. </li><li> Se a execução de uma lesão por esmagamento, utilize Dumont # 5/45 fórceps para comprimir o nervo por 30 segundos usando constante pressão para cortar todos os axônios, em seguida, repita esta paixão com um segundo ângulo perpendicular ao primeiro local do esmagamento. Evite aplicar quantidades variáveis ​​de pressão durante a 30 seg esmagamento, caso contrário, o prejuízo será inconsistente entre animais. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Encerramento e Recuperação <ol><li> Reposicionar a gordura e músculos sobre as estruturas subjacentes. </li><li> Harmoniza as bordas da incisão e fechar a ferida utilizando um grampo de feridas 7,5 milímetros. Suturas ou cola também são aceitáveis ​​para o fechamento da ferida. Analgésicos pós-cirúrgicas podem ser fornecidos no momento. </li><li> Remova a fita da orelha do mouse. Desligue o fluxo de isoflurano e permitir que o mouse para respirar oxigênio puro por 30 segundos a 1 minuto. Place o rato em uma gaiola vazia, sem roupa de cama para se recuperar da anestesia. </li><li> Quando o mouse é recuperado, analisar seu comportamento em busca de sinais de confirmação de paralisia facial. Os bigodes será paralisado e em ângulo de volta para o rosto, o nariz será desviado, eo olho não piscará em resposta a um sopro de ar. </li><li> Animais Casa conjuntamente após a cirurgia se eles são do sexo feminino. Evite alojar ratos machos, em conjunto, porque eles são mais agressivos e tendem a remover forçosamente clips ferida do seu cagemate, o que leva à infecção. Fornecer analgésicos pós-cirúrgicas, neste momento, se necessário. </li><li> Monitorar os ratos uma vez por dia durante vários dias após a operação para garantir que nenhuma infecção ou outra complicação ocorre no pós-operatório. Remover agrafos 7-10 dias após a cirurgia, caso não tenham caído por conta própria. </li><li> Aplicar lubrificante pomada no olho afectado diariamente para evitar complicações na córnea, ou até que o reflexo de piscar de olhos é rerecobertos ou até que a eutanásia. </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The critical step for this protocol is positioning the mouse properly before surgery is begun. If the mouse is not lying flat on its side, the ear is not taped at the correct angle, or the incision is made in an incorrect location, then finding the facial nerve becomes much more difficult. When this technique is mastered, surgeries will take only minutes per mouse. 
Either sutures, glue, or wound clips can be used to close the wound. Wound clips are preferred because of the small size of incis...

Existem muitos modelos de lesão de nervos periféricos, mas uma que se destaca para o estudo da motoneurons é o modelo de axotomia do nervo facial. O nervo facial, também conhecido como nervo craniano VII, se origina na ponte e inerva os músculos da expressão facial 1,2. Neste protocolo cirúrgico, o nervo facial é exposto na sua saída do forame estilomastóideo e cortados ou triturados. A gravidade da lesão do nervo pode ser classificado de acordo com as Sunderland 3 classificações, o que diferencia o prejuízo com base na intactness do axônios, endoneuro, perineuro e epineuro, que são camadas de tecido conjuntivo que sequencialmente envolver em torno dos feixes de axônios. Na lesão por esmagamento (axonotmesis), os axônios são cortados, mas o perineuro e epineuro são preservados. Recuperação funcional completa de esmagamento do nervo facial ocorre em cerca de 11 dias, porque a bainha do nervo intacta serve como um canal dentro do qual os axônios crescerem 4,5. NoPor outro lado, na lesão de corte (neurotmesis), os axônios e todos os 3 camadas de tecido conjuntivo são cortados, e todo o nervo distal deve regredir para restaurar a musculatura inervação. Reconexão cirúrgica do epineuro é freqüentemente realizado em pacientes humanos com lesões na secção do nervo, no entanto os resultados de recuperação são raramente ideal. Mais estudos são necessários para entender por que o nervo não regredir ao seu alvo e quais as terapias podem ser empregadas para melhorar e acelerar o processo regenerativo. Há muitas vantagens em estudar a lesão do nervo utilizando o modelo de axotomia do nervo facial. Primeiro, o procedimento axotomia do nervo facial é rápido, fácil e altamente reprodutível; e a paralisia resultante dos músculos faciais não tem impacto sobre as funções vitais e é bem tolerado pelos animais. Porque este é um modelo de lesão de nervos cranianos, estudando os corpos celulares motoneuron é simplificada porque os neurónios motores residem em uma população relativamente homogênea em the núcleo motor facial na ponte. A população não diferem com base no padrão subnuclear dentro do núcleo motor facial, pois há sete subnúcleos cada um específico para que inervam um grupo específico de músculos, de modo diferenças subnucleares em resposta a axotomia pode influir no resultado 2,6,7. Uma grande vantagem do modelo de lesão do nervo facial é que o lado unaxotomized pode servir como um controlo interno emparelhado porque a inervação do nervo é altamente simétrico e não há interferência entre os núcleos motores faciais 8. Outra vantagem da utilização deste método cirúrgico é a ausência de trauma directo para o SNC ou o rompimento da barreira hematoencefálica 9. Complicações como sangramento excessivo e infecção são raras com este procedimento. Uma variedade de análises podem ser realizadas para avaliar a resposta fisiológica à lesão do nervo. A recuperação do reflexo de pestanejo ocular e actividade suiça pode ser usado como um comportamentalmedida de funcional 10,11 recuperação. A gravação de vídeo de atividade vibrissae é atualmente o método mais poderoso para a detecção de recuperação de inervação do nervo facial 12,13. Após a eutanásia, análise histológica do tronco cerebral pode ser realizada sobre os corpos de células de motoneurónios no núcleo motor facial. O núcleo motor facial é subdividida em sete subnúcleos, cada uma específica para certos músculos faciais, permitindo a análise diferencial de respostas a lesão 2,6. Motoneurónios faciais podem ser contadas para quantificar a sobrevivência de células, ou imuno-histoquímica pode ser usada para identificar biomarcadores e populações de células específicas 14. O núcleo motor facial pode ser microdissecadas de captura com precisão usando a laser para a análise molecular da resposta celular a lesão do nervo 15,16. Impactos da axotomia do nervo facial podem ser analisados ​​no córtex motor 17,18. Além disso, o nervo pode ser dissecado para estudar a degeneração Walleriana 19 ouregeneração axonal 20, e os músculos pode ser removido para estudar junções neuromusculares 21. A axotomia do nervo facial também pode ser usado para estudar as células gliais centrais e periféricos anexos 22, 21 musculatura alvo, e a resposta do sistema imunitário 23. Embora muito tenha sido feito em estudar o modelo de axotomia do nervo facial 24, um estudo mais aprofundado de lesão do nervo periférico é necessária porque dano do nervo é um problema significativo para os pacientes e os tratamentos atuais não conseguem produzir os melhores resultados. Este modelo é uma ferramenta poderosa para a análise da resposta fisiológica à lesão do nervo e analisar a eficácia das terapias de regeneração do nervo.

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facial nerve axotomy in mice: a model to study motoneuron response to injury

O objetivo deste protocolo cirúrgico é expor o nervo facial, que inerva a musculatura facial, em sua saída do forame estilomastóideo e cortar ou esmagá-lo para induzir lesões de nervos periféricos. As vantagens desta cirurgia são sua simplicidade, alta reprodutibilidade, bem como a falta de efeito sobre as funções vitais ou mobilidade da conseqüente paralisia facial, resultando assim em um resultado cirúrgico relativamente leves em comparação com outros modelos de lesão do nervo. Uma importante vantagem da utilização de um modelo de lesão de nervo craniano é que os motoneurónios residir numa população relativamente homogénea no núcleo motor facial na ponte, simplificar o estudo dos corpos celulares de motoneurónios. Devido à natureza simétrica da inervação do nervo facial e a ausência de interferência entre os núcleos motores faciais, a operação pode ser realizada de forma uni com o lado unaxotomized servindo como um controlo interno emparelhado. Uma variedade de análises pode ser realizada no pós-operatório para avaliaré a resposta fisiológica, cujos detalhes estão fora do escopo deste artigo. Por exemplo, a recuperação da função muscular pode servir como um marcador para Reinervação comportamental, ou os neurónios motores podem ser quantificados para medir a sobrevivência das células. Além disso, os neurónios motores podem ser capturadas com precisão usando microdissecação laser para análise molecular. Porque a axotomia do nervo facial é minimamente invasiva e bem tolerada, pode ser utilizada numa ampla variedade de ratinhos geneticamente modificados. Além disso, este modelo de cirurgia pode ser utilizado para analisar a eficácia dos tratamentos de lesão do nervo periférico. A lesão do nervo facial proporciona um meio para investigar não apenas neurónios motores, mas também as respostas do microambiente central e periférica da glia, o sistema imunológico, e musculatura alvo. O modelo de lesão do nervo facial é um modelo de lesão de nervo periférico amplamente aceite que serve como uma ferramenta poderosa para o estudo da lesão e da regeneração do nervo.

Após a axotomia do nervo facial é realizada, perda de motoneurónios ocorre como um resultado da lesão. Sobrevivência motoneuron após a lesão depende de muitas variáveis, como sexo, idade do animal no momento da cirurgia, e o ponto de tempo em que as contagens de neurónios motores são feitas, eo Moran e Graeber avaliação 24 e Jinno e Yamada avaliação 22 tanto resumir dados de sobrevivência motoneuron. Normalmente, cerca de 86% dos neurónios motores sobreviver aos 28 dias pós-axotomi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury at JoVE.com

Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury

We present a surgical protocol detailing how to perform a cut or crush axotomy on the facial nerve in the mouse. The facial nerve axotomy can be employed to study the physiological response to nerve injury and test therapeutic techniques.

Axotomia do nervo facial em ratos: um modelo para estudo de resposta motoneuron para Injury

The goal of this surgical protocol is to expose the facial nerve, which innervates the facial musculature, at its exit from the stylomastoid foramen and ...

facial-nerve-axotomy-mice-model-to-study-motoneuron-response-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

12.7K visualizações.  Indiana University School of Medicine. We present a surgical protocol detailing how to perform a cut or crush axotomy on the facial nerve in the mouse. The facial nerve axotomy can be employed to study the physiological response to nerve injury and test therapeutic techniques. 

Vídeo: Facial Nerve Axotomy in Mice: A Model to Study Motoneuron Response to Injury

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged mechanical ventilation, contributes to morbidity and mortality of critical illness, and studies on novel genetic or pharmacological targets are areas of intense investigation (1-3, 5, 8, 26, 30, 33-36). ALI is defined by the acute onset of the disease, which leads to non-cardiac pulmonary edema and subsequent impairment of pulmonary gas exchange (36). We have developed a murine model of ALI by using a pressure-controlled ventilation to induce ventilator-induced lung injury (2). For this purpose, C57BL/6 mice are anesthetized and a tracheotomy is performed followed by induction of ALI via mechanical ventilation. Mice are ventilated in a pressure-controlled setting with an inspiratory peak pressure of 45 mbar over 1 - 3 hours. As outcome parameters, pulmonary edema (wet-to-dry ratio), bronchoalveolar fluid albumin content, bronchoalveolar fluid and pulmonary tissue myeloperoxidase content and pulmonary gas exchange are assessed (2). Using this technique we could show that it sufficiently induces acute lung inflammation and can distinguish between different treatment groups or genotypes (1-3, 5). Therefore this technique may be helpful for researchers who pursue molecular mechanisms involved in ALI using a genetic approach in mice with gene-targeted deletion.

A murine model for ventilator induced lung injury is an important tool to study an acute lung injury in vivo. Here, we report an easy applicable in situ model for acute lung injury using high-pressure mechanical ventilation to induce acute failure of the lung.

Ventilação a pressão controlada para induzir lesão pulmonar aguda em ratos

Murine models are extensively used to investigate acute injuries of different organs systems (1-34). Acute lung injury (ALI), which occurs with prolonged ...

Medicina

The Spared Nerve Injury (SNI) Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

Peripheral neuropathic pain is a severe chronic pain condition which may result from trauma to sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. The spared nerve injury (SNI) model induces symptoms of neuropathic pain such as mechanical allodynia i.e. pain due to tactile stimuli that do not normally provoke a painful response [1]. 
The SNI mouse model involves ligation of two of the three branches of the sciatic nerve (the tibial nerve and the common peroneal nerve), while the sural nerve is left intact [2]. The lesion results in marked hypersensitivity in the lateral area of the paw, which is innervated by the spared sural nerve. The non-operated side of the mouse can be used as a control. The advantages of the SNI model are the robustness of the response and that it doesn&#x2019;t require expert microsurgical skills.
The threshold for mechanical pain response is determined by testing with von Frey filaments of increasing bending force, which are repetitively pressed against the lateral area of the paw [3], [4]. A positive pain reaction is defined as sudden paw withdrawal, flinching and/or paw licking induced by the filament. A positive response in three out of five repetitive stimuli is defined as the pain threshold. 
As demonstrated in the video protocol, C57BL/6 mice experience profound allodynia as early as the day following surgery and maintain this for several weeks.

The Spared Nerve Injury SNI Model of Induced Mechanical Allodynia in Mice

The Spared Nerve Injury animal model is described here as a mouse model of peripheral neuropathic pain following partial denervation of the sciatic nerve by lesioning the tibial and common peroneal nerve branches, leaving the remaining sural nerve intact. Behavioral modification resulting from mechanical allodynia is quantified by von Frey filaments.

Poupado da lesão do nervo Model (SNI) de alodinia mecânica induzida em camundongos

Peripheral neuropathic pain is a severe chronic pain condition which may result from trauma to sensory nerves in the peripheral nervous system. The spared ...

A Murine Model of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury to Study Post-lesional Respiratory Neuroplasticity

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed to improve/ameliorate the respiratory failure following high cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we propose a murine pre-clinical model of high SCI at the cervical 2 (C2) metameric level to study diverse post-lesional respiratory neuroplasticity. The technique consists of a surgical partial injury at the C2 level, which will induce a hemiparalysis of the diaphragm due to a deafferentation of the phrenic motoneurons from the respiratory centers located in the brainstem. The contralateral side of the injury remains intact and allows the animal recovery. Unlike other SCIs which affect the locomotor function (at the thoracic and lumbar level), the respiratory function does not require animal motivation and the quantification of the deficit/recovery can be easily performed (diaphragm and phrenic nerve recordings, whole body ventilation). This pre-clinical C2 SCI model is a powerful, useful, and reliable pre-clinical model to study various respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity events at different levels (molecular to physiology) and to test diverse putative therapeutic strategies which might improve the respiration in SCI patients.

Respiratory failure is the leading cause of death following a cervical spinal cord injury. Having a reproducible, quantifiable, and reliable pre-clinical animal model of respiratory failure induced by a partial cervical injury will help to understand the subsequent respiratory and non-respiratory neuroplasticity and allow testing putative repair strategies.

Um modelo murino de Spinal Cord Injury do colo do útero para o Estudo de pós-lesional respiratória Neuroplasticidade

A cervical spinal cord injury induces permanent paralysis, and often leads to respiratory distress. To date, no efficient therapeutics have been developed ...

Chronic Constriction Injury of the Rat's Infraorbital Nerve (IoN-CCI) to Study Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain

Animal models are important tools to study the pathophysiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. This manuscript describes the surgical and behavioral procedures to study trigeminal neuropathic pain in rats. To meet the specificity of trigeminal neuropathic pain syndromes, the infraorbital nerve (IoN) is subjected to a chronic constriction injury (CCI) by loosely ligating the nerve. An intra-orbital approach is presented here to expose and ligate the IoN in the orbital cavity. After IoN ligation, rats exhibit changes in spontaneous behavior and in response to von Frey hair stimulation that are indicative of persistent pain and mechanical allodynia. Two phases can be defined in the development of the behavioral changes. During the first week following IoN-CCI (phase 1), rats show an increased and asymmetric face grooming activity, i.e., with face wash strokes primarily directed to the nerve-injured IoN territory. A distinction is made between face grooming behavior that is part of a more general body grooming behavior, which remains largely unaffected by IoN-CCI, and face grooming that is neither preceded nor followed by body grooming, which is significantly increased after IoN-CCI. During this period, responsiveness to mechanical stimulation of the IoN territory is reduced. This hyporesponsiveness is abruptly replaced by an extreme hyperresponsiveness whereby even very weak stimulus intensities provoke nocifensive behavior (phase 2). The phenomenological similarities between these behavioral alterations and reported signs of facial pain (i.e., responses to noxious stimulation of the face) suggest the presence of dysesthesia/paresthesia and mechanical allodynia in the ligated IoN territory.

Chronic Constriction Injury of the Rat&#039;s Infraorbital Nerve IoN-CCI to Study Trigeminal Neuropathic Pain

This manuscript describes a rodent model to study trigeminal neuropathic pain. The methods described include surgical procedures to perform a chronic constriction injury of the rat&#8217;s infraorbital nerve and the post-surgical behavioral tests to measure the changes in spontaneous and evoked behavior that are indicative of persistent pain and allodynia.

Crônica lesão por constrição de Infraorbital Nerve do Rato (Ion-CCI) para o Estudo do trigêmeo Dor neuropática

Animal models are important tools to study the pathophysiology and pharmacology of neuropathic pain. This manuscript describes the surgical and behavioral ...

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

A principal modelo lesões repetitivas Concussive em Ratos

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The "Wire-Injury" Model

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. Moreover, by rupture of the defective vascular wall, atherosclerosis induces occlusive thrombus formation, which represents the main cause of myocardial infarction or stroke and the most frequent cause of death. Despite the advances in the cardiovascular field, many questions remain unanswered, and additional basic research is essential to improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms during atherosclerosis and its effects. Due to limited clinical studies, there is a need for representative animal models recreating atherosclerotic conditions such as neointima formation after stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, or endarterectomy. Since the mouse presents many advantages and is the most frequently used model for studying molecular processes, the current study proposes an invasive procedure of endothelial denudation, also known as the wire-injury model, which is representative of the human condition of neointima formation in arteries after revascularization procedures.

Induction of Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Mice: The &quot;Wire-Injury&quot; Model

This study describes an invasive procedure for the induction of accelerated atherosclerosis in mice. In comparison to other methods using electric- or cryo-induced injury, mechanical-induced injury mimics the human condition of restenosis after revascularization therapies and is ideal for the study of the molecular mechanisms involved.

Indução de Aterosclerose Acelerada em Camundongos: O Modelo de "Lesão por Fio"

Atherosclerosis is a proliferative fibro-inflammatory disease developing in the arterial wall, inducing a deficient blood flow or a lack of blood flow. ...

A Tissue Displacement-based Contusive Spinal Cord Injury Model in Mice

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between experimental animals. Several contusive SCI models have been developed to produce injuries using different mechanisms. The severity of the SCI is based on the height that a given weight is dropped, the injury force, or the spinal cord displacement. In the current study, we introduce a novel mouse contusive SCI device, the Louisville Injury System Apparatus (LISA) impactor, which can create a displacement-based SCI with high injury velocity and accuracy. This system utilizes laser distance sensors combined with advanced software to produce graded and highly-reproducible injuries. We performed a contusive SCI at the 10th thoracic vertebral (T10) level in mice to demonstrate the step-by-step procedure. The model can also be applied to the cervical and lumbar spinal levels.

We introduce a tissue displacement-based contusive spinal cord injury model that can produce a consistent contusive spinal cord injury in adult mice.

Um Modelo de Lesão Medular Contusiva Baseado em Cilindrada de Tecidos em Ratos

Producing a consistent and reproducible contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) is critical to minimizing behavioral and histological variabilities between ...

Isometric Contractility Measurement of the Mouse Mesenteric Artery Using Wire Myography

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and drugs. It is widely used in many studies on the physiological functions of vascular smooth muscle, the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as hypertension, and the development of smooth muscle relaxant drugs. The mouse is a widely used model animal with a large pool of disease models and genetically modified strains. We introduced this method to measure the isometric contraction of mouse mesenteric artery in detail. A 1.4-mm segment of mouse mesenteric resistance artery was isolated and mounted on a myograph chamber by passing two steel wires through its lumen. After equilibration and normalization steps, the vessel segment was potentiated by a high-K+ solution twice prior to the contraction assay. As an example of the application of this method in drug development, we measured the relaxant effect of a novel natural substance, neoliensinine, isolated from a Chinese herb, embryos of the lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) on mouse mesenteric arteries. The vessel segments mounted on the myograph chamber were stimulated with a high-K+ solution. When the force tension reached a stable sustained phase, cumulative doses of neoliensinine were added to the chamber. We found that neoliensinine had a dose-dependent relaxant effect on smooth muscle contraction, thus suggesting that it bears potential activity against hypertension. In addition, as the vessel segment can survive at least 4 hours after mounting and maintain contractility induced by the high-K+ solution for many times, we suggest that the wire myograph system may be used for the time-consuming process of drug screening.

The wire myograph technique is used to investigate vascular smooth muscle functions and screen new drugs. We report a detailed protocol for measuring the isometric contractility of the mouse mesenteric artery and for screening new relaxants of vascular smooth muscle.

Medição de contratilidade isométrica da artéria mesentérica Mouse usando fio miografia

The wire myograph technique is used to assess the contractility of vascular smooth muscles in response to depolarization, GPCR agonists/inhibitors and ...

The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies that promote efficient bone healing are non-existent and in high demand. Effective and reproducible animal models of fractures healing are needed to understand the complex biological processes associated with bone regeneration. Many animal models of fracture healing have been generated over the years; however, murine fracture models have recently emerged as powerful tools to study bone healing. A variety of open and closed models have been developed, but the closed femoral fracture model stands out as a simple method for generating rapid and reproducible results in a physiologically relevant manner. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice and facilitate a post-fracture stabilization of the femur by inserting an intramedullary steel rod. Although devices such as a nail or a screw offer greater axial and rotational stability, the use of an intramedullary rod provides a sufficient stabilization for consistent healing outcomes without producing new defects in the bone tissue or damaging nearby soft tissue. Radiographic imaging is used to monitor the progression of callus formation, bony union, and subsequent remodeling of the bony callus. Bone healing outcomes are typically associated with the strength of the healed bone and measured with torsional testing. Still, understanding the early cellular and molecular events associated with fracture repair is critical in the study of bone tissue regeneration. The closed femoral fracture model in mice with intramedullary fixation serves as an attractive platform to study bone fracture healing and evaluate therapeutic strategies to accelerate healing.

The murine closed femoral fracture model is a powerful platform to study fracture healing and novel therapeutic strategies to accelerate bone regeneration. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice using an intramedullary steel rod to stabilize the femur.

A geração de fraturas fechadas de fêmur em ratos: um modelo para estudar a consolidação óssea

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies ...

Improved Rodent Model of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI), induced by coronary heart disease (CHD), causes damage to the cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, evidence suggests that thrombolytic therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) does not prevent reperfusion injury. There is still no ideal animal model for MIRI. This study aims to improve the MIRI model in rats to make surgery easier and more feasible. A unique method for establishing MIRI is developed by using a soft tube during a key step of the ischemic period. To explore this method, thirty rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham group (n = 10); experimental model group (n = 10); and existing model group (n = 10). Findings of triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, electrocardiography, and percent survival are compared to determine the accuracies and survival rates of the operations. Based on the study results, it has been concluded that the improved surgery method is associated with a higher survival rate, elevated ST-T segment, and larger infarct size, which is expected to mimic the pathology of MIRI better.

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion model of rat heart is improved by using a self-made retractor, polyvinyl chloride tube, and a unique knotting method. Electrocardiogram, triphenyltetrazolium chloride and histological staining, and percent survival analysis results showed that the improved model group has higher success and survival rates than the already existing model group.

Modelo de roedor melhorado de Isquemia do Miocárdio e Lesão de Reperfusão

Myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury (MIRI), induced by coronary heart disease (CHD), causes damage to the cardiomyocytes. Furthermore, evidence ...