Mutant worm strains were kindly provided by the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center. This research was supported by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&amp;D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health &amp; Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number: HI14C1277).

1. As sondas de marcação com digoxigenina-dUTP por PCR <ol><li> Realizar etiquetagem 10x PCR com mistura de dNTP contendo digoxigenina-dUTP como previamente descrito 13. </li><li> Purificar produto de PCR com a purificação spin-coluna de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. <ol><li> Se a sonda é mais curto do que 200 pb, remover livre digoxigenina-dUTP por cromatografia em coluna de spin-a partir da mistura reaccional em vez de purificação de spin-coluna. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Preparar Slides polilisina revestido Nota: O procedimento completo demora cerca de 2 horas. A maior parte dos passos são realizados à temperatura ambiente excepto para o passo de secagem. <ol><li> Limpeza das lâminas <ol><li> Colocar as lâminas em um recipiente plástico e enxaguar as lâminas brevemente com água destilada (DW). Remover a água e encher o recipiente com DW contendo 1% de limpa-vidros. </li><li> Agita-se as lâminas durante 15 minutos a 50 rpm à temperatura ambiente (TA). Lavar as lâminas com DW 3vezes durante 5 minutos cada à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Lavam-se as lâminas com etanol a 70% durante 15 min com agitação. Descartar 70% de etanol e colocar as lâminas sobre um bloco seco de 65 ° C e secar ao ar durante 15 min. </li></ol></li><li> polilisina revestimento de lâminas de vidro multi-poços Nota: revestimento polilisina de vidro corrediça é um passo importante, uma vez que prevê a adesão da amostra durante todo o processo de coloração. Mal lâmina revestida irá resultar na perda de amostra. <ol><li> Dilui-se a solução stock de polilisina a 0,01% (w / v) em água destilada. Adicionar 20 ul da diluído a 0,01% (w / v) de polilisina para os poços de uma lâmina de vidro limpa. </li><li> Incubar a lâmina de vidro durante 5 min à TA. </li><li> Colocar as lâminas em um bloco seco a 65 ° C e ar seco durante 1 h. </li><li> Armazenar os slides polilisina na caixa livre da poeira. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Fixação de Worms na lâmina de vidro (Figura 1) <ol><li> Preparando embriões para FISH Nota: vermes Colheita antes de tudo tele comida bacteriana é consumida por assistindo os meios de crescimento sob o microscópio. A fome reduz a produção de ovos de vermes adultos e aumenta a eclosão dos ovos. Métodos pormenorizados são descritos em 14,15. <ol><li> Cresça os vermes em 50 mM de placa de Petri de acordo com métodos padrão 14. </li><li> Depois de toda a comida bacteriana é consumido, cortar o ágar no trimestre com uma espátula. Esterilizar a espátula antes de cortar para evitar a contaminação. </li><li> Coloque todo o pedaço de agar na 100 milímetros meios de crescimento de nematóides (NGM) placa. Vire a peça agar de cabeça para baixo para os vermes para alcançar a comida bacteriana fresca. </li><li> Após 48 a 72 horas, recolher os vermes com tampão M9. Adicionar 3 - 5 ml de tampão M9 na placa NGM. Pipeta tampão M9 na superfície de NGM para lavar os vermes. </li><li> Recolhe-se o líquido com vermes e adicionar a um tubo de 15 ml. Nota: Se houver resíduos agar após a colheita, centrifugar os vermes em uma solução de sacarose 30%. Enquanto os detritos são sedimentadas, vermes flutuar sobrea superfície. </li><li> Adicionar tampão M9 para tornar-se o volume para 15 ml. Agregar as minhocas por centrifugação a 300 xg durante 3 min e remover a maior parte do tampão M9. Repita este passo mais 2 vezes. Nota: Se os vermes ainda estão flutuando após a centrifugação, defina o nível de freio da centrífuga para o valor = 1. </li><li> Aspirar tampão M9. Adicionar solução de branqueamento para os vermes. Por 0,5 ml de vermes, adicionar 6,5 ml de DW, 2 ml de hipoclorito, 1 mL de 5 M KOH. </li><li> Incubar os vermes com agitação à TA durante 3 min a 50 rpm. vermes vortex durante 15 segundos para cortar mecanicamente os vermes e expor os ovos. </li><li> Observe o tubo sob um microscópio de dissecção durante o clareamento. Certifique-se de que os vermes são cortadas ao meio e os ovos são liberados. Quando a maior parte do corpo adulto é dissolvido, adicione tampão M9 para tornar-se o volume para 15 ml. </li><li> Centrifugar a 300 xg durante 3 min. Aspirar a maior parte da M9 e adicionar tampão M9 fresco para fazer aumentar o volume para 15 ml. etapa de lavagem Repita 3 vezes. Nota:Evitar o uso de quantidade excessiva de vermes, em que dificultam o processo de branqueamento. Manter o tempo de reacção total a menos de 8 minutos até a lavagem. Over-branqueada ovos produzem forte autofluorescência. </li><li> Adicionar solução salina tamponada com fosfato de polissorbato-20 (PBST) até 200 uL e 200 uL de paraformaldeído a 4% (PFA) para tornar a 2% de PFA. Atenção: Desde PFA é cancerígeno, usar vestuário de protecção, luvas e proteção ocular antes de utilizar PFA. </li><li> Adicionar 40 ul de os ovos em 2% de PFA para o poço de polilisina revestida slides. </li><li> Colocar as lâminas numa câmara húmida e incubar durante 15 min à TA. Feche a câmara úmida logo após os slides são colocados dentro. Nota: Os ovos para liquidar o fundo de slides enquanto está a ser corrigido. </li></ol></li><li> Preparando gônadas dissecados para peixes <ol><li> Colheita vermes adultos crescidos em 50 mm placa NGM pipetando 1 ml de tampão M9. vermes colheita antes de alimentar bacteriana está esgotada. </li><li> Lave os vermes a partir de qualquer wit bactériash tampão M9, 2 vezes. Nota: as bactérias residuais podem interferir com as gônadas dissecados de degola para lâminas de polilisina revestido. </li><li> Agregar as minhocas por centrifugação a 300 x g. Remover M9 e transferir os vermes à placa NGM vazia por micropipeta. </li><li> Adicionar 30 mL de tampão M9 contendo levamisole 2 mM em um poço de polilisina tratada slide. </li><li> Adicionar 500 ul de tampão M9 para um tubo de 1 ml. Utilize este tampão para transferir os vermes com uma pipeta boca. </li><li> Encher a ponta da pipeta de boca com tampão M9 pela colocação de um capilar no tubo 1 ml contendo o tampão M9. </li><li> Sob microscópio de dissecação, coloque a ponta da pipeta na boca apenas na frente da cabeça do verme adulto e arraste pipeta de boca de modo que a cabeça de vermes entra na pipeta de boca. Uma vez que a cabeça de vermes entra a ponta, todo o corpo de verme serão atraídos para a ponta. </li><li> Transfira os vermes para o slide polilisina revestido usando pipeta boca. </li><li> Usando uma navalha, corte def a cabeça ou a ponta da cauda de vermes no slide. Quando o worm é cortado, as gônadas irá aparecer. Gônadas vai ficar com os slides. <ol><li> Preparar pelo menos 30 vermes em um poço. Mais poços pode ser usado por mais 30 vermes. </li></ol></li><li> Coloque a lâmina na câmara húmida e aspirar o tampão de M9 com pipeta de boca. </li><li> Fixar a amostra por adição de 20 ul de 2% de PFA à TA durante 15 minutos em câmara húmida. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. Fixação e permeabilização <ol><li> Coloque um bloco de alumínio em gelo seco e armazená-lo em um congelador (-80 ° C). metanol loja e acetona em -20 ° C. </li><li> Após PFA passo de fixação 3.1.15 ou 3.2.11, remova o fixador usando micropipeta deixando ~ 5 mL do fixador. </li><li> Coloque outro slide polilisina revestido na lâmina de amostra. Remover o fixador com toalha de papel, se a solução for excessiva. Não mova os slides uma vez que eles estão presos juntos. </li><li> Congelar as lâminassobre o bloco de alumínio de pelo menos 15 min. Nota: As amostras podem ser armazenadas durante pelo menos 2 - 3 dias. </li><li> Enquanto os slides estão sendo congelados, coloque os frascos contendo metanol frio e acetona em gelo. </li><li> Tome os slides fora e torcê-los a congelar-rachar a amostra. Descartar a corrediça superior. mergulhar imediatamente o slide para o metanol gelado durante 5 min. </li><li> Transferir as lâminas para acetona arrefecida em gelo durante 5 min. </li><li> Lavar as lâminas 3 vezes com PBST, durante 5 min para remover fixador residual. Avance para o próximo passo ou armazenar as lâminas em etanol a 100% a 4 ° C. Nota: As amostras podem ser armazenadas durante pelo menos 2 - 3 dias. </li></ol> 5. Hibridação de células fixadas <ol><li> Adicionar 20 ul de solução de RNase (PBST contendo 10 ug / ml de RNase A). Incubar a lâmina na câmara húmida a 37 ° C durante 1 h. </li><li> Lava-se a corrediça duas vezes em solução salina e 2x com citrato de sódio polissorbato-20 (2x SSCT) durante 15 min cada. </li><li> Adicionar 20ul de solução de hibridação e o colocar em câmara húmida a 37 ° C incubadora. Depois de 1 h, remover a solução de hibridação por pipetagem. </li><li> Antes de remover solução de hibridização, preparar a sonda. Se a sonda é DNA de cadeia dupla, desnaturar as sondas por aquecimento a 95 ° C durante 5 min num bloco seco. Após o aquecimento, esfriar a sonda brevemente gelo. </li><li> Adicionar 10 ul de solução de hibridação contendo sonda com a amostra. Para sonda de PNA, a concentração de uso a uma razão de 1: 2000 e de uma sonda marcada com Dig, concentração de uso a uma razão de 1: 200. Cobrir a amostra com tampa de vidro. </li><li> Coloque uma toalha de papel embebido com água sobre o bloco de aquecimento (80 ° C). Coloque uma tampa de caixa de plástico no bloco de aquecimento para preservar a umidade e temperatura. </li><li> Depois de a temperatura do bloco de aquecimento se estabilizou (a 80 ° C), colocar a lâmina de amostra sobre a toalha de papel e aquecida cobrir as amostras com a tampa da caixa de plástico. Desnaturar a amostra durante 3 minutos. </li><li> IncUbate as lâminas em câmara úmida durante a noite a 37 ° C. </li></ol> 6. lavagens e Imunofluorescência <ol><li> Aquecer a solução de lavagem de hibridação (SSC 2x, 50% de formamida) a 37 ° C. </li><li> Lava-se a amostra em duas vezes o PBST à TA durante 5 min. Retire a tampa de vidro. </li><li> Lava-se a amostra na solução de lavagem de hibridação a 37 ° C durante 30 min. </li><li> Lave a lâmina de amostra em PBST 3 vezes à temperatura ambiente. Nota: Execute todos os passos subsequentes na câmara húmida à temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Adicionar 20 ul de solução de bloqueio e incubar durante 1 h à TA na câmara húmida. </li><li> Remoção da solução de bloqueio e adicionar solução de anticorpo conjugado com FITC anti-digoxigenina (1: 200) durante 3 horas à temperatura ambiente ou durante a noite a 4 ° C. </li></ol> 7. Montagem e Observação <ol><li> Lava-se a lâmina de amostra com PBST 2 vezes durante 15 minutos cada. </li><li> Adicionar 10 ul de solução de montagem com DAPI. Coloque a tampa de vidro e pressione suavemente. Remova qualquer excesso de soluçãocom uma toalha de papel. </li><li> Para evitar a evaporação da solução de montagem, selar as bordas da tampa de vidro com unha polonês. </li><li> Observar ao microscópio confocal. Excluir embriões com elevado ruído de fundo. Concentre-se em um campo com 4 - 20 núcleos. </li><li> Tome imagens de acordo com as instruções do fabricante com lente objetiva de 100X. Nota: Excite amostra com 405 a laser nm para DAPI, com 555 a laser nm para Cy3, com 488 a laser nm para FITC. </li></ol> 8. Quantificação dos Telómero sinal Nota: A quantificação foi realizada tal como anteriormente descrito 16. Todas as imagens que estão a ser comparadas deve ser tomado com mesma configuração, incluindo o tempo de exposição e uma fonte de luz. <ol><li> Exportar a imagem em formato .tif. </li><li> Baixar e instalar o software de análise de imagem. </li><li> Executar o software de análise de imagem e clique no botão Concordo. </li><li> Clique no botão aberto. Abra as imagens com os peixes dos telômeros, clicando duas vezes no arquivo de imagem. </li><li> Clique[Editar] - [região de processamento seleção], seleccione uma região de interesse por clique com o botão esquerdo e arrastando. Excluir toda a coloração não específica. </li><li> Clique [medida] - [manchar densidades ópticas], selecione o canal com o sinal dos telômeros e digite o nome do arquivo para salvar os resultados no arquivo .txt. Nota: A coluna de resultados estão na seguinte ordem: A fluorescência de ponto, a intensidade da mancha e a área da mancha de fundo. </li><li> Copiar os valores e subtrair intensidade da mancha de fundo de fluorescência da mancha. Os valores podem agora ser analisados ​​estatisticamente. </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

A principal vantagem do nosso protocolo é a simplicidade do processo sem danos visíveis para a morfologia da estrutura celular. Vários passos foram otimizados para C. elegans FISH neste protocolo. Os passos críticos para os peixes de sucesso incluem a rotulagem de sondas, a fixação de embriões e penetração. método de marcação com digoxigenina-dUTP fornece um método de rotulagem de fácil utilização por PCR ou por nick-translation. Para rotular sequência alvo por muito tempo, é o preferido nick-...

Telômeros protege as extremidades cromossômicas de fusão e degradação aberrante. dos telómeros de mamífero é composto de repetições rico em G hexaméricas, TTAGGG, e complexos shelterin. A sequência do telómero repetição da nemátodo é semelhante aos dos mamíferos (TTAGGC). A maior parte dos eucariotas utilizam telomerase para adicionar repetições telómeros para as suas extremidades cromossómicas. No entanto, de 10 - 15% de células de cancro utilizam mecanismo independente da telomerase, conhecido como Alongamento Alternativa dos telómeros (ALT) 3. Anteriormente, relatou que repete a telómeros e suas sequências associados, nomeados como tAlt, foram amplificados nos telômeros de linhas mutantes de telomerase que sobreviveram a esterilidade crítica 2. Comprimento dos telómeros foi medida por PCR quantitativo, ou por transferência de Southern, o que proporciona o comprimento médio do total de telómeros 4,5,6,7. Contagem lida da repetição dos telômeros em dados de sequenciamento do genoma inteiro é também um indicador do total conteúdo dos telômeros 8. embora Single telômero Comprimento Análise (STELA) poderia fornecer o comprimento de uma única telômeros, ele não pode fornecer informação espacial dos telômeros 9. Enquanto POT-1 :: proteína repórter mCherry fornece a informação espacial dos telômeros in vivo, não pode representar comprimentos de telômeros de cadeia dupla, como POT-1 é um single-filamento de proteína 10 de ligação dos telômeros. Embora os métodos acima mencionados fornecer as informações média de seqüências repetitivas, hibridização fluorescente in situ (FISH) permite observar a quantidade e padrão espacial das seqüências individuais de interesse em uma escala cromossômica. Em vez da purificação do ADN, os tecidos ou as células são fixadas para preservar a informação espacial nativa em peixes. Assim, o peixe é uma ferramenta quantitativa e qualitativa para a observação de sequências de repetição individuais, como repete a telómeros. Este protocolo fornece um método eficiente para a detecção simultânea de ambos telomeros e outras repete com base em melhorias de métodos anteriormente descritos 11,12. C. elegans larvas ou adultos são organismo multicelular com células altamente diferenciadas. A heterogeneidade das células impede-se na análise quantitativa de um grande número de pontos a telómeros. Para maximizar o número de células analisadas, os embriões são isolados e espalhe sobre as lâminas revestidas com polilisina para os peixes. Além disso, este protocolo pode também ser combinada com a imunofluorescência. Como uma prova de que o protocolo funciona, mostram que é possível observar e quantificar duas sequências repetitivas diferentes. sonda de DNA contra TALT1 foi gerado com simples PCR incorporando digoxigenina-dUTP. Em seguida, esta sonda TALT1 e sonda PNA telômero marcados com fluorescência foram hibridizadas simultaneamente. Subsequentemente, digoxigenina foi detectada por métodos de imunofluorescência canónicas. Apresentamos aqui as imagens representativas onde TALT1 colocalized com o telômero no TRT-1 </em&gt; sobreviventes.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>PNA probe</td>
			<td>PANAGENE</td>
			<td>custom order</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Digoxigenin-Fluorescein, Fab fragments</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11207741910</td>
			<td>use 1:200 diluted in PBST</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digoxigenin-dUTP</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>11573152910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine serum albumin</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>A-7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>P-6148</td>
			<td>prepare 4% paraformaldehyde by heating in DW with few drops of NaOH. add 0.1 volume of 10x PBS.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridizaiton solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3X SSC, 50% formamide, 10% (w/v) dextran sulfate, 50 ug/ml heparin, 100 ug/ml yeast tRNA , 100ug/ml sonicated salmon sperm DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hybridizaiton wash solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2X SSC, 50% formamide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formamide</td>
			<td>BIONEER</td>
			<td>C-9012</td>
			<td>toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Carlo Erba</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone</td>
			<td>Carlo Erba</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>H3393</td>
			<td>make 10 mg/ml for stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextran sulfate</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>67578</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X PBS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>For 1 Liter DW : 80 g NaCl, 2.0 g KCl, 27 g Na2HPO4:7H2O, 2.4 g KH2PO</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBST</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1X PBS, 0.1% tween-20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polysorbate 20</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>P-2287</td>
			<td>Commercial name is Tween-20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-L-Lysine solution (0.1 % w/v)</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>P-8920</td>
			<td>prepare fresh 0.01 % w/v solution before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M9</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3 g KH2PO4, 6 g Na2HPO4, 5 g NaCl, 1 ml 1 M MgSO4, H2O to 1 L</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleaching solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>20% sodium hypochlorite, 0.5 M KOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibody buffer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1X PBST, 1mM EDTA, 0.1% BSA, 0.05% Sodium azide (toxic)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blocking solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Antibody buffer with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>illustra Microspin G-50</td>
			<td>GE healthcare</td>
			<td>27-53310-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20X SSC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To make 1L, 175.3 g of NaCl, 88.2 g of sodium citrate, H2O to 1 L, adjust pH to 7.0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X SSCT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2X SSC, 0.1 % tween-20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x digoxigenin-dUTP mix</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1 mM dATP, 1 mM dGTP, 1 mM dCTP, 0.65mM dTTP, 0.35mM DIG-11-dUTP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PCR purification columns</td>
			<td>Cosmo genetech</td>
			<td>CMR0112</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass cleaner / ULTRA CLEAN</td>
			<td>Dukssan pure chemicals</td>
			<td>8AV721</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multi-well glass slide</td>
			<td>MP biomedicals</td>
			<td>96041205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nematode growth media</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>to make 1 L, 3 g of NaCl, 17 g of agar, 2.5 g of peptone, H2O to 974 mL. Autoclave and cool the flask. Add 1 mL of 1M CaCl2, 1 ml of 4 mg/mL cholesterol in ethanol, 1 ml of 1 M MgSO4, 25 mL of 1 M KPO4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Levamisole</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>196142</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Razor</td>
			<td>Feather</td>
			<td>blade No. 11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rnase A</td>
			<td>Enzynomics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>SIGMA-ALDRICH</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microsope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>LSM 510</td>
			<td>EC Plan-Neofluar 100x was used as objective lens.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dry block / aluminum block</td>
			<td>Labtech</td>
			<td>LBH-T03</td>
			<td>Set temperature to 80&#8451;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Humid chamber</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Plastic box filled with paper towel soaked in DW</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image Analysis Software&#160;</td>
			<td>Dr. Peter Landsdorp</td>
			<td>TFL-telo</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.flintbox.com/public/project/502">http://www.flintbox.com/public/project/502</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

observation and quantification of telomere and repetitive sequences using fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) with pna probes in caenorhabditis elegans

Telomere is a ribonucleoprotein structure that protects chromosomal ends from aberrant fusion and degradation. Telomere length is maintained by telomerase or an alternative pathway, known as alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT)1. Recently, C. elegans has emerged as a multicellular model organism for the study of telomere and ALT2. Visualization of repetitive sequences in the genome is critical in understanding the biology of telomeres. While telomere length can be measured by telomere restriction fragment assay or quantitative PCR, these methods only provide the averaged telomere length. On the contrary, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can provide the information of the individual telomeres in cells. Here, we provide protocols and representative results of the method to determine telomere length of C. elegans by fluorescent in situ hybridization. This method provides a simple, but powerful, in situ procedure that does not cause noticeable damage to morphology. By using fluorescently labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and digoxigenin-dUTP-labeled probe, we were able to visualize two different repetitive sequences: telomere repeats and template of ALT (TALT) in C. elegans embryos and gonads.

Foi relatado anteriormente que o sobrevivente ALT pode emergir de mutante telomerase deficiente, TRT-1 (ok410), em baixa frequência, replicando localizada internamente &#39;Template da ALT&#39; (tAlt) sequências para manutenção dos telômeros 2. Usando sonda PNA, fomos capazes de visualizar os telômeros nas gônadas dissecados (Figura 2A). O sinal dos telômeros fraco foi detectado tanto no TRT-1 (ok410) e sobrevivente ALT. O sinal fuzzy...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Observation and Quantification of Telomere and Repetitive Sequences Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH with PNA Probes in Caenorhabditis elegans at

Observation and Quantification of Telomere and Repetitive Sequences Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH with PNA Probes in Caenorhabditis elegans

We report a concise procedure of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the gonad and embryos of Caenorhabditis elegans for observing and quantifying repetitive sequences. We successfully observed and quantified two different repetitive sequences, telomere repeats and template of alternative lengthening of telomeres (TALT).

Observação e Quantificação de Telomere e Sequências Repetitivas Utilizando Fluorescência<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Fluorescente (FISH) com PNA Sondas em<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Telomere is a ribonucleoprotein structure that protects chromosomal ends from aberrant fusion and degradation. Telomere length is maintained by telomerase ...

observation-quantification-telomere-repetitive-sequences-using

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Observation and Quantification of Telomere and Repetitive Sequences Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) with PNA Probes in Caenorhabditis elegans

10.3K visualizações.  Seoul National University. We report a concise procedure of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the gonad and embryos of Caenorhabditis elegans for observing and quantifying repetitive sequences. We successfully observed and quantified two different repetitive sequences, telomere repeats and template of alternative lengthening of telomeres (TALT). 

Vídeo: Observation and Quantification of Telomere and Repetitive Sequences Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization FISH with PNA Probes in Caenorhabditis elegans

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) Protocol in Human Sperm

Aneuploidies are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Most of these abnormalities result from meiotic errors during the gametogenic process in the parents. In human males, these errors can lead to the production of spermatozoa with numerical chromosome abnormalities which represent an increased risk of transmitting these anomalies to the offspring.
For this reason, the technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on sperm nuclei has become a protocol widely incorporated in the context of clinical diagnosis. This practice provides an estimate of the frequencies of numerical chromosome abnormalities in the gametes of the patients that seek for genetic reproductive advice.
To date, the chromosomes most frequently included in sperm FISH analysis are chromosomes X, Y, 13, 18 and 21.
This video-article describes, step by step, how to process and fix a human semen sample, how to decondense and denature the sperm chromatin, how to proceed to obtain sperm FISH preparations, and how to visualize the results at the microscope. Special remarks of the most relevant steps are given to achieve the best results.

Fluorescence in situ hybridization FISH Protocol in Human Sperm

This video-article describes, step by step, how to process a semen sample to achieve good-quality fluorescence in situ hybridization on human spermatozoa. Preparations obtained can be used for aneuploidy screening in the context of clinical diagnosis.

Fluorescência In situ Hybridization (FISH) Protocolo no esperma humano

Aneuploidies are the most frequent chromosomal abnormalities in humans. Most of these abnormalities result from meiotic errors during the gametogenic ...

Biologia

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes. The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic resources, and the relative ease of transformation are qualities that make C. elegans an excellent model for early embryogenesis. Laser-based 
confocal microscopy and fluorescently labeled tags allow researchers to follow specific cellular structures and proteins in the developing embryo. For example, 
one can follow specific organelles, such as lysosomes or mitochondria, using fluorescently labeled dyes. These dyes can be delivered to the early embryo by means 
of microinjection into the adult gonad. Also, the localization of specific proteins can be followed using fluorescent protein tags. Examples are presented here 
demonstrating the use of a fluorescent lysosomal dye as well as fluorescently tagged histone and ubiquitin proteins. The labeled histone is used to visualize 
the DNA and thus identify the stage of the cell cycle. GFP-tagged ubiquitin reveals the dynamics of ubiquitinated vesicles in the early embryo. Observations 
of labeled lysosomes and GFP:: ubiquitin can be used to determine if there is colocalization between ubiquitinated vesicles and lysosomes. A technique for 
the microinjection of the lysosomal dye is presented. Techniques for generating transgenenic strains are presented elsewhere (1, 2). For imaging, embryos 
are cut out of adult hermaphrodite nematodes and mounted onto 2% agarose pads followed by time-lapse microscopy on a standard laser scanning confocal 
microscope or a spinning disk confocal microscope. This methodology provides for the high resolution visualization of early embryogenesis.

Time-lapse Microscopy of Early Embryogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans

This article describes a technique for the visualization of the early events of embryogenesis in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.

Lapso de tempo Microscopia de embriogênese inicial em Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans has often been used as a model system in studies of early developmental processes.  The transparency of the 
embryos, the genetic ...

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH)

Viruses that infect cells elicit specific changes to normal cell functions which serve to divert energy and resources for viral replication. Many aspects of host cell function are commandeered by viruses, usually by the expression of viral gene products that recruit host cell proteins and machineries. Moreover, viruses engineer specific membrane organelles or tag on to mobile vesicles and motor proteins to target regions of the cell (during de novo infection, viruses co-opt molecular motor proteins to target the nucleus; later, during virus assembly, they will hijack cellular machineries that will help in the assembly of viruses). Less is understood on how viruses, in particular those with RNA genomes, coordinate the intracellular trafficking of both protein and RNA components and how they achieve assembly of infectious particles at specific loci in the cell. The study of RNA localization began in earlier work. Developing lower eukaryotic embryos and neuronal cells provided important biological information, and also underscored the importance of RNA localization in the programming of gene expression cascades. The study in other organisms and cell systems has yielded similar important information. Viruses are obligate parasites and must utilise their host cells to replicate. Thus, it is critical to understand how RNA viruses direct their RNA genomes from the nucleus, through the nuclear pore, through the cytoplasm and on to one of its final destinations, into progeny virus particles 1.
FISH serves as a useful tool to identify changes in steady-state localization of viral RNA. When combined with immunofluorescence (IF) analysis 22, FISH/IF co-analyses will provide information on the co-localization of proteins with the viral RNA3. This analysis therefore provides a good starting point to test for RNA-protein interactions by other biochemical or biophysical tests 4,5, since co-localization by itself is not enough evidence to be certain of an interaction. In studying viral RNA localization using a method like this, abundant information has been gained on both viral and cellular RNA trafficking events 6. For instance, HIV-1 produces RNA in the nucleus of infected cells but the RNA is only translated in the cytoplasm. When one key viral protein is missing (Rev) 7, FISH of the viral RNA has revealed that the block to viral replication is due to the retention of the HIV-1 genomic RNA in the nucleus 8. 
Here, we present the method for visual analysis of viral genomic RNA in situ. The method makes use of a labelled RNA probe. This probe is designed to be complementary to the viral genomic RNA. During the in vitro synthesis of the antisense RNA probe, the ribonucleotide that is modified with digoxigenin (DIG) is included in an in vitro transcription reaction. Once the probe has hybridized to the target mRNA in cells, subsequent antibody labelling steps (Figure 1) will reveal the localization of the mRNA as well as proteins of interest when performing FISH/IF.

Detection of Viral RNA by Fluorescence in situ Hybridization FISH

A fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method was developed to visually detect viral genomic RNA using fluorescence microscopy. A probe is made with specificity to the viral RNA that can then be identified using a combination of hybridization and immunofluorescence techniques. This technique offers the advantage of identifying the localization of the viral RNA or DNA at steady-state, providing information on the control of intracellular virus trafficking events.

Detecção de RNA viral por fluorescência<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Hybridization (FISH)

Viruses  that infect cells elicit specific changes to normal cell functions which serve  to divert energy and resources for viral replication. Many ...

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has since been used extensively as a model organism 1. C. elegans possesses key attributes such as simplicity, transparency and short life cycle that have made it a suitable experimental system for fundamental biological studies for many years 2. Discoveries in this nematode have broad implications because many cellular and molecular processes that control animal development are evolutionary conserved 3.
C. elegans life cycle goes through an embryonic stage and four larval stages before animals reach adulthood. Development can take 2 to 4 days depending on the temperature. In each of the stages several characteristic traits can be observed. The knowledge of its complete cell lineage 4,5 together with the deep annotation of its genome turn this nematode into a great model in fields as diverse as the neurobiology 6, aging 7,8, stem cell biology 9 and germ line biology 10. 
An additional feature that makes C. elegans an attractive model to work with is the possibility of obtaining populations of worms synchronized at a specific stage through a relatively easy protocol. The ease of maintaining and propagating this nematode added to the possibility of synchronization provide a powerful tool to obtain large amounts of worms, which can be used for a wide variety of small or high-throughput experiments such as RNAi screens, microarrays, massive sequencing, immunoblot or in situ hybridization, among others. 
Because of its transparency, C. elegans structures can be distinguished under the microscope using Differential Interference Contrast microscopy, also known as Nomarski microscopy. The use of a fluorescent DNA binder, DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole), for instance, can lead to the specific identification and localization of individual cells, as well as subcellular structures/defects associated to them.

Basic Caenorhabditis elegans Methods: Synchronization and Observation

The easiness of maintaining and propagating the nematode C. elegans make it a nice model organism to work with. The possibility of synchronizing worms allows the work with a significant amount of subjects at the same developmental stage, what facilitates the study of one particular process in many animals.

Básico<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em&gt; Métodos: Sincronização e observação

Research into the molecular and developmental biology of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was begun in the early seventies by Sydney Brenner and it has ...

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 protein variants encoded by the var genes.
The haploid P. falciparum genome harbors approximately 60 different var genes of which only one has been believed to be transcribed per cell at a time during the blood stage of the infection. How such mutually exclusive regulation of var gene transcription is achieved is unclear, as is the identification of individual var genes or sub-groups of var genes associated with different receptors and the consequence of differential binding on the clinical outcome of P. falciparum infections. Recently, the mutually exclusive transcription paradigm has been called into doubt by transcription assays based on individual P. falciparum transcript identification in single infected erythrocytic cells using RNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis of var gene transcription by the parasite in individual nuclei of P. falciparum IE1.
Here, we present a detailed protocol for carrying out the RNA-FISH methodology for analysis of var gene transcription in single-nuclei of P. falciparum infected human erythrocytes. The method is based on the use of digoxigenin- and biotin- labeled antisense RNA probes using the TSA Plus Fluorescence Palette System2 (Perkin Elmer), microscopic analyses and freshly selected P. falciparum IE. The in situ hybridization method can be used to monitor transcription and regulation of a variety of genes expressed during the different stages of the P. falciparum life cycle and is adaptable to other malaria parasite species and other organisms and cell types.

Analysis of Single-cell Gene Transcription by RNA Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization FISH

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to identify mRNA transcripts in individual cells allows analysis of polygenic activity such as the simultaneous transcription of more than one member of the var multigene family in Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes 1. The technique is adaptable and can be used on different types of genes, cells and organisms.

Análise de uma única célula de transcrição do gene pela RNA Fluorescente<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; A hibridização (FISH)

Adhesion of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes (IE) to human endothelial receptors during malaria infections is mediated by expression of PfEMP1 ...

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

Mammalian DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along chromosomes at different times during S phase, following a temporal replication program. The specification of replication timing is thought to be a dynamic process regulated by tissue-specific and developmental cues that are responsive to epigenetic modifications. However, the mechanisms regulating where and when DNA replication initiates along chromosomes remains poorly understood. Homologous chromosomes usually replicate synchronously, however there are notable exceptions to this rule. For example, in female mammalian cells one of the two X chromosomes becomes late replicating through a process known as X inactivation1. Along with this delay in replication timing, estimated to be 2-3 hr, the majority of genes become transcriptionally silenced on one X chromosome. In addition, a discrete cis-acting locus, known as the X inactivation center, regulates this X inactivation process, including the induction of delayed replication timing on the entire inactive X chromosome. In addition, certain chromosome rearrangements found in cancer cells and in cells exposed to ionizing radiation display a significant delay in replication timing of &gt;3 hours that affects the entire chromosome2,3. Recent work from our lab indicates that disruption of discrete cis-acting autosomal loci result in an extremely late replicating phenotype that affects the entire chromosome4. Additional 'chromosome engineering' studies indicate that certain chromosome rearrangements affecting many different chromosomes result in this abnormal replication-timing phenotype, suggesting that all mammalian chromosomes contain discrete cis-acting loci that control proper replication timing of individual chromosomes5.
Here, we present a method for the quantitative analysis of chromosome replication timing combined with fluorescent in situ hybridization. This method allows for a direct comparison of replication timing between homologous chromosomes within the same cell, and was adapted from6. In addition, this method allows for the unambiguous identification of chromosomal rearrangements that correlate with changes in replication timing that affect the entire chromosome. This method has advantages over recently developed high throughput micro-array or sequencing protocols that cannot distinguish between homologous alleles present on rearranged and un-rearranged chromosomes. In addition, because the method described here evaluates single cells, it can detect changes in chromosome replication timing on chromosomal rearrangements that are present in only a fraction of the cells in a population.

Chromosome Replicating Timing Combined with Fluorescent In situ Hybridization

A quantitative method for the analysis of chromosome replication timing is described. The method utilizes BrdU incorporation in combination with fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) to assess replication timing of mammalian chromosomes. This technique allows for the direct comparison of rearranged and un-rearranged chromosomes within the same cell.

Tempo cromossomo Replicando Combinado com Fluorescente<em&gt; Em situ</em&gt; Hibridização

Mammalian DNA replication initiates at multiple sites along chromosomes at different times during S phase, following a temporal replication program. The ...

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for using FISH to quantify the number of mRNAs in single yeast cells. Cells can be grown in any condition of interest and then fixed and made permeable. Subsequently, multiple single-stranded deoxyoligonucleotides conjugated to fluorescent dyes are used to label and visualize mRNAs. Diffraction-limited fluorescence from single mRNA molecules is quantified using a spot-detection algorithm to identify and count the number of mRNAs per cell. While the more standard quantification methods of northern blots, RT-PCR and gene expression microarrays provide information on average mRNAs in the bulk population, FISH facilitates both the counting and localization of these mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

This protocol describes an experimental procedure for performing Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) for counting mRNAs in single cells at single-molecule resolution.

Visualização e análise de moléculas de mRNA Usando Fluorescência<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; A hibridação em<em&gt; Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em

The Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) method allows one to detect nucleic acids in the native cellular environment. Here we provide a protocol for ...

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a powerful animal model to study the biology of lipids1-9. Prostaglandins are an important class of eicosanoids, which are lipid signals derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)10-14. These signalling molecules are difficult to study because of their low abundance and reactive nature. The characteristic feature of prostaglandins is a cyclopentane ring structure located within the fatty acid backbone. In mammals, prostaglandins can be formed through cyclooxygenase enzyme-dependent and -independent pathways10,15. C. elegans synthesizes a wide array of prostaglandins independent of cyclooxygenases6,16,17. A large class of F-series prostaglandins has been identified, but the study of eicosanoids is at an early stage with ample room for new discoveries. Here we describe a procedure for extracting and analyzing prostaglandins and other eicosanoids. Charged lipids are extracted from mass worm cultures using a liquid-liquid extraction technique and analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). The inclusion of deuterated analogs of prostaglandins, such as PGF2 &alpha;-d4 as an internal standard is recommended for quantitative analysis. Multiple reaction monitoring or MRM can be used to quantify and compare specific prostaglandin types between wild-type and mutant animals. Collision-induced decomposition or MS/MS can be used to obtain information on important structural features. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) survey scans of a selected mass range, such as m/z 315-360 can be used to evaluate global changes in prostaglandin levels. We provide examples of all three analyses. These methods will provide researchers with a toolset for discovering novel eicosanoids and delineating their metabolic pathways.

Prostaglandin Extraction and Analysis in Caenorhabditis elegans

In this paper, we describe an optimized procedure for extracting and analyzing prostaglandins and other eicosanoids from C. elegans using LC-MS/MS.

Extração de prostaglandina e Análise em<em&gt; Caenorhabditis elegans</em

Caenorhabditis elegans is emerging as a powerful animal model to study the biology of lipids1-9. Prostaglandins are an important class of eicosanoids, ...

Robust 3D DNA FISH Using Directly Labeled Probes

3D DNA FISH has become a major tool for analyzing three-dimensional organization of the nucleus, and several variations of the technique have been published. In this article we describe a protocol which has been optimized for robustness, reproducibility, and ease of use. Brightly fluorescent directly labeled probes are generated by nick-translation with amino-allyldUTP followed by chemical coupling of the dye. 3D DNA FISH is performed using a freeze-thaw step for cell permeabilization and a heating step for simultaneous denaturation of probe and nuclear DNA. The protocol is applicable to a range of cell types and a variety of probes (BACs, plasmids, fosmids, or Whole Chromosome Paints) and allows for high-throughput automated imaging. With this method we routinely investigate nuclear localization of up to three chromosomal regions.

We describe a robust and versatile protocol for analyzing nuclear architecture by 3D DNA FISH using directly labeled fluorescent probes.

Robust FISH DNA 3D utilizando sondas Diretamente rotuladas

3D DNA FISH has become a major tool for  analyzing three-dimensional organization of the nucleus, and several variations  of the technique have been ...

Simple Method for Fluorescence DNA In Situ Hybridization to Squashed Chromosomes

DNA in situ hybridization (DNA ISH) is a commonly used method for mapping sequences to specific chromosome regions. This approach is particularly effective at mapping highly repetitive sequences to heterochromatic regions, where computational approaches face prohibitive challenges. Here we describe a streamlined protocol for DNA ISH that circumvents formamide washes that are standard steps in other DNA ISH protocols. Our protocol is optimized for hybridization with short single strand DNA probes that carry fluorescent dyes, which effectively mark repetitive DNA sequences within heterochromatic chromosomal regions across a number of different insect tissue types. However, applications may be extended to use with larger probes and visualization of single copy (non-repetitive) DNA sequences. We demonstrate this method by mapping several different repetitive sequences to squashed chromosomes from Drosophila melanogaster neural cells and Nasonia vitripennis spermatocytes. We show hybridization patterns for both small, commercially synthesized probes and for a larger probe for comparison. This procedure uses simple laboratory supplies and reagents, and is ideal for investigators who have little experience with performing DNA ISH.

Simple Method for Fluorescence DNA In Situ Hybridization to Squashed Chromosomes

Here, we present a simple method for performing fluorescence DNA in situ hybridization (DNA ISH) to visualize repetitive heterochromatic sequences on slide-mounted chromosomes. The method requires minimal reagents and it is versatile for use with short or long probes, different tissues, and detection with fluorescence or non-fluorescence-based signals.

Observação e Quantificação de Telomere e Sequências Repetitivas Utilizando Fluorescência

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