Name: zika virus infectious cell culture system and the in vitro prophylactic effect of interferons
Uploaded: 2016-08-23T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons at JoVE.com

We would like to thank Dr. Aaron Brault and Dr. Brandy Russell of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), USA for providing Zika viral strain PRVABC59. We thank Nicholas Ten of Yale University for copy-editing this manuscript. This work was supported by the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Institutional Programmatic Research Award to V.A.

Note: A schematic outline of the work flow is presented in Figure 1.
1. Cells
<ol>
	<li>Use Vero cells for Zika virus production and analysis of viral replication cycle.</li>
	<li>Prepare complete growth media containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), 2 mM L-glutamine, penicillin (100 units/ml), streptomycin (100 units/ml), and 10 mM HEPES.</li>
	<li>Culture Vero cells with the specified complete growth medium at 37 &#176;C with 5% CO2.</li>
</ol>
<p class="jove_ti...

<ol>
	<li>Brasil, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+Virus+Infection+in+Pregnant+Women+in+Rio+de+Janeiro+-+Preliminary+Report.">Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women in Rio de Janeiro - Preliminary Report.</a> N Engl J Med. , 1-11 (2016).</li><li>Lucey, D. R., Gostin, L. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Emerging+Zika+Pandemic:+Enhancing+Preparedness.">The Emerging Zika Pandemic: Enhancing Preparedness.</a> JAMA. 315 (9), 865-866 (2016).</li><li>Mlakar, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+Virus+Associated+with+Microcephaly.">Zika Virus Associated with Microcephaly.</a> N Engl J Med. 374 (10), 951-958 (2016).</li><li>Schuler-Faccini, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Possible+Association+Between+Zika+Virus+Infection+and+Microcephaly.">Possible Association Between Zika Virus Infection and Microcephaly.</a> MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 65 (3), 59-62 (2015).</li><li>Foy, B. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probable+non-vector-borne+transmission+of+Zika+virus,+Colorado,+USA.">Probable non-vector-borne transmission of Zika virus, Colorado, USA.</a> Emerg Infect Dis. 17 (5), 880-882 (2011).</li><li>Kuno, G., Chang, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Full-length+sequencing+and+genomic+characterization+of+Bagaza,+Kedougou,+and+Zika+viruses.">Full-length sequencing and genomic characterization of Bagaza, Kedougou, and Zika viruses.</a> Arch Virol. 152 (4), 687-696 (2007).</li><li>Dick, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus.+II.+Pathogenicity+and+physical+properties.">Zika virus. II. Pathogenicity and physical properties.</a> Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 46 (5), 521-534 (1952).</li><li>Dick, G. W., Kitchen, S. F., Haddow, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus.+I.+Isolations+and+serological+specificity.">Zika virus. I. Isolations and serological specificity.</a> Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 46 (5), 509-520 (1952).</li><li>Oehler, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus+infection+complicated+by+Guillain-Barre+syndrome--case+report,+French+Polynesia.">Zika virus infection complicated by Guillain-Barre syndrome--case report, French Polynesia.</a> Euro Surveill. 19 (9), 1-3 (2013).</li><li>Baronti, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+coding+sequence+of+zika+virus+from+a+French+polynesia+outbreak+in+2013.">Complete coding sequence of zika virus from a French polynesia outbreak in 2013.</a> Genome Announc. 2 (3), e00500-e00514 (2014).</li><li>Lanciotti, R. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+and+serologic+properties+of+Zika+virus+associated+with+an+epidemic,+Yap+State,+Micronesia,+2007.">Genetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia, 2007.</a> Emerg Infect Dis. 14 (8), 1232-1239 (2008).</li><li>Lanciotti, R. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phylogeny+of+Zika+virus+in+Western+Hemisphere,+2015+[Letter].">Phylogeny of Zika virus in Western Hemisphere, 2015 [Letter].</a> Emerg Infect Dis. 22 (5), (2016).</li><li>Musso, D., Nilles, E. J., Cao-Lormeau, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+spread+of+emerging+Zika+virus+in+the+Pacific+area.">Rapid spread of emerging Zika virus in the Pacific area.</a> Clin Microbiol Infect. 20 (10), O595-O596 (2014).</li><li>Tang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+Virus+Infects+Human+Cortical+Neural+Progenitors+and+Attenuates+Their+Growth.">Zika Virus Infects Human Cortical Neural Progenitors and Attenuates Their Growth.</a> Cell Stem Cell. , 1-5 (2016).</li><li>Hamel, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biology+of+Zika+Virus+Infection+in+Human+Skin+Cells.">Biology of Zika Virus Infection in Human Skin Cells.</a> J Virol. 89 (17), 8880-8896 (2015).</li><li>Faye, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+real-time+PCR+detection+of+Zika+virus+and+evaluation+with+field-caught+mosquitoes.">Quantitative real-time PCR detection of Zika virus and evaluation with field-caught mosquitoes.</a> Virol J. 10, 311 (2013).</li><li>Chu, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+analysis+of+enhancer+and+critical+cis-acting+RNA+elements+in+the+protein-encoding+region+of+the+hepatitis+C+virus+genome.">Systematic analysis of enhancer and critical cis-acting RNA elements in the protein-encoding region of the hepatitis C virus genome.</a> J Virol. 87 (10), 5678-5696 (2013).</li><li>Hiratsuka, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Administration+of+interferon-alpha+during+pregnancy:+effects+on+fetus.">Administration of interferon-alpha during pregnancy: effects on fetus.</a> J Perinat Med. 28 (5), 372-376 (2000).</li><li>Ozaslan, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferon+therapy+for+acute+hepatitis+C+during+pregnancy.">Interferon therapy for acute hepatitis C during pregnancy.</a> Ann Pharmacother. 36 (11), 1715-1718 (2002).</li></ol>

Here, a streamlined protocol for culturing Zika virus in vitro is presented. Critical steps including, identifying optimum end points for expanding virus culture, measuring titer, and quantifying genome replication were provided. Zika virus is a human pathogen, so, while handling infectious agents, biosafety procedures are to be strictly followed. A monkey kidney cell line, Vero, was used for demonstrating various virological assays. Zika viral replication kinetics may differ in cells of various tissues and spec...

Zika Virus (ZIKV) is an important human pathogen associated with microcephaly and poor pregnancy outcomes1,4. ZIKV belongs to the set of medically relevant flaviviruses that can cause neurological defects such as the Dengue, West Nile, and St. Louis encephalitis viruses. The main mode of viral transmission is by the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti, and, in addition, sexual transmission has also been reported5,6. ZIKV has become a major global health issue due to the expanding geographical distribution of the mosquito vector and its strong correlation with birth defects. ZIKV was first isolated in 1947 from a sentinel rhesus monkey in the Zika forest, Uganda and the first human case was reported in 19527,8. Individuals that become infected with ZIKV present with mild symptoms such as fever, rash, headache, conjunctivitis, and muscle/joint pain. Infected pregnant women can transmit ZIKV to the developing fetus1. ZIKV infection has also been linked to Guillain-Barre syndrome, a peripheral nerve auto-immune demyelination disorder9.
The Zika viral genome consists of a positive sense, single-stranded RNA molecule which is about 10.8 kilobases in length. The genome&#39;s structure is organized as 5&#39;NCR-C-prM-E-NS1-NS2A-NS2B-NS3-NS4A-2K-NS4B-NS5-3&#39;NCR, with non-coding regions (NCR) flanking a protein-coding region6. A single polyprotein (3,419 aa) is translated that is co- and post-translationally cleaved into 10 smaller peptides. Both the 5&#39;NCR and 3&#39;NCR RNA stem-loop structures play a critical part in the commencement of viral genome translation and replication. The structural components of the genome are comprised of the capsid, membrane, and envelope proteins. The non-structural proteins are critical for genome replication.
Currently, Zika viral strains are grouped into three main genotypes: West African, East African, and Asian6,10-13. It has been proposed that the East African lineage spread to West Africa and Asia, where it later further evolved12. The Asian genotype is responsible for the current outbreaks in the Americas. Zika virus can be cultured in both mosquito and mammalian cells. Primary dermal fibroblasts, immature dendritic cells, cortical neural progenitor cells, and Vero cells are susceptible to Zika viral infection10,14,15. Both type I and type II interferons have been shown to restrict ZIKV growth in skin fibroblasts15. The objectives of this study are to provide a step-wise, detailed protocol for the production and assaying of the Asian genotype ZIKA viral strain PRVABC59 in a mammalian cell culture system and to demonstrate the utility of this infectious culture system as a drug development platform. This resource has the potential to greatly benefit the Zika viral and neurological research community to further elucidate its mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and evolution of viral virulence.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1209">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Sigma Life Science</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">D5796</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15630080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">Glutamax</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">2.5% Trypsin, 10X [-] Phenol Red&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">25-054-C1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Trypan Blue Stain 0.4%</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>T10282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Countess &#8211; Automated Cell Counter</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C10227</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">Countess-cell counting&#160; chamber slides</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">ThermoFisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C10283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">Rneasy Mini Kit</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">74104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">Nanodrop 2000</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Nanodrop 2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">mouse monoclonal anti-dsRNA antibody J2&#160;</td>
			<td>English &#38; Scientific Consulting Kft.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10010200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">Goat anti-rabbit IgG Alexa Fluor 594</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A11020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">SUPERSCRIPT III RT&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">18080085</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">SYBR QPCR SUPERMIX W/ROX</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11744500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">QuantStudio12K Flex Real-Time PCR System</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Thermo Fischer</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">4471088</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">RNase-Free DNase</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Promega</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M6101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">Vero Cell Line&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">ATCC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CCL-81</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:569px;">Zika viral strain PRVABC59</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:569px;">IL-6</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">200-06&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:569px;">IL-1 alpha&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">200-01A&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:569px;">TNF-alpha</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">300-01A&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:569px;">Interferon alpha A&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">R &#38; D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11100-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:569px;">Interferon beta</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">300-02BC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:569px;">Interferon gamma</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Peprotech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">300-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">Centrifuge 5415R</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5415R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:569px;">Centrifuge 5810R</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5810R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="32">
			<td height="32" style="height:33px;width:569px;">Nikon Eclipse Ti Immunofluorescence Microscope with Nikon Intenselight C-HGFI</td>
			<td style="width:355px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Visit Nikon for Request</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

zika virus infectious cell culture system and the in vitro prophylactic effect of interferons

Zika Virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen that is linked to fetal developmental abnormalities such as microcephaly, eye defects, and impaired growth. ZIKV is an RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family. ZIKV is mainly transmitted by mosquitoes, but can also be spread by maternal to fetal vertical transmission as well as sexual contact. To date, there are no reliable treatment or vaccine options available to protect those infected by the virus. The development of a reproducible, effective Zika virus infectious cell culture system is critical for studying the molecular mechanisms of ZIKV replication as well as drug and vaccine development. In this regard, a protocol describing a mammalian cell-based in vitro Zika virus culture system for viral production and growth analysis is reported here. Details on the formation of plaques by Zika virus on a cell monolayer and plaque assay for measuring viral titer are presented. Viral genome replication kinetics and double-stranded RNA genome replicatory intermediates are determined. This culture platform was utilized to screen against a library of a small set of cytokines resulting in the identification of interferon-&#945; (IFN-&#945;), IFN-&#946; and IFN-&#947; as potent inhibitors of Zika viral growth. In summary, an in vitro infectious Zika viral culture system and various virological assays are demonstrated in this study, which has the potential to greatly benefit the research community in elucidating further the mechanisms of viral pathogenesis and the evolution of viral virulence. Antiviral IFN-alpha can further be evaluated as a prophylactic, post-exposure prophylactic, and treatment option for Zika virus infections in high-risk populations, including infected pregnant women.

A Zika viral strain (PRVABC59; GenBank accession number KU501215) of the Asian genotype was utilized in this study12. Vero cells at 80% confluency were used for investigating de novo Zika viral infection. For viral production and subsequent virological characterization, an early passage (P3) Zika virus was employed. The viral plaques were observed on the second day of infection. Zika viral progenies released from the initially infected cell can spread to neighboring ce...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons at JoVE.com

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

Zika Virus (ZIKV), an emerging pathogen, is linked to fetal developmental abnormalities and microcephaly. The establishment of an effective infectious cell culture system is crucial for studies of ZIKV replication as well as vaccine and drug development. In this study, various virological assays pertaining to ZIKV are illustrated and discussed.

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

Zika Virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen that is linked to fetal developmental abnormalities such as microcephaly, eye defects, and impaired growth. ZIKV ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay

Mosquitoes transmit a number of distinct viruses including important human pathogens such as West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chickungunya virus. Many ...

Visualizing Dengue Virus through Alexa Fluor Labeling

The early events in the interaction between virus and cell can have profound influence on the outcome of infection. Determining the factors 
that ...

A Primary Neuron Culture System for the Study of Herpes Simplex Virus Latency and Reactivation

Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) establishes a life-long latent infection in peripheral neurons. This latent reservoir is the source of recurrent ...

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in ...

Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of ...

Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone

Infectious cDNA clones allow for genetic manipulation of a virus, thus facilitating work on vaccines, pathogenesis, replication, transmission and viral ...

Zika Virus Specific Diagnostic Epitope Discovery

High-density peptide microarrays allow screening of more than six thousand peptides on a single standard microscopy slide. This method can be applied for ...

A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum

A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum

Antibody dependent enhancement of infection has been shown to play a major role in Dengue viral pathogenesis. Traditional assays that measure the capacity ...

Rapid, Safe, and Simple Manual Bedside Nucleic Acid Extraction for the Detection of Virus in Whole Blood Samples

The rapid diagnosis of an infection is essential for the outbreak management, risk containment, and patient care. We have previously shown a method for ...

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and ...