Name: installation method to enhance quality control for fiber reinforced polymer spike anchors
Uploaded: 2018-04-10T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Installation Method to Enhance Quality Control for Fiber Reinforced Polymer Spike Anchors at JoVE.com

The authors wish to express their gratitude to Sika SAU for their support and, particularly for their supply of the material for the anchors and for the reinforcements. Betazul is especially acknowledged for their help with the customized drill bit and with the preparation of the video.

1. Anchor Installation Method
NOTE: This method includes the hole drilling, cleaning, and smoothing of the hole edge, as well as impregnation and insertion of the anchor.
<ol>
	<li>Drill the hole to the required embedment length and with the specified diameter.
	<ol>
		<li>Use an appropriate drilling tool (that is to say, electrical hammer or diamond core). For concrete structures, the criteria for selection of drilling tools are the same as in adhesive anchors, and can be f...

<ol>
	<li>Grelle, S., Sneed, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+evaluation+of+anchorage+systems+for+fiber-reinforced+polymer+(FRP)+laminates+bonded+to+reinforced+concrete+elements.">An evaluation of anchorage systems for fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates bonded to reinforced concrete elements.</a> Struct Cong. , 1157-1168 (2011).</li><li>Kalfat, R., Al-Mahaidi, R., Smith, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anchorage+devices+used+to+improve+the+performance+of+reinforced+concrete+beams+retrofitted+with+FRP+composites:+State-of-the-art+review.">Anchorage devices used to improve the performance of reinforced concrete beams retrofitted with FRP composites: State-of-the-art review.</a> J Compos Constr. , 14-33 (2013).</li><li>Orton, S. L., Jirsa, J. 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Part 5: Bonded Anchors. , (2013).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures. , (2008).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Design Guidance for Strengthening Concrete Structures Using Fibre Reinforced Composite Materials. , (2012).</li><li>Villanueva-Llaurad&#243;, P., Ibell, T., Fern&#225;ndez-G&#243;mez, J., Gonz&#225;lez-Ramos, F. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pull-out+and+shear-strength+models+for+FRP+spike+anchors.">Pull-out and shear-strength models for FRP spike anchors.</a> Compos B Eng. 116, 239-252 (2017).</li><li>Kim, S., Smith, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pullout+strength+models+for+FRP+anchors+in+uncracked+concrete.">Pullout strength models for FRP anchors in uncracked concrete.</a> J Compos Constr. 14 (4), 406-414 (2010).</li><li>Cook, R. A., Konz, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Factors+influencing+bond+strength+of+adhesive+anchors.">Factors influencing bond strength of adhesive anchors.</a> ACI Struct J. 98 (1), 76-86 (2001).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Standard test method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials. , (2014).</li><li>Chen, J., Teng, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anchorage+strength+models+for+FRP+and+steel+plates+bonded+to+concrete.">Anchorage strength models for FRP and steel plates bonded to concrete.</a> J Struct Eng. 127 (7), 784-791 (2001).</li><li>Lu, X. Z., Teng, J. G., Ye, L. P., Jiang, J. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Performance+of+two+anchor+systems+of+externally+bonded+fiber-reinforced+polymer+laminates.">Performance of two anchor systems of externally bonded fiber-reinforced polymer laminates.</a> ACI Mater J. 105 (1), 72-80 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, H. W., Smith, S. T., Kim, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimisation+of+carbon+and+glass+FRP+anchor+design.">Optimisation of carbon and glass FRP anchor design.</a> Constr Build Mater. 32, 1-12 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, H. W., Smith, S. 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A step-by-step protocol for installation and design of FRP spike anchors is presented. To the best of the authors&#39; knowledge, no detailed protocols on spike anchors have been developed regarding the effect of installation parameters and process on anchor capacity.
The proposed smoothing drill bit is beneficial in the performance of spike anchors, by means of reducing the stress concentration, and has proven its efficacy in reducing the scatter of the tests performed on isolated anchors. Th...

FRP anchors offer a promising way to enhance the performance of externally bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, given that they can delay or even prevent debonding failure1,2. However, a major concern for designers entails the premature failure of the anchors in shear due to stress concentration in the bending region. Installation quality and preparation of the clearance holes are crucial to limit this stress concentration that provokes such premature failure.
This paper deals with an installation method that aims to reduce the impact of the stress concentration and to provide a proper quality control of the preparation of the drill hole and the installation of the anchors. The method involves four parts: drilling and cleaning the holes, smoothing the hole edges with a customized drill bit to avoid irregularities in the stress-distribution within the bending region, installation of the anchor itself, including the impregnation of the anchor dowel and its insertion, and adhesion of the anchor to the reinforcement.
From previously published research3,4,5,6,7, it can be concluded that spike anchors with a bending region (that is to say, with a certain angle between the free end and the embedded region), suffer stress concentration that is prone to provoke premature failure. This cannot always be avoided due to the geometry of the original members. In many cases, 90&#176; dowel angles are broadly employed, although it is generally agreed that 135&#176; dowel angles allow a reduction in stress concentration and lead to better performance of spike anchors. The main reasons for the use of 90&#176; dowel angles are that they are simpler to execute and control in any direction and that they reduce the possibility to meet internal reinforcements.
Figure 1 shows a typical spike anchor with the most common dowel angles. Spike anchors installed with 90&#176; dowel angles can, nevertheless, display a relatively good performance if proper control of the stress concentration is provided. Limiting stress concentration generally involves designing the anchors with a large inner bending radius, as the inner bending radius has been found to play a major role in fiber kinking8,9. In this sense, authors such as Orton et al.3 suggest that a bending radius of four times the anchor diameter should be used. This recommendation results in impractical bending radii, even for small anchor diameters, as increasing the bending radius involves diminishing the actual embedment length for a given hole depth.
The authors believe that the recommendation of large bending radius is related to the difficulty of controlling the real inner bending radius, from a geometrical point of view, when smoothing is done by hand. A customized drill bit has been consequently designed that allows an easy quality control of the installation and ensures that the bending radius is considered in the design.
Two different processes are considered in the paper. The first one is related to the installation procedure for the connectors (anchors, especially before fanning out the free end), whereas the second includes the proposed method for design with spike anchors and the verification needs.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:957px;" width="957">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Concrete</td>
			<td style="width:96px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:527px;">The concrete for support has a dosage made by the authors, and a strength class no lower than C40</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">SikaWrap anchor C</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">SIKA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:527px;">This material has been used for the FRP spike anchors. SikaWrap Anchor C is a unidirectional, carbon fiber rope, sheathed in an elastic gauze. The gauze can be cut onsite to create a fan end that anchors CFRP fabrics and plates used in the structural strengthening of masonry and concrete.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Sikadur 330</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">SIKA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Impregnating resin, apt for manual saturation methods. The product was used for impregnating the anchor dowel before insertion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Sikadur 30</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">SIKA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Thixotropic, two part epoxy resin applied by spatula and therefore suitable for virtually any application, including overhead</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Drill bit</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Betazul</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Drill bit employed to smooth the holes that was designed by the authors and developed by Betazul SA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Hammer drill</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Hilti</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Tool for the execution of anchor holes on masonry and concrete, for different drilling ranges</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Wire brush</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Hilti</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Hit series</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">For the proper brushing of drilled holes of varying diameters and embedment depths</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Blow-out pump</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Hilti</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Hit series</td>
			<td>Manual blow-out pump&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SikaWrap-230 C</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">SIKA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Unidirectional woven carbon fiber fabric for dry application process</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Aluminium Bubble Roller</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Fibre glast</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:527px;">For laminations where increased pressure is necessary to release air bubbles. They are straight across the width of the head and provide excellent air relief for nearly all applications.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Brush</td>
			<td style="width:96px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>For impregnation of FRP bundle and sheet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">600 kN testing machine</td>
			<td style="width:96px;">Proeti</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">DI-CP/S</td>
			<td style="width:527px;">This is used for the shear test of anchors, in order to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed insertion method</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:216px;">Cable ties</td>
			<td style="width:96px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:527px;">Cable ties are needed to fasten the end of the anchor dowel in order to prevent fanning out of the fibers during insertion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Measuring tape</td>
			<td style="width:96px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:527px;">The measuring tape is necessary to control the embedment length as well as the diameter of the drill bit and hole clearance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Steel wire</td>
			<td style="width:96px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Required to assist insertion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Rigid (steel) bar</td>
			<td style="width:96px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:527px;">A rigid bar of any material (in this case, it was made with a steel bar) is needed to control the embedment length</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

installation method to enhance quality control for fiber reinforced polymer spike anchors

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors are a promising way to enhance the performance of externally-bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, as they can delay or even prevent debonding failure. However, a major concern faced by designers is the premature failure of the anchors due to stress concentration. Poor installation quality and preparation of the clearance holes can result in stress concentration that provokes this premature failure. This paper deals with an installation method that aims to reduce the impact of the stress concentration and to provide a proper quality control of the preparation of the drill hole. The method involves three parts: the drilling and cleaning of the holes, the smoothing of the hole edges with a customized drill bit, and the installation of the anchor itself, including the impregnation of the anchor dowel and its insertion. Anchor fans (the free length of the spikes) are then bonded to the external FRP reinforcement. For the end anchorage, and in the case of reinforcements with multiple plies, it is recommended that the anchor fan be inserted between two plies to assist the stress-transfer mechanism. 
The proposed procedure is complemented with a design approach for spike anchors, based on an extensive database. It is proposed that the design follow a number of steps, namely: selection of the anchor diameter and subsequent tensile strength of the connector (that is to say, the anchor before fanning out the free end), evaluation of the reduction in the tensile strength due to bending, provision of enough embedment to prevent slippage failure, and consideration of the number and spacing of anchors for a given reinforcement. In this sense, it should be noted that further research is needed in order to obtain a general expression for the contribution of spike anchors to overall bond strength of FRP reinforcements.

Tests were conducted on isolated connectors to evaluate the effectiveness of the smoothing method. In addition, two methods of impregnation and insertion of the connectors were compared. The wet method involved impregnating the anchors immediately before insertion, as in the presented protocol. The hardened (or pre-impregnated) method consisted of impregnation of the embedded region of anchors in advance, at least 24 h before insertion.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Installation Method to Enhance Quality Control for Fiber Reinforced Polymer Spike Anchors at JoVE.com

Installation Method to Enhance Quality Control for Fiber Reinforced Polymer Spike Anchors

This manuscript presents a method for controlling the quality of installation for spike anchors designed to delay delamination of externally bonded fiber reinforced polymers. The protocol includes the preparation of the drill hole and the insertion process. The most influential parameters on the efficiency of the anchors are discussed.

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors are a promising way to enhance the performance of externally-bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, as they ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to optimize the installation quality for fiber reinforced polymer spike anchors and to procure the maximum reproducibility for the anchors installation. This method can help answer questions in the field of concrete enforcement with fiber reinforced polymers. Such as, how anchors contribute to the and what parameter affect the anchor performance.The main advantage of this technique is that it guarantees proper quality of installation, thus reducing uncertainties about whether the fibers are kinked. Demonstrating this procedure will be Sergio Gonzalez and Romeo Sabou. Two technicians who help in our laboratory research.Prepare a masonry or concrete structure for drilling a hole. In this case, it is concrete with a compressive strength of 30 megapascals. For an anchor, use 10 millimeter fiber rope.Its diameter will expand from 10 up to about 14 millimeters when impregnated. Use a rotary hammer to begin drilling a 20 millimeter diameter hole to allow for a six millimeter clearance. Occasionally, interrupt drilling the hole to insert a rigid bar of known length into the drilling hole.Measure the length that remains exposed and determine the embedded length. Continue on to smoothing the hole when the length is acceptable. Smoothing the hole out is crucial to the many sinking of fibers and also to conquer the quality of installation.For this procedure, a specific drill bit was assigned. For first dust removal, use a blow out hand pump and blow the hole out, at least twice. When done, prepare to smooth the hole with a non-percussive rotary tool.This one is equipped with a customized drill bit that can be easily adapted to other equipment. Arrange for water to continuously cool the substraight. Then, begin smoothing the hole with the tool.Stop when the drill bit touches the concrete surface. Ensure that the hole does not have any sharp edges before proceeding. Next, begin cleaning the hole with a blow out hand pump.After blowing, set aside the pump and obtain a wire brush. Select the diameter to be as close to that of the hole as possible. Insert the brush, then rotate it around the brush's axis to have equal friction around the hole.Once brushing is complete, always blow the hole out again. Perform the blow, brush, blow cycle at least twice before continuing. Before inserting the anchor, get the first ply of fiber reinforced polymer reinforcement.Apply epoxy resin to the substraight using a roller or a brush. Then apply the fiber reinforced polymer reinforcement. Smooth out the poly reinforcement before continuing.To expose the hole, split the longitudinal fibers of the reinforcement in two sections. To prepare an anchor, first cut the rope to the required length. The length must be equal to the sum of the embedded and anchor fan lengths.In addition, have a cable tie ready. Next, work with a low viscosity epoxy primer and a soft brush. Hold the anchors bending region and begin impregnating the fibers with epoxy toward the end of the connector.Partially fan out the anchor dowel to guarantee proper penetration of the resin. When done, immediately fasten the impregnated end with a cable tie. Then, use a long wire to pierce the cable tie.Push the anchor dowel into the prepared hole. Now, apply the same epoxy resin used on the substraight reinforcement interface to the reinforcement and the anchor fan. Employ a bubble roller after each application of resin.This is a scatter plot with the embeddment lengths on the horizontal axis and the tensile performance of an anchor normalized by its tinsel strength on the vertical axis. The data points are mean values and the arrow bars represent the central 95%of the distribution. Note, there is an almost linear increase of the anchor capacity within embedment length for both wet and procured installation methods.Scatter is reduced with the wet method particularly for lengths between 75 and 100 millimeters. We first had the idea for this method when we observed how relevant installation parameters were over of previous research. Once mastered, this technique requires between five and 10 minutes of drilling, plus 15 minutes of cleaning and 15 minutes of incorporation and insertion.While attempting this procedure, it is important to check that the total length of the fiber is enough for both embedded length and the anchor fan. Smoothing the hole out can be complimented with a range of dual angels greater than 90 degrees to prevent fiber kinking. The development of this product is a starting point on research of contribution of multiple anchors on bonded FRP.After watching this video, you should have good understanding of how to prepare and install a piece by concrete. Please, don't forget that working with chemical agents such as epoxy resin, can be extremely hazardous and precautions must be taken such as the use of gloves and glasses.

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