Este trabalho foi apoiado pelo Programa Jovem Investigador AFOSR sob FA9550-12-1-0352 e um prêmio Faculdade Não Docente da 3M. Os autores gostariam de agradecer a Lalisa Stutts e Janine Tom útil para a discussão relacionada a este projeto. Os autores agradecem ao Centro de Microscopia Calit2 e Espectroscopia de Laser Facility, na Universidade da Califórnia, em Irvine para permitir o uso de suas instalações. Hodge Harland and Physical Sciences UCI Machine Shop são reconhecidos para a fabricação de ferramentas. Poli (ácido láctico) fibras de ácido foram generosamente fornecidos pela Teijin monofilamento.

1. Catalisando Fibers sacrificiais <ol><li> Enrole a quantidade desejada de poli (ácido láctico) fibras de ácido ao redor do menor ¾ do eixo personalizado. Reduzir a sobreposição de fibras para proporcionar o máximo de área de superfície de exposição. </li><li> Misturar desionizada H2O, com 40 ml de Disperbyk 130 em um frasco fechado e agitar até que uma solução homogénea é obtida. Em seguida, colocar um copo de 1000 ml no banho de água a 37 ° C e verter trifluoroetanol para o copo. A quantidade de H 2 O e TFE a utilizar depende do diâmetro das fibras de PLA utilizado. <table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> Diâmetro da Fibra </td><td> Quantidade de H 2 O (mL) </td><td> Valor da TFE (ml) </td></tr><tr><td> 200 </td><td> 400 </td><td> 400 </td></tr><tr><td> 300 </td><td> 360 </td><td> 440 </td></tr><tr><td> 500 </td><td> 320 </td><td> 480 </td></tr></tbody></table></li><li> Adicionaro 2 O / Disperbyk 187 solução de H para o copo e agita-se até ficar uniforme. </li><li> Adicionar 1 g de malaquite verde à mistura e agita-se até à dissolução. </li><li> Colocar o fuso costume com fibras no copo ½ polegada a partir do fundo e anexar o eixo para um misturador digital. Em seguida, iniciar o mixer digital a 400 rpm. </li><li> Lentamente, adicionar 1,3 g de estanho (II), oxalato de catalisador (snox) à mistura. A adição de snox deve ser gradual, a fim de evitar grandes aglomerações de material de cair para fora da solução. </li><li> Ajustar o pH da mistura com NaOH até o pH é de aproximadamente 6,8-7,2. </li><li> Assegurar uma tampa para o copo e aumentar a rotação do eixo de 500 rpm durante 24 horas. Se uma aglomeração de snox é observada, quebrá-lo manualmente dentro das primeiras 2 horas. </li><li> Remover fuso e seco no forno a 35 ° C durante a noite. </li><li> Retire e remover o excesso de catalisador a partir das fibras de PLA catalisadas. </li></ol> 2. Microvascular Gas Exchange Fabrication Unit <ol><li> Obter um par de placas de latão de bronze padronização de corte a laser com o padrão microvascular desejado e fixar as placas em suportes clipe. </li><li> Corte um pedaço de 10 polegadas de fibra catalisada por microcanais e remover qualquer catalisador restante usando uma placa espessa cortar o diâmetro da fibra (placa de empate). </li><li> Conicidade das extremidades das fibras, utilizando a ponta de uma pistola de cola quente lentamente extrudir as pontas das fibras. </li><li> Passe as fibras através de orifícios correspondentes nos pares de placas padronização de bronze. </li><li> Parafuso as placas em uma caixa de moldagem. Certifique-se que as fibras não são torcidos quando colocar as placas. </li><li> Barbante as pontas de fibra através da cravelhas do conselho de tensionamento personalizado. </li><li> Tensão das fibras de PLA até tenso. Tenha cuidado para não sobre-tensão e encaixe as fibras. </li><li> Remover o excesso de partículas a partir do padrão de fibras utilizando ar comprimido. </li><li> Mix base de polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS) com agente de cura em um 10:1, v: relação v. </li&gt; <li> Desgaseifica-se a mistura sob vácuo num exsicador frasco durante 10 minutos. </li><li> Despeje a mistura PDMS na caixa do molde. Não verter directamente sobre as fibras, a fim de reduzir o aprisionamento de bolhas de ar. </li><li> Usando uma agulha de 26 G, remover quaisquer bolhas de dentro da caixa de moldagem, ou entre as fibras. </li><li> Curar a mistura de PDMS a 85 ° C durante 30 min. </li><li> Solte as placas de latão da caixa do molde, certificando-se de não dobrar as placas ou puxar com muita força. Retire a 1 ª etapa curado de caixa do molde. </li><li> Passe as fibras através de um fim-cap RTV por punção buracos no-cap final com uma agulha hipodérmica. Dependendo do tamanho da fibra, utilizar um indicador de agulha que tem, pelo menos, 2 vezes o diâmetro interior do diâmetro exterior da sua fibra. Manter um padrão semelhante ao da placa de padronização de bronze, mas mais amplamente espalhados. </li><li> Aperte o fim-caps para as extremidades de uma caixa de molde maior e despeje a 2 ª etapa do PDMS. </li><li> Remova todas as bolhas de gás remanescentes ecurar a 85 ° C durante 30 min. </li><li> Cortar as fibras de PLA em excesso a partir da amostra e colocar num forno de vácuo a 210 ° C durante 24 horas, ou até que as fibras de PLA têm sido principalmente evacuado. </li><li> Se qualquer PLA não pode ser removida, se dissolvem suavemente para fora dos microcanais, utilizando uma injecção de 1 ml de clorofórmio. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bellan, L. M., Singh, S. P., Henderson, P. W., Porri, T. J., Craighead, H. G., Spector, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+an+artificial+3-dimensional+vascular+network+using+sacrificial+sugar+structures.">Fabrication of an artificial 3-dimensional vascular network using sacrificial sugar structures.</a> Soft Matter. 5 (7), 1354 (2009).</li><li>Bellan, L. M., Strychalski, E. A., Craighead, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nano-channels+fabricated+in+polydimethylsiloxane+using+sacrificial+electrospun+polyethylene+oxide+nanofibers.">Nano-channels fabricated in polydimethylsiloxane using sacrificial electrospun polyethylene oxide nanofibers.</a> J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B Microelectron. Nanometer Struct. Process. Meas. Phenom. 26 (5), 1728 (2008).</li><li>Borenstein, J. T., Weinberg, E. J., Orrick, B. K., Sundback, C., Kaazempur-Mofrad, M. R., Vacanti, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfabrication+of+three-dimensional+engineered+Scaffolds.">Microfabrication of three-dimensional engineered Scaffolds.</a> Tissue Eng. 13 (8), 1837-1844 (2007).</li><li>Wu, H., Odom, T. W., Chiu, D. T., Whitesides, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+complex+three-dimensional+microchannel+systems+in+PDMS.">Fabrication of complex three-dimensional microchannel systems in PDMS.</a> J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125 (2), 554-559 (2003).</li><li>Trask, R. S., Bond, I. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomimetic+self-healing+of+advanced+composite+structures+using+hollow+glass+fibres.">Biomimetic self-healing of advanced composite structures using hollow glass fibres.</a> Smart Mater. Struct. 15 (3), 704-710 (2006).</li><li>Dong, H., Esser-Kahn, A. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+treatment+of+poly(lactic+acid)+fibers+to+enhance+the+rate+of+thermal+depolymerization.">Chemical treatment of poly(lactic acid) fibers to enhance the rate of thermal depolymerization.</a> ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 4 (2), 503-509 (2012).</li><li>Esser-Kahn, A. P., Thakre, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+microvascular+fiber-reinforced+composites.">Three-dimensional microvascular fiber-reinforced composites.</a> Adv. Mater. 23 (32), 3654-3658 (2011).</li><li>White, S. R., Blaiszik, B. J., Kramer, S. L. B., Olugebefola, S. C., Moore, J. S., Sottos, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-healing+polymers+and+composites.">Self-healing polymers and composites.</a> Am. Sci. 99 (5), 392 (2011).</li><li>Nguyen, D. T., Leho, Y. T., Esser-Kahn, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+three-dimensional+microvascular+gas+exchange+unit+for+carbon+dioxide+capture.">A three-dimensional microvascular gas exchange unit for carbon dioxide capture.</a> Lab Chip. 12 (7), 1246 (2012).</li><li>Nguyen, D. T., Leho, Y. T., Esser-Kahn, A. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+membrane+thickness+on+a+microvascular+gas+exchange+unit.">The effect of membrane thickness on a microvascular gas exchange unit.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. , (2012).</li></ol>

Entramos com um pedido de patente provisória sobre esta tecnologia und EUA patente nos EUA Aplicação Provisória Serial N º 61/590, 086.

A introdução do catalisador para o snox fibras de PLA permite que as fibras para despolimerizar a uma temperatura inferior. Isto evita a degradação da resina de incorporação, neste caso, o PDMS. Um fuso de costume é necessário para misturar adequadamente a solução de tratamento (Figura 5A). O eixo é composto de seis hastes de apoio em torno de um núcleo central, que atribui a um mixer digital. As fibras são enrolados em torno das hastes de suporte de modo que a área de superfície das fibr...

Sistemas naturais utilizar redes vasculares extensivas para facilitar muitas funções biológicas. O transporte de massa pode ser alcançada de forma eficiente em tais sistemas, devido à área de superfície elevada para razões de volume e de estruturas de embalagem optimizadas. Embora várias técnicas de fabricação sintéticos podem produzir estruturas microvasculares, ninguém pode produzir microvasculatura grande escala, mantendo a complexidade e a compatibilidade com os métodos de fabrico existentes para 1-5. Estruturas tais como o pulmão aviária proporcionar uma inspiração. Como é que vamos fabricar estruturas desta complexidade para melhorar o transporte de massa? A vaporização de um componente sacrificial (Vasc) pode produzir estruturas microvasculares em larga escala, complexos 6-7. Este método utiliza a despolimerização térmica e eliminação por evaporação do poli (ácido láctico), fibras de ácido para formar canais ocos que são o inverso do modelo de fibra. Esta é uma técnica de sacrifício compatível com fabrico existentemétodos. Metro de comprimento, padrões de microcanais cilíndricas pode ser formada usando o processo de fabricação. Isto pode ser usado para criar dispositivos vascularizados, tais como polímeros de auto-cura e 3D unidades de captura de carbono microvasculares 7-10. As unidades de captura de carbono foram inspirados pelo pulmão aviária que fornece um eficiente gás troca-peso proporção devido ao seu uso durante o vôo. O parabronchus é composto de microcanais hexagonal padronizados, o que proporciona alta taxas de gás e unidades de troca gasosa estruturalmente estáveis. A fim de criar taxas de unidades com características microescala alinhados em três dimensões, foi desenvolvido um método de tensionamento independentemente fibras usando uma placa de tensão projetado personalizado com sintonizadores de violão e placas laser microfabricação. Cada fibra é mantida no lugar por tensão externa e o padrão é estabelecido pela colocação de orifícios na placa por meio do qual as fibras são executados.

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tin (II) oxalate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>402761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disperbyk 130</td>
			<td>BYK Additives &#38; Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trifluoroethanol</td>
			<td>Halocarbon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Malachite Green (technical grade)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M6880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium hydroxide (&#8805;98%, pellets)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S5881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>3097358-1004</td>
			<td>Distributed from Ellsworth Adhesives</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(lactic) acid fibers</td>
			<td>Teijin Monofilament</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Material</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RW 20 Digital Mixer</td>
			<td>IKA</td>
			<td>3593001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Desiccator Jar</td>
			<td>Pyrex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum Oven</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Third Hand</td>
			<td>Jameco Electronics</td>
			<td>26690</td>
			<td>Plate holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glue Gun</td>
			<td>Stanley</td>
			<td>GR20L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLA Spindle</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tensioning Board</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Custom made</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

process of making three-dimensional microstructures using vaporization of a sacrificial component

Estruturas vasculares em sistemas naturais são capazes de oferecer transporte de alta massa através de áreas de superfície e estrutura otimizada. Algumas técnicas de fabricação de materiais sintéticos são capazes de imitar a complexidade destas estruturas, mantendo escalabilidade. A vaporização de um processo de componentes sacrificial (Vasc) é capaz de fazê-lo. Este processo utiliza fibras sacrificiais como um modelo, para formar, cilíndricos ocos microcanais incorporados dentro de uma matriz. Estanho (II), oxalato de (snox) é incorporado dentro de poli (ácido láctico), ácido (PLA) fibras que facilitam a utilização do presente processo. O snox catalisa a despolimerização das fibras de PLA, a temperaturas mais baixas. Os monómeros de ácido láctico são gasosos a estas temperaturas e pode ser removido da matriz de incorporado a temperaturas que não danifiquem a matriz. Aqui nós mostramos um método para alinhar estas fibras usando placas de microfabricação e um dispositivo de tensionamento para criar padrões complexos de tridimensionalmente microcanais dispostos.O processo permite a exploração de virtualmente todo o arranjo de fibra topologias e estruturas.

Este procedimento fornece um método de fabrico de estruturas microvasculares embutidas dentro de uma resina. Estas estruturas podem estar de acordo com uma variedade de padrões (Figura 2). A estrutura da rede microvascular é limitada apenas pelas estruturas que podem ser formadas com as fibras sacrificiais. Usando um arranjo paralelo de canais microvasculares, de transporte de gás entre fluxos de fluidos é facilitado como gases atravessam a membrana inter-canal permeáv...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Process of Making Three-dimensional Microstructures using Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component at JoVE.com

Process of Making Three-dimensional Microstructures using Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component

A vaporização de um processo de componentes sacrificial (Vasc) é usado para o fabrico de estruturas microvasculares. Este procedimento utiliza fibras de poli (ácido láctico sacrificiais) para formar microcanais oco com posicionamento preciso geométrica 3D fornecido por placas de guia de microfabricação laser.

Processo de fabricação de microestruturas tridimensionais usando vaporização de um componente sacrificial

Vascular structures in natural systems are able to provide high mass transport through high surface areas and optimized structure. Few synthetic material ...

process-making-three-dimensional-microstructures-using-vaporization

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

9.0K visualizações.  University of California, Irvine.  A vaporização de um processo de componentes sacrificial (Vasc) é usado para o fabrico de estruturas microvasculares. Este procedimento utiliza fibras de poli (ácido láctico sacrificiais) para formar microcanais oco com posicionamento preciso geométrica 3D fornecido por placas de guia de microfabricação laser. 

Vídeo: Process of Making Three-dimensional Microstructures using Vaporization of a Sacrificial Component

Fabrication, Densification, and Replica Molding of 3D Carbon Nanotube Microstructures

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip devices, and their applications. In particular, capabilities for cost-effective fabrication of polymer microstructures were transformed by the advent of soft lithography and other micromolding techniques 1, 2, and this led a revolution in applications of microfabrication to biomedical engineering and biology. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to fabricate microstructures with well-defined nanoscale surface textures, and to fabricate arbitrary 3D shapes at the micro-scale. Robustness of master molds and maintenance of shape integrity is especially important to achieve high fidelity replication of complex structures and preserving their nanoscale surface texture. The combination of hierarchical textures, and heterogeneous shapes, is a profound challenge to existing microfabrication methods that largely rely upon top-down etching using fixed mask templates. On the other hand, the bottom-up synthesis of nanostructures such as nanotubes and nanowires can offer new capabilities to microfabrication, in particular by taking advantage of the collective self-organization of nanostructures, and local control of their growth behavior with respect to microfabricated patterns. 
Our goal is to introduce vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which we refer to as CNT "forests", as a new microfabrication material. We present details of a suite of related methods recently developed by our group: fabrication of CNT forest microstructures by thermal CVD from lithographically patterned catalyst thin films; self-directed elastocapillary densification of CNT microstructures; and replica molding of polymer microstructures using CNT composite master molds. In particular, our work shows that self-directed capillary densification ("capillary forming"), which is performed by condensation of a solvent onto the substrate with CNT microstructures, significantly increases the packing density of CNTs. This process enables directed transformation of vertical CNT microstructures into straight, inclined, and twisted shapes, which have robust mechanical properties exceeding those of typical microfabrication polymers. This in turn enables formation of nanocomposite CNT master molds by capillary-driven infiltration of polymers. The replica structures exhibit the anisotropic nanoscale texture of the aligned CNTs, and can have walls with sub-micron thickness and aspect ratios exceeding 50:1. Integration of CNT microstructures in fabrication offers further opportunity to exploit the electrical and thermal properties of CNTs, and diverse capabilities for chemical and biochemical functionalization 3.

We present methods for fabrication of patterned microstructures of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their use as master molds for production of polymer microstructures with organized nanoscale surface texture. The CNT forests are densified by condensation of solvent onto the substrate, which significantly increases their packing density and enables self-directed formation of 3D shapes.

Fabricação, Densificação e Replica Moldagem de Microestruturas de Nanotubos de Carbono 3D

The introduction of new materials and processes to microfabrication has, in large part, enabled many important advances in microsystems, lab-on-a-chip ...

Engenharia

Synthesis of Phase-shift Nanoemulsions with Narrow Size Distributions for Acoustic Droplet Vaporization and Bubble-enhanced Ultrasound-mediated Ablation

High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to thermally ablate tumors. To enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in tumors, lipid-coated perfluorocarbon droplets have been developed which can be vaporized by HIFU. The vasculature in many tumors is abnormally leaky due to their rapid growth, and nanoparticles are able to penetrate the fenestrations and passively accumulate within tumors. Thus, controlling the size of the droplets can result in better accumulation within tumors. In this report, the preparation of stable droplets in a phase-shift nanoemulsion (PSNE) with a narrow size distribution is described. PSNE were synthesized by sonicating a lipid solution in the presence of liquid perfluorocarbon. A narrow size distribution was obtained by extruding the PSNE multiple times using filters with pore sizes of 100 or 200 nm. The size distribution was measured over a 7-day period using dynamic light scattering. Polyacrylamide hydrogels containing PSNE were prepared for in vitro experiments. PSNE droplets in the hydrogels were vaporized with ultrasound and the resulting bubbles enhanced localized heating. Vaporized PSNE enables more rapid heating and also reduces the ultrasound intensity needed for thermal ablation. Thus, PSNE is expected to enhance thermal ablation in tumors, potentially improving therapeutic outcomes of HIFU-mediated thermal ablation treatments.

Phase-shift nanoemulsions (PSNE) can be vaporized using high intensity focused ultrasound to enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in tumors. In this report, the preparation of stable PSNE with a narrow size distribution is described. Furthermore, the impact of vaporized PSNE on ultrasound-mediated ablation is demonstrated in tissue-mimicking phantoms.

Síntese de mudança de fase Nanoemulsões com distribuição de tamanho estreita para vaporização Droplet Acústico e Bubble avançada ablação por ultrassom mediada

High-intensity  focused ultrasound (HIFU) is used clinically to thermally ablate tumors. To  enhance localized heating and improve thermal ablation in ...

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses triangulation between matching points in two views of the same scene at different angles to compute depth.&#160;However, unlike a stereo-based method, DFP uses a digital video projector to replace one of the cameras1. The projector rapidly projects a known sinusoidal pattern onto the subject, and the surface of the subject distorts these patterns in the camera&#8217;s field of view. Three distorted patterns (fringe images) from the camera can be used to compute the depth using triangulation.
Unlike other 3D measurement methods, DFP techniques lead to systems that tend to be faster, lower in equipment cost, more flexible, and easier to develop.&#160;DFP systems can also achieve the same measurement resolution as the camera.&#160;For this reason, DFP and other digital structured light techniques have recently been the focus of intense research (as summarized in1-5). Taking advantage of DFP, the graphics processing unit, and optimized algorithms, we have developed a system capable of 30&#160;Hz 3D video data acquisition, reconstruction, and display for over 300,000 measurement points per frame6,7.&#160;Binary defocusing DFP methods can achieve even greater speeds8.
Diverse applications can benefit from DFP techniques. Our collaborators have used our systems for facial function analysis9, facial animation10, cardiac mechanics studies11, and fluid surface measurements, but many other potential applications exist.&#160;This video will teach the fundamentals of DFP techniques and illustrate the design and operation of a binary defocusing DFP system.

This video describes the fundamentals of digital fringe projection techniques, which provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;It also demonstrates the design and operation of a high-speed binary defocusing system based on these techniques.

De alta resolução, de alta velocidade, de imagens de vídeo tridimensional com Franja Digital Técnicas de Projeção

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their behavior for single stages of a process or even an entire process. For the simulation with occurring particle-particle and particle-wall contacts, the value of the coefficient of restitution is required. It can be determined experimentally. The coefficient of restitution depends on several parameters like the impact velocity. Especially for fine particles the impact velocity depends on the air pressure and under atmospheric pressure high impact velocities cannot be reached. For this, a new experimental setup for free-fall tests under vacuum conditions is developed. The coefficient of restitution is determined with the impact and rebound velocity which are detected by a high-speed camera. To not hinder the view, the vacuum chamber is made of glass. Also a new release mechanism to drop one single particle under vacuum conditions is constructed. Due to that, all properties of the particle can be characterized beforehand.

The coefficient of restitution is a parameter that describes the loss of kinetic energy during collision. Here, a free-fall setup under vacuum conditions is developed to be able to determine the coefficient of restitution parameter for particles in micrometer range with high impact velocities.

Desenvolvimento de uma instalação experimental para a medição do coeficiente de restituição sob condições de vácuo

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their ...

Fabrication Process of Silicone-based Dielectric Elastomer Actuators

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an elastomeric dielectric membrane sandwiched between two compliant electrodes. The large actuation strains of these transducers when used as actuators (over 300% area strain) and their soft and compliant nature has been exploited for a wide range of applications, including electrically tunable optics, haptic feedback devices, wave-energy harvesting, deformable cell-culture devices, compliant grippers, and propulsion of a bio-inspired fish-like airship. In most cases, DETs are made with a commercial proprietary acrylic elastomer and with hand-applied electrodes of carbon powder or carbon grease. This combination leads to non-reproducible and slow actuators exhibiting viscoelastic creep and a short lifetime. We present here a complete process flow for the reproducible fabrication of DETs based on thin elastomeric silicone films, including casting of thin silicone membranes, membrane release and prestretching, patterning of robust compliant electrodes, assembly and testing. The membranes are cast on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates coated with a water-soluble sacrificial layer for ease of release. The electrodes consist of carbon black particles dispersed into a silicone matrix and patterned using a stamping technique, which leads to precisely-defined compliant electrodes that present a high adhesion to the dielectric membrane on which they are applied.

This manuscript shows the fabrication process for the manufacture of dielectric elastomer soft actuators based on silicone membranes. The three key stages of production are presented in detail: blade casting of thin silicone membranes; pad printing of compliant electrodes; and the assembly of all the components.

Processo de fabricação de base de silicone dielétricos Elastomer Atuadores

This contribution demonstrates the fabrication process of dielectric elastomer transducers (DETs). DETs are stretchable capacitors consisting of an ...

Using Synchrotron Radiation Microtomography to Investigate Multi-scale Three-dimensional Microelectronic Packages

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data acquisition times with high spatial resolution. In the electronics industry there is serious interest in performing failure analysis on 3D microelectronic packages, many which contain multiple levels of high-density interconnections. Often in tomography there is a trade-off between image resolution and the volume of a sample that can be imaged. This inverse relationship limits the usefulness of conventional computed tomography (CT) systems since a microelectronic package is often large in cross sectional area 100-3,600 mm2, but has important features on the micron scale. The micro-tomography beamline at the Advanced Light Source (ALS), in Berkeley, CA USA, has a setup which is adaptable and can be tailored to a sample&#39;s properties, i.e., density, thickness, etc., with a maximum allowable cross-section of 36 x 36 mm. This setup also has the option of being either monochromatic in the energy range ~7-43 keV or operating with maximum flux in white light mode using a polychromatic beam. Presented here are details of the experimental steps taken to image an entire 16 x 16 mm system within a package, in order to obtain 3D images of the system with a spatial resolution of 8.7 &#181;m all within a scan time of less than 3 min. Also shown are results from packages scanned in different orientations and a sectioned package for higher resolution imaging. In contrast a conventional CT system would take hours to record data with potentially poorer resolution. Indeed, the ratio of field-of-view to throughput time is much higher when using the synchrotron radiation tomography setup. The description below of the experimental setup can be implemented and adapted for use with many other multi-materials.

For this study synchrotron radiation micro-tomography, a non-destructive three-dimensional imaging technique, is employed to investigate an entire microelectronic package with a cross-sectional area of 16 x 16 mm. Due to the synchrotron&#39;s high flux and brightness the sample was imaged in just 3 min&#160;with an 8.7 &#181;m spatial resolution.

Usando Synchrotron Radiation microtomografia para investigar Multi-escala Pacotes de microeletrônicos tridimensionais

Synchrotron radiation micro-tomography (SR&#181;T) is a non-destructive three-dimensional (3D) imaging technique that offers high flux for fast data ...

Three-dimensional Particle Tracking Velocimetry for Turbulence Applications: Case of a Jet Flow

3D-PTV is a quantitative flow measurement technique that aims to track the Lagrangian paths of a set of particles in three dimensions using stereoscopic recording of image sequences. The basic components, features, constraints and optimization tips of a 3D-PTV topology consisting of a high-speed camera with a four-view splitter are described and discussed in this article. The technique is applied to the intermediate flow field (5 &#60;x/d &#60;25) of a circular jet at Re &#8776; 7,000. Lagrangian flow features and turbulence quantities in an Eulerian frame are estimated around ten diameters downstream of the jet origin and at various radial distances from the jet core. Lagrangian properties include trajectory, velocity and acceleration of selected particles as well as curvature of the flow path, which are obtained from the Frenet-Serret equation. Estimation of the 3D velocity and turbulence fields around the jet core axis at a cross-plane located at ten diameters downstream of the jet is compared with literature, and the power spectrum of the large-scale streamwise velocity motions is obtained at various radial distances from the jet core.

A three-dimensional particle tracking velocimetry (3D-PTV) system based on a high-speed camera with a four-view splitter is described here. The technique is applied to a jet flow from a circular pipe in the vicinity of ten diameters downstream at Reynolds number Re &#8776; 7,000.

Tridimensional Velocímetro de Partículas de Rastreamento for Applications Turbulência: Case de um fluxo de Jet

3D-PTV is a quantitative flow measurement technique that aims to track the Lagrangian paths of a set of particles in three dimensions using stereoscopic ...

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the manifold requirements during processing and application of such complex fluids. In this investigation, measuring protocols for a conclusive assessment of different process relevant rheological parameters have been evaluated. This includes the determination of yield stress, viscosity, wall slip velocity, structural recovery after large deformation and elongation at break as well as tensile force during filament stretching.
The importance of concomitant video recordings during parallel-plate rotational rheometry for a significant determination of rheological quantities is demonstrated. The deformation profile and flow field at the sample edge can be determined using appropriate markers. Thus, measurement parameter settings and plate roughness values can be identified for which yield stress and viscosity measurements are possible. Slip velocity can be measured directly and measuring conditions at which plug flow, shear banding or sample spillover occur can be identified clearly. 
Video recordings further confirm that the change in shear moduli observed during three stage oscillatory shear tests with small deformation amplitude in stage I and III but large oscillation amplitude in stage II can be directly attributed to structural break down and recovery. For the pastes investigated here, the degree of irreversible, shear-induced structural change increases with increasing deformation amplitude in stage II until a saturation is reached at deformations corresponding to the crossover of G' and G'', but the irreversible damage is independent of the duration of large amplitude shear. 
A capillary breakup elongational rheometer and a tensile tester have been used to characterize deformation and breakup behavior of highly filled pastes in uniaxial elongation. Significant differences were observed in all experiments described above for two commercial screen-printing silver pastes used for front side metallization of Si-solar cells.

Challenges in Rheological Characterization of Highly Concentrated Suspensions &amp;#8212; A Case Study for Screen-printing Silver Pastes

A protocol for a robust and application relevant rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions is presented. Silver pastes used for screen-printing application in solar cell production are employed as model systems.

Desafios na reológico Caracterização de suspensões altamente concentrado - um estudo de caso para-impressão da tela de prata Cola

A comprehensive rheological characterization of highly concentrated suspensions or pastes is mandatory for a targeted product development meeting the ...

Predicting Catalyst Extrudate Breakage Based on the Modulus of Rupture

The mechanical strength of extruded catalysts and their natural or forced breakage by either collision against a surface or by a compressive load in a fixed bed are important phenomena in catalyst technology. The mechanical strength of the catalyst is measured here by its bending strength or flexural strength. This technique is relatively new from the perspective of applying it to commercial catalysts of typical sizes used in the industry. Catalyst breakage by collision against a surface is measured after a fall of the extrudates through the ambient air in a vertical pipe. Quantifying the impact force is done theoretically by applying Newton's second law. Measurement of catalyst breakage due to stress in a fixed bed is done following the standard procedure of the bulk crush strength test. Novel here is the focus on measuring the reduction in the length to diameter ratio of the extrudates as a function of the stress.

Here we present a protocol to measure the modulus of rupture of an extruded catalyst and the breakage of said catalyst extrudates by collision against a surface or by compression in a fixed bed.

Prever Catalyst Extrudate ruptura baseia o módulo de ruptura

The mechanical strength of extruded catalysts and their natural or forced breakage by either collision against a surface or by a compressive load in a ...

Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic Needle Tip Tracking with a Fiber-Optic Ultrasound Receiver

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. When visualization is lost, the medical device can cause trauma to critical tissue structures. Here, a method to track the needle tip during ultrasound image-guided procedures is presented. This method involves the use of a fiber-optic ultrasound receiver that is affixed within the cannula of a medical needle to communicate ultrasonically with the external ultrasound probe. This custom probe comprises a central transducer element array and side element arrays. In addition to conventional two-dimensional (2D) B-mode ultrasound imaging provided by the central array, three-dimensional (3D) needle tip tracking is provided by the side arrays. For B-mode ultrasound imaging, a standard transmit-receive sequence with electronic beamforming is performed. For ultrasonic tracking, Golay-coded ultrasound transmissions from the 4 side arrays are received by the hydrophone sensor, and subsequently the received signals are decoded to identify the needle tip&#39;s spatial location with respect to the ultrasound imaging probe. As a preliminary validation of this method, insertions of the needle/hydrophone pair were performed in clinically realistic contexts. This novel ultrasound imaging/tracking method is compatible with current clinical workflow, and it provides reliable device tracking during in-plane and out-of-plane needle insertions.

Accurate and efficient visualization of invasive medical devices is extremely important in many ultrasound-guided minimally invasive procedures. Here, a method for localizing the spatial position of a needle tip relative to the ultrasound imaging probe is presented.

Agulha de ultra-som tridimensional dica de rastreamento com um receptor de ultra-som de fibra óptica

Ultrasound is frequently used for guiding minimally invasive procedures, but visualizing medical devices is often challenging with this imaging modality. ...