Name: artificial thermal ageing of polyester reinforced and polyvinyl chloride coated technical fabric
Uploaded: 2020-01-29T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Artificial Thermal Ageing of Polyester Reinforced and Polyvinyl Chloride Coated Technical Fabric at JoVE.com

The publication of this work was supported by the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Gdansk University of Technology.

1. Accelerated thermal ageing experiments on technical fabric
<ol>
	<li>Overall preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Prepare a testing machine with proper software (in order to provide constant strain rate tests) and a video extensometer.</li>
		<li>Prepare a thermal chamber providing constant temperature of 80 &#176;C (&#177; 1 &#176;C) and 90 &#176;C (&#177;1 &#176;C) for at least 12 weeks.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Specimen preparation
	<ol>
		<li>Unroll the technical fabric AF9032 bale. Draw the desired shapes (300 mm x 50 mm) wi...

<ol>
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This article incudes a detailed experimental protocol to simulate the laboratory accelerated experiments on polyester reinforced and PVC coated fabrics for civil engineering applications. The protocol describes the case of artificial thermal ageing only by the means of raising the ambient temperature. This is an obvious simplification of real weather conditions, as UV radiation and water influence play an additional role in material service ageing.
Generally, the conditions of accelerated agei...

Polyester based architectural fabrics are commonly used for construction of hanging roofs1. Being relatively cheap with good mechanical properties, they can be employed in long-term exploitation (e.g., the hanging roof of the Forest Opera in Sopot - Poland). Unfortunately, weather conditions, ultraviolet radiation, biological reasons, and operational purposes (season pre-stressing and loosening2) can affect their mechanical properties. Hanging roofs made of AF9032 are typically seasonal structures subjected to high temperature (especially during sunny days in the summer), regular pre-tensioning and loosening. In order to properly design a hanging roof, fabric parameters must be determined not only at the beginning of exploitation, but also after several years of use.
Ageing analysis measures the ageing indicator and compares the initial and final values of the parameters to assess the impact of ageing. Cash et al.3 proposed one of the simplest methods by comparative analysis of 12 different types of roofing membranes. These membranes were exposed to outdoor weathering for 2 or 4 years. The authors used a rating system of several properties to assess fabric durability. In order to provide an analysis of polymer thermal ageing, the time-temperature superposition principle (TTSP) can be applied4. This principle states that the behavior of a material at low temperature and under low strain level resembles its behavior at high temperature and high strain level. The simple multiplicative factor can be used to relate the current temperature properties with the properties at the reference temperature. Graphically, it corresponds to the curve shift on the log time scale. Regarding the temperature, two methods are proposed to combine the shift factor and the ageing temperature: the Williams-Landel-Ferry (WLF) equations, and the Arrhenius law. Both methods are included in the Swedish standard ISO 113465 to estimate the lifetime and maximum operational temperature for rubber, or vulcanized and thermoplastic, materials. Recently, thermal ageing and Arrhenius methodology have been used in the cable lifetime prediction6,7, heating pipes8, and polymer glue PMMA4. An extension of the Arrhenius law is the Eyring law that takes into account other ageing factors (e.g., voltage, pressure, etc.)9. Alternatively, other studies propose and verify simple linear models for a description of ageing (e.g., biosensor ageing10). Although the Arrhenius method is commonly used, there is discussion on its relevance in the lifetime prediction of every material. Hence, the method must be used with care, especially in terms of initial assumptions and experimental conditions6.
Similar to most polymers, the polyester fabrics used in the current research exhibit two distinct transition phases defined by the melting temperature (Tm) and the glass transition temperature (Tg). The melting temperature (Tm) is the temperature when a material changes from its solid state to the liquid one, and the glass transition temperature (Tg) is the boundary between the glass and rubber states11. According to manufacturer&#39;s data, the AF9032 fabric is made from polyester threads (Tg = 100&#8722;180 &#176;C12, Tm = 250&#8722;290 &#176;C13) and PVC coating (Tg = 80&#8722;87 &#176;C14,15, Tm = 160&#8722;260 &#176;C16). The ageing temperature T&#945; should be selected below Tg. During sunny days, the temperature on the top surface of a hanging roof may even reach 90 &#176;C; thus, two ageing temperatures (80 &#176;C and 90 &#176;C) are tested here. These temperatures are below the thread Tg and close to the coating Tg.
The performance of the accelerated ageing protocol on technical fabrics is presented in the current work. Artificial thermal ageing is used to predict changes of the material properties. The article illustrates appropriate laboratory testing routines and a way to extrapolate relatively short-term experimental results.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AF 9032 technical fabric</td>
			<td>Shelter-Rite Seaman Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>knife of scisors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>marker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>pernament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ruler</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sigma Plot</td>
			<td>Systat Software Inc.</td>
			<td>v. 12.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Testing machine Z020</td>
			<td>Zwick Roell</td>
			<td>BT1-FR020TN.A50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TestXpert II program</td>
			<td>Zwick Roell</td>
			<td>v. 3.50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal chamber</td>
			<td>Eurotherm Controls</td>
			<td>2408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tubular spanner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>13 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video extensometer</td>
			<td>Zwick Roell</td>
			<td>BTC-EXVIDEO.PAC.3.2.EN</td>
			<td>Instead of video extensometer, a mechanical one can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VideoXtens</td>
			<td>Zwick Roell</td>
			<td>5.28.0.0 SP2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

artificial thermal ageing of polyester reinforced and polyvinyl chloride coated technical fabric

Architectural fabric AF9032 has been subjected to artificial thermal ageing to determine changes of the material parameters of the fabric. The proposed method is based on the accelerated ageing approach proposed by Arrhenius. 300 mm x 50 mm samples were cut in the warp and fill directions and placed in a thermal chamber at 80 &#176;C for up to 12 weeks or at 90 &#176;C for up to 6 weeks. Then after one week of conditioning at ambient temperature, the samples were uniaxially tensioned at a constant strain rate. Experimentally, the parameters were determined for the non-linear elastic (linear piecewise) and viscoplastic (Bodner&#8211;Partom) models. Changes in these parameters were studied with respect to the ageing temperature and ageing period. In both cases, the linear approximation function was successfully applied using the simplified methodology of Arrhenius. A correlation was obtained for the fill direction between experimental results and the results from the Arrhenius approach. For the warp direction, the extrapolation results exhibited some differences. Increasing and decreasing tendencies have been observed at both temperatures. The Arrhenius law was confirmed by the experimental results only for the fill direction. The proposed method makes it possible to predict real fabric behavior during long term exploitation, which is a critical issue in the design process.

Figure 2 juxtaposes the stress-strain curves for the warp and fill directions of AF9032 fabric obtained at different ageing times, in the 80 &#176;C temperature level for a strain rate of 0.001 s-1. The difference between the 1 h ageing period (reference test) and the rest of the ageing periods is clear. The ageing time does not seem to substantially affect the material response in the warp direction, as the stress&#8211;strain curves are highly repetitive, showing no important di...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Artificial Thermal Ageing of Polyester Reinforced and Polyvinyl Chloride Coated Technical Fabric at JoVE.com

Artificial Thermal Ageing of Polyester Reinforced and Polyvinyl Chloride Coated Technical Fabric

Here, we simulate accelerated thermal ageing of technical fabric and see how this ageing process influences the mechanical properties of the fabric.

Architectural fabric AF9032 has been subjected to artificial thermal ageing to determine changes of the material parameters of the fabric. The proposed ...

This protocol facilitates the performance of simplified accelerated aging tests on textile fabrics and the evaluation of mechanical properties on tested materials. This procedure makes it possible to determine to determine the future material properties in a relatively short period of time, which is essential for structural designers specializing in textile fabric roof structures. To assess viscoplastic constitutive relations, a testing machine with a software rope is require to perform constant strain rate tests controlled by an extensometer.Before beginning the experiment, confirm that a testing machine, equipped with an extensometer and the appropriate software is available and that a thermal chamber is accessible. Unroll the technical fabric AF9032 bale and draw at least 42, 300 by 50 millimeter shapes on the fabric surface parallel to the warp direction and at least 42 parallel to the fill direction. Use a permanent marker to indicate the warp direction on each specimen before cutting out the specimens.Use a slide caliper to measure the specimen's thickness and count the number of threads at the short edge of the specimen. Next, set the thermal chamber to a constant temperature of 80 degrees Celsius. When the temperature almost reaches 80 degrees Celsius, open the chamber door and place at least seven sets of specimens into the chamber, closing the door as soon as possible to avoid a temperature drop.After one hour, use thermal gloves to remove the reference set of specimens, removing the successive experimental sets once a week every two weeks for the next 12 weeks. After their removal from the chamber, leave the specimens at room temperature for one week. Before the test, use a permanent marker to make two black dots 50 millimeters apart in the middle of each specimen and install two 60 millimeter flat inserts into each grip of the testing machine.When all four inserts are in place, open the software in the machine and select the program dedicated to the tensile tests. Then select the starting position with a 200 millimeter grip to grip separation in the software and click the Starting Position button to execute the 200 millimeter grip to grip separation. To set up the video extensometer, move the camera along the supporting bar until the lens is situated at the middle of a specimen.Check whether the lens of the camera will provide a clear view of the specimen markers during the entire experiment. Place the calibration device in front of the camera and select the proper brightness and focus for the lens. Clamp the device with the grips and select the proper type of markers in the Targets window in the video extensometer software.Use the Scale option to select the calibration procedure and select the calibration distance in the Scale window. Then change the marker type to Pattern in the Targets window to allow the extensometer to follow the marks on the specimen. When all of the materials and equipment are ready, set the test parameters in the testing machine software and place the specimen in the grips in the vertical and horizontal directions along the main vertical axis of the machine.Use a tabular spanner to close the grips and perform the tests at the selected constant strain rate until each specimen breaks. Then repeat the test every two weeks with each subsequent set of samples. After 80 degrees Celsius experiments, repeat the procedure weekly at 90 degrees Celsius.When all of the specimens have been tested, use graphing software and the cross-section area of the samples to recalculate the registered force and elongation increments according to elementary strength of materials equations to the stress strain relations. Then, plot a graph of the obtained data for the warp and fill samples. To set up a piecewise linear model for non-linear elastic modeling, for each sample curve find the strain ranges detecting the linear or close to linear stress strain relation.Use the Fit Regression option in the graphing software and the least square method to identify the best fit line in the chosen region. Denote the tangent as the longitudinal stiffness value for which the I index corresponds to the current direction of the material and the J index is a consecutive number of the identified line. When all of the parameters have been delineated, identify the intersection points between the lines.To perform an Arrhenius extrapolation, assign the reference temperature according to the average value based on the results of local meteorological station and assign the thermal chamber temperature as that which was used in the aging test. Then, calculate the reaction rate constant from equation to extrapolate the aging time expressed in weeks to years. In this image, the stress strain curves for the warp and fill directions of AF9032 fabric obtained at different aging times in the 80 degree Celsius temperature level for a strain rate of 0.0011 per second are shown.As observed, the difference between the reference one hour aging period test and the rest of aging periods is typically clear. The aging time does not seem to substantially affect the material response in the warp direction. In contrast, the ultimate tensile strength in the fill direction samples is much lower in the artificially aged samples than in the unaged specimens.Moreover, for the fill direction, the achieved stress strain curves have divergent trajectories when the strains exceed 0.06. The first linear part of the experimental stress strain curve of a simple tensile test corresponds to the stiffness of the technical fabric covering made of PVC. The results obtained at 90 degrees can be extrapolated to real years using the Arrhenius simplified relation.The hardening parameter in the warp direction and the viscosity parameter in the fill direction can also be calculated. It should be emphasized that for the Bodner-Partom constitutive relations, the experiments with constant strain rates are required. The machine is bound to perform this type of operation.The video extensometer can be replaced by a mechanical extensometer and various constitutive models can be incorporated to reflect the textile fabric performance. This technique can be used for the lifetime prediction of different composite materials. The operation of a high temperature thermal chamber requires the use of thermal gloves and the complex testing machine should be always operated with care.

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Many body armor designs incorporate unidirectional (UD) laminates. UD laminates are constructed of thin (&#60;0.05 mm) layers of high-performance yarns, ...

Fabric Moisture Uniform Control to Study the Influence of Air Impingement Parameters on Fabric Drying Characteristics

Impinging dryness is now a widely used and effective way for fabric drying due to its high heat and mass transfer coefficient. Previous studies on fabric ...