Gostaríamos de agradecer à Sra. Angela Freund por sua inestimável assistência técnica com a incorporação e produção de slides. Também gostaríamos de agradecer ao Sr. Tadeusz Stopinski no Instituto de Ciência Animal & Cirurgia Experimental do Instituto de Ciência Animal & Experimental por sua ajuda perspicaz com o trabalho veterinário.

Os experimentos foram realizados de acordo com a Lei Alemã de Bem-Estar Animal (TSchG) e a Diretiva 2010/63/UE relativas à proteção de animais utilizados para fins científicos. A aprovação oficial deste estudo foi concedida pelo Comitê Governamental de Cuidados e Uso de Animais (Protocolo nº: AZ 87-51.04.2010.A065; Landesamt für Natur, Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz Nordrhein-Westfalen, Recklinghausen, Alemanha). O protocolo de estudo cumpriu o Guia de Cuidado e Uso de Animais de Laboratório. O tratamento da dor pós-operatória baseia-se nas recomendações da Sociedade Alemã de Ciência Animal Laboratorial (GV-SOLAS), bem como da Terapia Veterinária da Dor.
1. Técnicas básicas e procedimentos comuns
<ol><li>Use ratos homozigososapoE -/- Ratos Sprague-Dawley. Identificar o genótipo de cada animal usando os métodos padrão17.</li>
	<li>Mantenha os animais em condições idênticas (21 °C ± 2 °C, 60% ± 5% de umidade e um ciclo claro/escuro de 12 horas) e garanta o livre acesso à água e aos alimentos.</li>
	<li>Realizar todos os procedimentos em condições limpas, mas não estésteres.</li>
	<li>Uma vez que o rato é anestesiado, realize todos os procedimentos sob um microscópio cirúrgico em uma ampliação de 16x.</li>
	<li>Use cotonetes de algodão para hemostasia de compressão. Os cotonetes de gaze (5 cm x 5 cm) encharcados com solução de Ringer lactado são úteis para manter a virilha úmida.</li>
	<li>Siga as normas de descarte de resíduos para descartar materiais usados.</li>
</ol>2. Preparações antes da cirurgia
<ol><li>Prepare as drogas veterinárias antes de começar a operação. Mantenha todas as soluções em temperatura ambiente, a menos que seja indicado de outra forma.</li>
	<li>
Trinta minutos antes do procedimento, administre 0,03-0,05 mg/kg buprenorfina subcutânea.
</li>
	<li>Anestesiar o rato com uma injeção intraperitoneal de 100 mg/kg de peso corporal (BW) (S)-cetamina e 8 mg/kg de xilazina BW.</li>
	<li>Avalie o peso do rato usando uma balança de pesagem.</li>
	<li>Coloque o rato em uma almofada de aquecimento e fixe os membros superiores e inferiores usando fita médica. Posicione o rato com seu membro traseiro esquerdo totalmente estendido e o máximo possível de linha com sua coluna vertebral, de modo a criar uma linha reta entre artéria femoral e aorta. Isso facilitará o avanço do stent montado em balão através da bifurcação aórtica.</li>
	<li>Manter anestesia com inalação de 1,5 vol% de isoflurane em 97,5% de oxigênio a uma vazão de 2 L/min. NOTA: Deixe o rato respirar espontaneamente, sem entubação.</li>
	<li>Aplique pomada ocular para evitar danos oculares durante a inconsciência.</li>
	<li>Raspe a pele da virilha e da área inferior do abdômen do rato e esterilize a pele correspondente com uma solução povidone-iodo.</li>
	<li>Antes de iniciar a cirurgia, verifique a profundidade adequada da anestesia beliscando a ponta da cauda e o tecido interdigital.</li>
</ol>3. Cirurgia
<ol><li>Faça uma incisão medial de ~0,5\u20121 cm na virilha esquerda para abrir a pele e a fáscia subjacente.</li>
	<li>Dissecar e sondar sem rodeios nas profundezas até que a artéria femoral esquerda pulsante possa ser identificada.</li>
	<li>Usando fórceps muito finos, prepare a artéria femoral removendo suavemente o tecido conjuntivo circundante. Tenha cuidado para danificar nem o nervo femoral nem a veia femoral, que é medial para a artéria.</li>
	<li>Prepare cerca de 1 cm da artéria femoral. Coloque cuidadosamente a ponta dos fórceps sob o vaso para levantá-la suavemente.</li>
	<li>Roscas de sutura de seda 4-0 sob as partes distal e proximal da artéria e formam slings. Aperte as extremidades de cada um dos dois estilado entre os ramos de um grampo cirúrgico. Use os grampos cirúrgicos para controlar a artéria. Estique suavemente e levante os estilados para interromper temporariamente o fluxo sanguíneo. NOTA: Trabalhe rápido para evitar um torniquete prolongado que possa levar a danos teciduais.</li>
	<li>Usando micro tesoura afiada, realize uma arteriotomia no meio da artéria femoral.</li>
	<li>Introduza um fio guia através da arteriotomia. Ao atingir o sling do fio proximal, solte a tensão da rosca movendo o grampo cirúrgico e avance o fio-guia mais para a aorta abdominal. NOTA: Corte o fio guia usando um cortador de arame para facilitar o manuseio.</li>
	<li>Coloque a extremidade proximal do fio guia entre o diafragma e as artérias renais. NOTA: O avanço do fio-guia é muito longe, traz o risco de lesão aórtica ou cardíaca. Recomendamos abrir o abdômen para garantir o posicionamento adequado do fio guia e do stent pelo menos para os primeiros vários animais.</li>
	<li>Introduza um stent coronário crimped e montado em balão medindo 2,25 mm x 8 mm (máx. 2,5 mm x 8 mm) sobre o fio guia na artéria femoral e avance-o para a aorta abdominal.</li>
	<li>Coloque o stent logo acima da bifurcação aórtica, mas abaixo das artérias renais. Implante o stent inflando o cateter de balão para 12 atm por 15 s usando um sistema de seringa inflacionária.</li>
	<li>Esvazie o cateter de balão e mantenha pressão negativa de acordo com as recomendações do fabricante para o stent em uso.</li>
	<li>Retire lentamente o cateter deflacionado enquanto deixa o stent no lugar.</li>
	<li>Pouco antes de retirar o cateter, crie tensão na alça da rosca acima da incisão com o grampo cirúrgico para interromper novamente o fluxo sanguíneo. Em seguida, remova o cateter do balão e liga diretamente o vaso proximally.</li>
	<li>Amarre os laços proximais e os fios distais para ligar a artéria femoral e confirmar hemostasia adequada da arteriotomia. As artérias colaterais garantirão mais perfusão ao membro.</li>
	<li>Feche o músculo sobrepondo a artéria, bem como a incisão da pele usando suturas não resorbáveis de 10-0.</li>
</ol>4. Cuidados com animais após implantação de stent
<ol><li>Imediatamente após a operação, permita que o rato se recupere por 60 minutos em uma gaiola de unidade de terapia intensiva especial com ar aquecido (30\u201235 °C) e um suprimento de oxigênio.</li>
	<li>Observe os animais cuidadosamente até que esteja totalmente recuperado. Depois, mova os ratos para uma gaiola normal. Fornecer acesso a ad libitum à água e à comida.</li>
	<li>Administrar a analgesia pós-operatória a cada 6-12 horas com 0,03-0,05 mg/kg buprenorfina (s.c., em 500μl NaCl) para um total de 72 horas sob avaliação clínica.</li>
	<li>Tenha o alimento misturado com clopidogrel (15 mg/kg) para evitar trombose do stent implantado.</li>
	<li>Para melhorar as condições hipercolesterolômicas e a formação de placas, inicie a alimentação dietética ocidental em 6\u20128 semanas após o nascimento e continue até a eutanásia. Se desejar, uma coorte de animais alimentados com comida normal de ratos pode servir de controle.</li>
</ol>5. Coleta e processamento de tecidos
<ol><li>Antes de iniciar a explantação do tecido no ponto de tempo designado, eutanize o animal de acordo com as diretrizes da IACUC. Colher a aorta stented para análise histológica no final do período de observação.</li>
	<li>Abra o abdômen por uma incisão midline e remova o segmento stent da aorta, bem como partes não-stentadas adjacentes da aorta, medindo 0,5 cm cada.</li>
	<li>Coloque o tecido em uma solução de formalina tamponada de 4% por 24 horas para fixação.</li>
	<li>Incorporar o tecido arterial stent em plástico e realizar coloração histológica e imunohistoquímica de acordo com os protocolos padrão18,19.</li>
</ol>6. Análise histomorfométrica
<ol><li>Realize a análise histomorfométrica de seções sequenciais da parte proximal, média e distal da aorta stented por meio de um microscópio ligado a um computador com um software de análise de imagem apropriado.</li>
	<li>Traçar os contornos da lâmina elástica externa (EEL, entre adventitia e mídia), lamina elástica interna (IEL, entre mídia e neointima), e lúmen com um tablet gráfico de desenho. A partir desses valores, calcule a área de EEL, área de IEL e área de lúmen com o software.</li>
	<li>Calcular a porcentagem de reenose de área transversal no stent (ISR): <img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/61442/61442equ01.jpg">
</li>
	<li>Calcular a área neointimal total (Ai): <img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/61442/61442equ02.jpg">
</li>
	<li>Meça a espessura neointimal (NIT) sobre cada suporte de stent como a distância entre strut e lúmen. Meça o NIT entre os suportes de stent como a distância entre IEL e lúmen. NOTA: Alternativamente, calcule o NIT como <img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/61442/61442equ03.jpg"> onde PL e PIEL são o lúmen e perímetro interno elástico de lamina,respectivamente 20.</li>
	<li>Realizar análises adicionais de acordo com os requisitos do estudo.</li>
</ol>

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Este protocolo descreve a implantação de stents coronários de tamanho humano na aorta abdominal de apoE-/- ratos. Vários pontos técnicos merecem ser enfatizados. Primeiro, deve ser evitada uma incompatibilidade entre o tamanho do stent e o tamanho da aorta. Colocar um stent muito pequeno pode levar à malapa do stent, enquanto a implantação de um stent muito grande para a aorta pode causar excesso de alongamento, rasgos e ferimentos do vaso. Por isso, recomendamos o uso de stents entre 2,0 e 2,5 mm de d...

A intervenção coronária percutânea (ICI), combinada com a implantação de um stent coronário, representa o padrão-ouro no tratamento intervencionista da doença arterial coronariana1. O sucesso a longo prazo dos stents, no entanto, pode ser limitado pela ocorrência de restenose in-stent (ISR) que é determinada por uma proliferação excessiva de tecido neointimal dentro do stent2,3. O ISR pode exigir uma nova intervenção com bypass da artéria coronária ou re-PCI. Uma variedade de modelos animais foram sugeridos para o estudo do ISR, cada um deles apresentando vantagens e deficiências. As principais desvantagens dos modelos de artérias ilíacas suínos mais utilizados e coelhinhos, embora desenvolvendo lesões marcadamente semelhantes aos humanos após a implantação do stent4,5, são grandes custos de animais e habitação que trazem dificuldades logísticas especialmente em estudos de longo prazo, bem como limitações no manuseio e equipamentos. Além disso, a disponibilidade de anticorpos para proteínas celulares de suínos e coelhos é limitada. Por outro lado, os modelos murine proporcionam as principais vantagens do alto rendimento e reprodutibilidade, bem como a facilidade de manuseio, moradia e, portanto, custo-efetividade. Além disso, um maior número de anticorpos estão disponíveis. No entanto, enquanto os camundongos deficientes e-deficientes de apolipoproteína (apoE-/-) camundongos têm sido amplamente utilizados para o estudo da aterosclerose6,7,8, eles são inadequados para o estudo do ISR, pois os stents devem ser miniaturizados para serem implantados em camundongos, potencialmente mudando as propriedades mecânicas dos stents. Além disso, a parede aórtica de camundongos mede entre 50 μm em camundongos jovens e 85 μm em camundongos antigos9, e os stents devem ser implantados usando níveis de pressão tão baixos quanto 2 atm, o que pode levar à malapposição do stent10. Os ratos, no entanto, permitem a implantação de stents coronários humanos disponíveis comercialmente, e demonstram um curso de cura vascular semelhante a animais maiores após a implantação do stent aórtico, relatado pela primeira vez por Langeveld et al.11. Esta técnica originalmente exigia um acesso trans-abdominal, o que exigia uma constrição física da aorta para conseguir uma interrupção temporária do fluxo sanguíneo. Para evitar a lesão potencialmente associada do vaso e reações inflamatórias, a técnica foi posteriormente refinada pela introdução de um acesso transilílico, o que resultou, além disso, em uma maior taxa de sobrevivência dos animais12.
Como ratos de tipo selvagem não desenvolvem lesões ateroscleróticas13, apoE-/- ratos foram gerados usando técnicas de nuclease como Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nuclease (TALEN)14, Clustered Regularmente Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9)15, e Zinc Finger (ZF)16. ApoE-/- ratos estão disponíveis comercialmente desde 2011. Fornecendo um fundo atherogênico, os ratos apoEpermitem uma avaliação mais realista dos stents coronários do tamanho humano, especialmente no que diz respeito ao ISR.
Aqui, descrevemos o método através da rota de acesso transfemoral e usando um stent de eluição de drogas de cobalto-cromo (DES) comercialmente disponível, no entanto, também pode ser aplicado para o estudo de outros tipos de stent, como stents metálicos nus (BMS) ou stents biodegradáveis.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Diet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SNIFF High Fat diet + Clopidogrel (15 mg/kg)</td>
			<td>SNIFF Spezialdi&#228;ten GmbH, Soest</td>
			<td>custom prepared</td>
			<td>Western Diet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drugs and Anesthetics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Essex Pharma</td>
			<td>997.00.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ISOFLO (Isoflurane Vapor) vaporiser</td>
			<td>Eickemeyer</td>
			<td>4802885</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Forene Abbott</td>
			<td>B 506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isotonic (0.9%) NaCl solution</td>
			<td>DeltaSelect GmbH</td>
			<td>PZN 00765145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ringer&#39;s lactate solution</td>
			<td>Baxter Deutschland GmbH</td>
			<td>3775380</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(S)-ketamine</td>
			<td>CEVA Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Medistar Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Consumable supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL syringes</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>4606108V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 mL syringes</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>4606027V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-0 prolene suture</td>
			<td>ETHICON</td>
			<td>N-2719K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 silk suture</td>
			<td>Seraflex</td>
			<td>IC 158000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bepanthen Eye and Nose Ointment</td>
			<td>Bayer Vital GmbH</td>
			<td>6029009.00.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton Gauze swabs</td>
			<td>Fuhrmann GmbH</td>
			<td>32014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Durapore silk tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1538-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly-Alcohol Skin Desinfection Solution</td>
			<td>Antiseptica GmbH</td>
			<td>72PAH200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterican needle 18 G</td>
			<td>B. Braun</td>
			<td>304622</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterican needle 27 3/4 G</td>
			<td>B.Braun</td>
			<td>4657705</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue Paper</td>
			<td>commercially available</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe forceps curved x1</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>11151-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe forceps straight</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>11050-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holder Mathieu</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>12010-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>14074-11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Semken forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>11008-13</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small surgical scissors curved</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>14029-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small surgical scissors straight</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>14028-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard pattern forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>11000-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vannas spring scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools Inc.</td>
			<td>15000-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dissecting microscope</td>
			<td>Leica MZ9</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Temperature controlled heating pad</td>
			<td>Sygonix</td>
			<td>26857617</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment for stent implantation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drug-eluting stent Xience 2,25mm x 8mm</td>
			<td>Abbott Vascular USA</td>
			<td>1009544-18</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Guide wire Fielder XT PTCA guide wire: 0.014&#34; x 300cm</td>
			<td>ASAHI INTECC CO., LTD Japan</td>
			<td>AGP140302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inflation syringe system</td>
			<td>Abbott 20/30 Priority Pack</td>
			<td>1000186</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue processing and analysis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>30% H2O2</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>9681</td>
			<td>Histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>K928.1</td>
			<td>Histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Giemsas Azur-Eosin-Methylenblau</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>109204</td>
			<td>Histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphic Drawing Tablet</td>
			<td>WACOM Europe GmbH</td>
			<td>CTL-6100WLK-S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Roti Histofix, Formaldehyd 4% buffered</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>P087</td>
			<td>Histology</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Technovit 9100</td>
			<td>Morphisto</td>
			<td>12225.K1000</td>
			<td>Histology</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

implantation of human-sized coronary stents into rat abdominal aorta using a trans-femoral access

A intervenção coronária percutânea (ICI), combinada com a implantação de um stent coronário, representa o padrão-ouro no tratamento intervencionista da doença arterial coronariana. A restenose in-stent (ISR) é determinada por uma proliferação excessiva do tecido neointimal dentro do stent e limita o sucesso a longo prazo dos stents. Uma variedade de modelos animais têm sido usados para elucidar processos fisiopatológicos subjacentes à restenose de stent (ISR), sendo o coronário suíno e os modelos de artéria ilíaca de coelho sendo os mais utilizados. Os modelos murinos oferecem as vantagens de alta produtividade, facilidade de manuseio e habitação, reprodutibilidade e ampla disponibilidade de marcadores moleculares. O modelo de camundongos deficientes apolipoprotein E (apoE-/- ) tem sido amplamente utilizado para estudar doenças cardiovasculares. No entanto, os stents devem ser miniaturizados para serem implantados em camundongos, envolvendo mudanças importantes de suas propriedades mecânicas e (potencialmente) biológicas. O uso de apoE-/- ratos podem superar essas deficiências como apoE-/- ratos permitem a avaliação de stents coronários de tamanho humano e, ao mesmo tempo, fornecendo um fenótipo aterogênico. Isso faz deles um modelo excelente e confiável para investigar isr após a implantação do stent. Aqui, descrevemos, em detalhes, a implantação de stents coronários humanos comercialmente disponíveis na aorta abdominal de ratos com um apoE-/- fundo usando um acesso trans-femoral.

Este protocolo descreve a implantação de stent na aorta abdominal de ratos utilizando uma rota de acesso trans-femoral(Figura 1). O primeiro ponto central deste modelo animal é que ele permite a implantação de stents coronários de tamanho humano. Um stent coronário comercialmente disponível e montado em balão pode ser colocado na aorta abdominal de ratos. Assim, além disso, o mesmo princípio de implantação de stent como em humanos pode ser aplicado. Outra vantagem do uso de rato...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Implantation of Human-Sized Coronary Stents into Rat Abdominal Aorta Using a Trans-Femoral Access at JoVE.com

Implantation of Human-Sized Coronary Stents into Rat Abdominal Aorta Using a Trans-Femoral Access

Este protocolo descreve a implantação de stents coronários humanos na aorta abdominal de ratos com um apoE-/- fundo usando um acesso trans-femoral. Em comparação com outros modelos animais, os modelos murinos carregam as vantagens da alta produtividade, reprodutibilidade, facilidade de manuseio e habitação, e uma ampla disponibilidade de marcadores moleculares.

Implantação de stents coronários de tamanho humano na aorta abdominal de rato usando um acesso trans-femoral

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), combined with the deployment of a coronary stent, represents the gold standard in interventional treatment of ...

implantation-human-sized-coronary-stents-into-rat-abdominal-aorta

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

4.1K visualizações.  University Hospital RWTH Aachen. Este protocolo descreve a implantação de stents coronários humanos na aorta abdominal de ratos com um apoE-/- fundo usando um acesso trans-femoral. Em comparação com outros modelos animais, os modelos murinos carregam as vantagens da alta produtividade, reprodutibilidade, facilidade de manuseio e habitação, e uma ampla disponibilidade de marcadores moleculares.

Vídeo: Implantation of Human-Sized Coronary Stents into Rat Abdominal Aorta Using a Trans-Femoral Access

The C-seal: A Biofragmentable Drain Protecting the Stapled Colorectal Anastomosis from Leakage

Colorectal anastomotic leakage (AL) is a serious complication in colorectal surgery leading to high morbidity and mortality rates1. The incidence of AL varies between 2.5 and 20% 2-5. Over the years, many strategies aimed at lowering the incidence of anastomotic leakage have been examined6, 7. 
The cause of AL is probably multifactorial. Etiological factors include insufficient arterial blood supply, tension on the anastomosis, hematoma and/or infection at the anastomotic site, and co-morbid factors of the patient as diabetes and atherosclerosis8. Furthermore, some anastomoses may be insufficient from the start due to technical failure.
Currently a new device is developed in our institute aimed at protecting the colorectal anastomosis and lowering the incidence of AL. This so called C-seal is a biofragmentable drain, which is stapled to the anastomosis with the circular stapler. It covers the luminal side of the colorectal anastomosis thereby preventing leakage.
The C-seal is a thin-walled tube-like drain, with an approximate diameter of 4 cm and an approximate length of 25 cm (figure 1). It is a tubular device composed of biodegradable polyurethane. Two flaps with adhesive tape are found at one end of the tube. These flaps are used to attach the C-seal to the anvil of the circular stapler, so that after the anastomosis is made the C-seal can be pulled through the anus. The C-seal remains in situ for at least 10 days. Thereafter it will lose strength and will degrade to be secreted from the body together with the gastrointestinal natural contents.
The C-seal does not prevent the formation of dehiscences. However, it prevents extravasation of faeces into the peritoneal cavity. This means that a gap at the anastomotic site does not lead to leakage.
Currently, a phase II study testing the C-seal in 35 patients undergoing (colo-)rectal resection with stapled anastomosis is recruiting. The C-seal can be used in both open procedures as well as laparoscopic procedures. The C-seal is only applied in stapled anastomoses within 15cm from the anal verge. In the video, application of the C-seal is shown in an open extended sigmoid resection in a patient suffering from diverticular disease with a stenotic colon.

The C-seal is a biofragmentable drain protecting the stapled colorectal anastomosis. In this video, details of the manufacturing, deployment and use are shown.

O C-selo: A Drenagem biofragmentável Proteção da anastomose grampeada colo-retal de fuga

Colorectal anastomotic leakage (AL) is a serious complication in colorectal surgery leading to high morbidity and mortality rates1. The incidence of AL ...

Medicina

Rat Heterotopic Abdominal Heart/Single-lung Transplantation in a Volume-loaded Configuration

Herein, we describe a novel technique for heterotopic abdominal heart-lung transplantation (HAHLT) in rats. The configuration of the transplant graft involves anastomosis of donor inferior vena cava (IVC) to recipient IVC, and donor ascending aorta (Ao) to recipient abdominal Ao. The right upper and middle lung lobes are preserved and function as conduits for blood flow from right heart to left heart.
There are several advantages to using this technique, and it lends itself to a broad range of applications. Because the graft is transplanted in a configuration that allows for dyamic volume-loading, cardiac function may be directly assessed in vivo. The use of pressure-volume conductance catheters permits characterization of load-dependent and load-independent hemodynamic parameters. The graft may be converted to a loaded configuration by applying a clamp to the recipient&#8217;s infra-hepatic IVC. We describe modified surgical techniques for both donor and recipient operations, and an ideal myocardial protection strategy. Depending on the experimental aim, this model may be adapted for use in both acute and chronic studies of graft function, immunologic status, and variable ventricular loading conditions. The conducting airways to the transplanted lung are preserved, and allow for acute lung re-ventilation. This facilitates analysis of the effects of the mixed venous and arterial blood providing coronary perfusion to the graft.
A limitation of this model is its technical complexity. There is a significant learning curve for new operators, who should ideally be mentored in the technique. A surgical training background is advantageous for those wishing to apply this model. Despite its complexity, we aim to present the model in a clear and easily applicable format. Because of the physiologic similarity of this model to orthotopic transplantation, and its broad range of study applications, the effort invested in learning the technique is likely to be worthwhile.

We describe a novel technique for heterotopic abdominal heart-lung transplantation (HAHLT) in rats. The transplant configuration results in a partially loaded graft circulation, allowing direct functional assessment. This model may be employed for acute or chronic studies of function and immunologic status of the transplanted graft.

Rat heterotópico abdominal coração / pulmão Transplante Single-carregado em uma configuração-Volume

Herein, we describe a novel technique for heterotopic abdominal heart-lung transplantation (HAHLT) in rats. The configuration of the transplant graft ...

Creation of Abdominal Adhesions in Mice

Abdominal adhesions consist of fibrotic tissue that forms in the peritoneal space in response to an inflammatory insult, typically surgery or intraabdominal infection. The precise mechanisms underlying adhesion formation are poorly understood. Many compounds and physical barriers have been tested for their ability to prevent adhesions after surgery with varying levels of success. The mouse and rat are important models for the study of abdominal adhesions. Several different techniques for the creation of adhesions in the mouse and rat exist in the literature. Here we describe a protocol utilizing abrasion of the cecum with sandpaper and sutures placed in the right abdominal sidewall. The mouse is anesthetized and the abdomen is prepped. A midline laparotomy is created and the cecum is identified. Sandpaper is used to gently abrade the surface of the cecum. Next, several figure-of-eight sutures are placed into the peritoneum of the right abdominal sidewall. The abdominal cavity is irrigated, a small amount of starch is applied, and the incision is closed. We have found that this technique produces the most consistent adhesions with the lowest mortality rate.

Abdominal adhesions that form after surgery are a major cause of pain, infertility, and hospitalization and reoperation for small bowel obstruction. Our surgical procedure for creating abdominal adhesions in mice is a reliable tool to study the mechanisms underlying the formation of adhesions.

Criação de abdominais aderências em Ratos

Abdominal adhesions consist of fibrotic tissue that forms in the peritoneal space in response to an inflammatory insult, typically surgery or ...

A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and fluid retention. Changes in myocardial structure, electrical conduction, and energy metabolism develop with heart failure, leading to contractile dysfunction, increased risk of arrhythmias, and sudden death. Hypertensive heart disease is one of the key contributing factors of cardiac remodeling associated with heart failure. The most commonly-used animal model mimicking hypertensive heart disease is created via surgical interventions, such as by narrowing the aorta. Abdominal aortic constriction is a useful experimental technique to induce a pressure overload, which leads to heart failure. The surgery can be easily performed, without the need for chest opening or mechanical ventilation. Abdominal aortic constriction-induced cardiac pathology progresses gradually, making this model relevant to clinical hypertensive heart failure. Cardiac injury and remodeling can be observed 10 weeks after the surgery. The method described here provides a simple and effective approach to produce a hypertensive heart disease animal model that is suitable for studying disease mechanisms and for testing novel therapeutics.

A rat model of abdominal aortic constriction that induces cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling is described. An efficient, highly-reproducible, and minimally-invasive method is used to provide a simple yet useful platform for research in myocardial hypertrophy and dysfunction.

Um Modelo de Cardiologia remodela Através constrição da Aorta Abdominal em Ratos

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and ...

Patch Angioplasty in the Rat Aorta or Inferior Vena Cava

Pericardial patches are commonly used in vascular surgery to close vessels. To facilitate studies of the neointimal hyperplasia that forms on the patch, we developed a rat model of patch angioplasty that can be used in either a vein or an artery, creating a patch venoplasty or a patch arterioplasty, respectively. Technical aspects of this model are discussed. The infra-renal IVC or aorta are dissected and then clamped proximally and distally. A 3 mm venotomy or arteriotomy is performed in the infrarenal inferior vena cava or aorta of 6 to 8 week-old Wistar rats. A bovine pericardial patch (3 mm x 1.5 mm x 0.6 mm) is then used to close the site using a 10-0 nylon suture. Compared to arterial patches, venous patches show increased neointimal thickness on postoperative day 7. This novel model of pericardial patch angioplasty can be used to examine neointimal hyperplasia on vascular biomaterials, as well as to compare the differences between the arterial and venous environments.

We have established a model of pericardial patch angioplasty that can be used in either small-diameter veins or arteries. This model can be used to compare venous and arterial neointimal hyperplasia formation.

Remendar Angioplastia na Rat aorta ou veia cava inferior

Pericardial patches are commonly used in vascular surgery to close vessels. To facilitate studies of the neointimal hyperplasia that forms on the patch, ...

Direct Re-implantation of Left Coronary Artery into the Aorta in Adults with Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare congenital anomaly which is one of leading causes of myocardial ischemia and infarction in children. If left untreated, it results in a 90% mortality rate in the first year of life. In patients who survive to the adulthood, the coronary steal phenomenon and retrograde left-sided coronary flow provide a substrate for chronic subendocardial ischemia, which may lead to left ventricular dysfunction, ischemic mitral regurgitation, malignant ventricular arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. The average age of life-threatening presentation is 33 years and of sudden cardiac death 31 years. Therefore, surgical correction is highly recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made, regardless of age. In adult-type ALCAPA originating from the right-facing sinus of the pulmonary artery, direct re-implantation of the ALCAPA into the aorta is the more physiologically sound repair technique to re-establish the dual-coronary perfusion system and is recommended. This protocol describes the technique of direct re-implantation of adult-type ALCAPA into the aorta.

Direct Re-implantation of Left Coronary Artery into the Aorta in Adults with Anomalous Origin of Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery ALCAPA

Surgical correction of ALCAPA is highly recommended, regardless of age or the degree of intercoronary collateralization. This protocol presents a technique for the direct re-implantation of adult-type ALCAPA into the aorta to re-establish the dual-coronary perfusion. Whenever feasible, direct re-implantation is preferred to other surgical correction techniques.

Re-implantação direta de Esquerda da Artéria Coronária para a aorta em adultos com Origem Anômala da Coronária Esquerda da Artéria da artéria pulmonar (ALCAPA)

Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare congenital anomaly which is one of leading causes of myocardial ...

Balloon-based Injury to Induce Myointimal Hyperplasia in the Mouse Abdominal Aorta

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine balloon denudation model, which is comparable with established vessel injury models in large animals. The aorta denudation model with balloon catheters mimics the clinical setting and leads to comparable pathobiological and physiological changes. Briefly, after performing a horizontal incision in the aorta abdominalis, a balloon catheter will be inserted into the vessel, inflated, and introduced retrogradely. Inflation of the balloon will lead to intima injury and overdistension of the vessel. After removing the catheter, the aortic incision will be closed with single stiches. The model shown in this article is reproducible, easy to perform, and can be established quickly and reliably. It is especially suitable for evaluating expensive experimental therapeutic agents, which can be applied in an economical fashion. By using different knockout-mouse strains, the impact of different genes on MH development can be assessed.

This article demonstrates a murine model to study the development of myointimal hyperplasia (MH) after aortic balloon injury.

Lesão baseada no balão para induzir a hiperplasia Myointimal da Aorta Abdominal de Mouse

The use of animal models is essential for a better understanding of MH, one major cause for arterial stenosis.In this article, we demonstrate a murine ...

Ultrasound Imaging of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta in Mice to Determine Aneurysm Dimensions

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been widely used to measure aortic dimensions in mouse models of aortic aneurysms. Aortic aneurysms are defined as permanent dilations of the aorta, which occur most frequently in the ascending and abdominal regions. Sequential measurements of aortic dimensions by ultrasound are the principal approach for assessing the development and progression of aortic aneurysms in vivo. Although many reported studies used ultrasound imaging to measure aortic diameters as a primary endpoint, there are confounding factors, such as probe position and cardiac cycle, that may impact the accuracy of data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation. The purpose of this protocol is to provide a practical guide on the use of ultrasound to measure the aortic diameter in a reliable and reproducible manner. This protocol introduces the preparation of mice and instruments, the acquisition of appropriate ultrasound images, and data analysis.

Ultrasound imaging has become a common modality to determine the luminal dimensions of thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice. This protocol describes the procedure to acquire reliable and reproducible two-dimensional ultrasound images of the ascending and abdominal aorta in mice.

Ecografia da Aorta torácica e Abdominal em ratos para determinar as dimensões de aneurisma

Contemporary high-resolution ultrasound instruments have sufficient resolution to facilitate the measurement of mouse aortas. These instruments have been ...

A Murine Model of Hemodialysis Access-Related Hand Dysfunction

Chronic kidney disease is a major public health problem, and the prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring chronic renal replacement therapies such as hemodialysis continues to increase. Autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) placement remains a primary vascular access option for ESRD patients. Unfortunately, approximately half of the hemodialysis patients experience dialysis access-related hand dysfunction (ARHD), ranging from subtle paresthesia to digital gangrene. Notably, the underlying biologic drivers responsible for ARHD are poorly understood, and no adequate animal model exists to elucidate the mechanisms and/or develop novel therapeutics for the prevention/treatment of ARHD. Herein, we describe a new mouse model in which an AVF is created between the left common iliac artery and vein, thereby facilitating the assessment of limb pathophysiology. The microsurgery includes vessel isolation, longitudinal venotomy, creation of arteriovenous anastomosis, and venous reconstruction. Sham surgeries include all the critical steps except for AVF creation. Iliac AVF placement results in clinically relevant alterations in central hemodynamics, peripheral ischemia, and impairments in hindlimb neuromotor performance. This novel preclinical AVF model provides a useful platform that recapitulates common neuromotor perturbations reported by hemodialysis patients, allowing researchers to investigate the mechanisms of ARHD pathophysiology and test potential therapeutics.

This protocol details the surgical steps of murine common iliac arteriovenous fistula creation. We developed this model to study hemodialysis access-related limb pathophysiology.

Um modelo murino de disfunção da mão relacionada ao acesso para hemodiálise

Chronic kidney disease is a major public health problem, and the prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) requiring chronic renal replacement ...

Robotic Cochlear Implantation for Direct Cochlear Access

Robot-assisted systems offer great potential for gentler and more precise cochlear implantation. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the clinical workflow for robotic cochlear implantation using a robotic system specifically developed for a minimally invasive, direct cochlear access. The clinical workflow involves experts from various disciplines and requires training to ensure a smooth and safe procedure. The protocol briefly summarizes the history of robotic cochlear implantation. The clinical sequence is explained in detail, beginning with the assessment of patient eligibility and covering surgical preparation, preoperative planning with the special planning software, drilling of the middle ear access, intraoperative imaging to confirm the trajectory, milling of the inner ear access, insertion of the electrode array, and implant management. The steps that require special attention are discussed. As an example, the postoperative outcome of robotic cochlear implantation in a patient with advanced otosclerosis is presented. Finally, the procedure is discussed in the context of the authors' experience.

Robotic cochlear implantation is a procedure for minimally invasive inner ear access. Compared to conventional surgery, robotic cochlear implantation involves additional steps that need to be carried out in the operating room. In this article we give a description of the procedure and highlight the important aspects of robotic cochlear implantation.

Implantação coclear robótica para acesso coclear direto

Robot-assisted systems offer great potential for gentler and more precise cochlear implantation. In this article, we provide a comprehensive overview of ...