Name: design and application of a fault detection method based on adaptive filters and rotational speed estimation for an electro-hydrostatic actuator
Uploaded: 2022-10-28T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Application of a Fault Detection Method Based on Adaptive Filters and Rotational Speed Estimation for an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator at JoVE.com

This work was supported by the Chinese Civil Aircraft Project (No. MJ-2017-S49) and the China
Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2021M700331).

1. Establishment of the EHA simulation model
<ol>
	<li>Open the simulation software on a PC.</li>
	<li>Build the simulation model for the EHA (Figure 2), according to the mathematical equations of the EHA model15, and conduct a three-loop PI as the controller. Encapsulate the hydraulic module (Figure 2C), electrical module (Figure 2B), and controller (Figure 2B...

<ol>
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D., Lestari, N. S., Mahardika, A. G., Fadriani, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimization+of+normalized+least+mean+square+algorithm+of+smart+antenna+beamforming+for+interference+mitigation.">Optimization of normalized least mean square algorithm of smart antenna beamforming for interference mitigation.</a> Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 1783, 012085 (2021).</li><li>Fu, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modelling+and+simulation+of+flight+control+electromechanical+actuators+with+special+focus+on+model+architecting,+multidisciplinary+effects+and+power+flows.">Modelling and simulation of flight control electromechanical actuators with special focus on model architecting, multidisciplinary effects and power flows.</a> Chinese Journal of Aeronautics. 30 (1), 47-65 (2017).</li><li>Li, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+normalized+LMS+adaptive+filter+with+a+variable+regularization+factor.">New normalized LMS adaptive filter with a variable regularization factor.</a> Journal of Systems Engineering and Electronics. 30 (2), 259-269 (2019).</li></ol>

When conducting these experimental steps, it was important to ensure the real-time capability of the algorithm in order to obtain accurate calculation results. The white noise in the signal acquisition process was adopted to simulate the characteristics of the actual sensor in order to make the simulation closer to reality. In the simulations and experiments, moving average filters were applied to reduce the fluctuation in the identified resistance and estimated rotational speed, which made the fault characteristics more...

The electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) is a key component for flight control in more electric aircraft (MEA). The typical structure of an EHA is shown in Figure 1. Its compact structure guarantees high power density, low maintenance, and higher fault tolerance and safety compared with the traditional hydraulic servo actuator (HSA)1. However, the current reliability of the EHA cannot meet the practical requirements of more electric aircraft2. As a result, redundancy technology has been introduced into the design of the EHA. To maximize the effectiveness of the redundancy technology, the operating status of the system should be monitored by a fault detection method3. According to the location where the fault occurs, the fault modes of the EHA can be divided into servo controller faults and power control unit (PCU) faults. PCU faults can be further divided into sensor faults, electromechanical unit faults, and hydraulic unit faults. The fault mechanism of the servo controller has little relationship with the EHA body, and the fault probability of the sensor is much lower than that of the equipment component4. Therefore, we focus on the faults of the electromechanical unit and hydraulic unit in this paper.
Electromechanical unit faults include motor drive module faults and brushless DC motor (BLDCM) faults. Generally, the probability of a power drive electronics (PDE) fault (e.g., a short-circuit fault, an open-circuit fault) is relatively high. When a short-circuit fault occurs, the PDE current rises sharply in a short amount of time, causing severe consequences such as a motor shutdown or damage to the electrical components. Although the motor can maintain its working status after an open-circuit fault occurs, overcurrent and overvoltage for the other electrical components are still inevitable, and secondary faults may consequently happen5. As for the BLDCMs, the motor windings are most prone to faults from a short circuit or an open circuit6. The PDE in the electromechanical unit is connected in series with the corresponding motor windings. The fault detection method designed for the motor windings is also effective when dealing with faults in the PDE. Therefore, electromechanical unit faults, including both in the motor and the PDE, should be detected online.
Hydraulic unit faults include fault occurrences in the fixed-displacement piston pump, integrated valve block, and actuating cylinder7. The EHA&#39;s piston pump is composed of pistons, swash plates, and valve plates; damage to the seal and wear of the valve plate are the main forms of fault8. These two fault modes increase the leakage of the pump. Abnormal changes in the output flow and pressure follow and, eventually, lead to a decrease in the speed of the actuating cylinder and a reduction in the servo performance of the system. The fault modes of the integrated valve block include a pressurized reservoir fault, a check valve fault, a relief valve fault, and a mode selection valve fault. The pressurized reservoir usually adopts a self-boosting design with high reliability. When a fault occurs, however, insufficient charge pressure causes cavitation of the pump, resulting in abnormal output flow. Spring fatigue, component wear, and deformation are common fault modes in the check valves and relief valves. A check valve fault presents as a reverse leakage, which directly leads to abnormal flow. A relief valve fault leads to an invalid protection function, resulting in abnormal pressure. The common faults of the mode selection valve are failure of the return spring and broken wire coils. The former causes in-current switching of the working status, leading to abnormal movement of the actuating cylinder. An actuating cylinder fault results in a decrease in position control precision and dynamic performance. In summary, faults of the hydraulic units cause abnormal flow and pressure9. Since the flow and motor rotational speed are approximately proportional in an EHA system, the rotational speed can be monitored online to detect abnormal flow and pressure due to sudden faults.
Corresponding fault detection methods aimed at the previously mentioned electromechanical unit faults and hydraulic unit faults need to be designed. The methods for fault detection in an electromechanical system mainly include state estimation and parameter identification10. A state observer is built on the basis of a mathematical model of the system that makes a state estimation and determines faults by analyzing the residual sequence generated by the observer. Alcorta et al. proposed a simple and novel nonlinear observer with two correction terms for vibration fault detection in commercial aircraft, which is highly effective11. However, this type of method must solve the robustness problem of the observer. In other words, it must suppress the changes in the residual sequence caused by non-fault information such as model error or external disturbances. Moreover, this method often requires very accurate model information, which is usually difficult to collect in practical engineering applications.
The parameter identification method employs certain algorithms for identifying the important parameters in the system. When a fault occurs, the corresponding parameter value also changes. Therefore, faults can be detected by detecting a change in the parameters. The parameter identification method does not require the calculation of the residual sequence, so it can avoid the effect of disturbances on the detection accuracy. The adaptive filter has been widely used in parameter identification due to its easy implementation and stable performance, meaning it is a favorable and feasible method for electromechanical fault detection12. Zhu et al. proposed a new multi-model adaptive estimation fault detection method based on kernel adaptive filters, which realizes the estimation of the real flight state value and the actuator fault detection online with good performance13.
Referring to the previous research, corresponding fault detection methods have been designed. The resistance of the windings abruptly changes when electrical faults occur, such as open-circuit faults or short-circuit faults. Therefore, an adaptive filter was designed based on an NLMS algorithm to identify the resistance of the windings, which can determine whether an electrical fault has occurred. Combining an adaptive filter with an NLMS algorithm to minimize the change of the parameter vector leads to a better and faster convergence effect14. For hydraulic unit faults, a rotational speed estimation algorithm was proposed based on the clear analytical relationship between the rotational speed of the pump and the position of the actuating cylinder. EHA hydraulic faults were detected online by comparing the estimated rotational speed with the actual speed in real time.
In this paper, a test method combining simulations and experiments was adopted. First, a mathematical model of the EHA was built, and a simulation for the proposed fault detection method was performed. The simulation included the verification of the detection methods in non-fault and fault injection conditions. Then, the fault detection method was realized in the real servo controller. Finally, the results of the simulations and experiments were analyzed and compared to evaluate the efficacy of the fault detection method.

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>LabVIEW</td>
			<td>NI</td>
			<td>NI LabVIEW 2018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matlab/SIMULINK</td>
			<td>MathWorks.Inc</td>
			<td>R2020a</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Personal Computer</td>
			<td>Lenovo</td>
			<td>Y7000 2020H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24V Switching Power Supply</td>
			<td>ECNKO</td>
			<td>S-250-24</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Programmable Current Source</td>
			<td>Greens Pai</td>
			<td>GDP-50-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

design and application of a fault detection method based on adaptive filters and rotational speed estimation for an electro-hydrostatic actuator

The electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) is a promising actuating apparatus used in flight control systems for more electric aircraft (MEA) due to its high power density and low maintenance. Since the reliability of the system decreases with increasing complexity, fault detection is becoming increasingly important. In this paper, an adaptive filter was designed based on a normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm, which could identify the resistance of the motor windings online to detect electrical faults in the EHA. Additionally, based on the analytical relationship between rotational speed and displacement, a rotational speed estimation method was designed. By comparing the actual rotational speed with the estimated one, hydraulic faults could be detected. To verify the efficacy of the aforementioned method, software was applied for the modeling and simulations, which included fault injection and detection. On this basis, an experimental platform was built and then subjected to a series of validation experiments. The results indicate that the fault detection method has the potential to detect electrical and hydraulic faults in an EHA.

In the simulation, the actual position and target position curve of the EHA piston rod in the non-fault condition is shown in Figure 7. According to the curve, the system was operating normally, with good dynamic characteristics. The actual position and target position curve of the EHA piston rod in the electromechanical fault injection condition is shown in Figure 8. According to the curve, the system could not track the target accurately. The results of the re...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Design and Application of a Fault Detection Method Based on Adaptive Filters and Rotational Speed Estimation for an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator at JoVE.com

Design and Application of a Fault Detection Method Based on Adaptive Filters and Rotational Speed Estimation for an Electro-Hydrostatic Actuator

In this paper, an adaptive filter based on a normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm and a rotational speed estimation method are introduced to detect the electrical and hydraulic faults of the electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA). The efficacy and feasibility of the aforementioned methods are verified through simulations and experiments.

The electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA) is a promising actuating apparatus used in flight control systems for more electric aircraft (MEA) due to its high ...

Fault detection is a key technology to test the practicality of electro-hydrostatic actuator, also known as EHA. This protocol possess an effective design experiment method for EHA fault detection. This protocol combines simulation and experiment fault detection algorithms that can detect the errors of EHA effectively and quickly.To establish the EHA simulation model open the simulation software on a PC and set the parameters of the model as described in the text manuscript. Then give a position command, a sinusoid with an amplitude of 0.01 meter, and a frequency of two pi radius per second. Enter the modeling menu and click the model settings"button.Set the simulation operation parameters starting with a start time of zero seconds, a stop time of six seconds, the type as variable step, and the solver as auto. Double click the fault injection switches to set the model to work in a non-fault condition. Click the run button to run the simulation and receive the non-fault condition results.Run the drawing software to draw the curve of the piston rod misplacement. Double click the insert electromechanical fault switch to inject an electromechanical fault at three seconds, which sets the resistance to 1000 ums to simulate an open circuit fault of the motor windings. Repeat the simulation run as demonstrated earlier to attain the results for the electromechanical fault condition.Run the drawing software to draw the curves of the piston rod displacement and the identified resistance. Turn the insert hydraulic fault switch to inject a hydraulic fault at three seconds which increases the leakage value to 2.5 times 10^9 cubic meters per second per pascal, to simulate a hydraulic unit fault. Then run the simulation model as demonstrated earlier to attain the results for the hydraulic fault condition.Run the drawing software to draw the curves of the piston rod displacement and rotational speed estimation results. Position the PC, EHA, and Servo controller. Open the host software interface on the PC and establish communication between the Servo controller and the PC.Select the appropriate serial port from the software's visa resource name dropdown window.Click the run button to start the software. Observe the receiving area and the corresponding curves of the software to determine whether the data receiving function is normal. Click the solenoid valve two button to observe whether the solenoid valve red light is lightened and determine whether the data transmission function is normal.Provide drive power to the Servo controller and set the voltage to 50 volts dc. Click the EHA switch button on the software to set the EHA to a running state. Click the data log button to start data logging.The recorded data will include various parameters, such as the actual position, the target position, the actual speed, the target speed, the bus current, and the voltage. Conduct a pre-run for the EHA and give position commands on the software. Which include a step of plus five and minus five millimeters.Observe whether the EHA is actuating normally. Give a position command on the software a sinusoid with an amplitude 10 millimeters and a frequency of one hertz. Observe whether the identified resistance and the estimated rotational speed are consistent with the values under non-fault operating conditions.Put the position command back to the original state, if the result is correct. Click the EHA switch button to stop the EHA and cut off the drive power. Then stop the host computer software and interrupt the communication between the Servo controller and the PC.Export the experimental data, analyze the data, and draw curves of the experimental results using drawing software.Then proceed with result analysis as described in the text manuscript. In the simulation run, the actual and target position curve of the EHA piston rod in the non-fault condition operated normally with good dynamic characteristics. However, the position curve in the electromechanical fault injection could not track the target accurately.The resistance identification algorithm demonstrated that before and after injection the identified value converged to the true value, indicating that the method achieved the desired effect. The actual and target position curves in the hydraulic fault injection condition could not track the target accurately. Before injection, the estimated rotational speed was very close to the actual rotational speed.While after injection, a hydraulic fault could be determined according to the excessive error in the rotational speed. The experimental results were in accordance with the simulation results. The resistance identification algorithm showed that the identified value converged to the true value of 0.3 oms consistent with the simulation, indicating that the method achieved the desired effect.The corresponding rotational speed estimate was close to the actual rotational speed, and rotational speed error essentially fluctuated in the acceptable range of zero to 2.5 RPS. Fault detection technology is a key to EHA redundancy and the health management. Which can pave the way for further practicality of EHA.

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Application of Design Aspects in Uniaxial Loading Machine Development

In terms of accurate and precise mechanical testing, machines run the continuum. Whereas commercial platforms offer excellent accuracy, they can be cost-prohibitive, often priced in the $100,000 - $200,000 price range. At the other extreme are stand-alone manual devices that often lack repeatability and accuracy (e.g., a manual crank device). However, if a single use is indicated, it is over-engineering to design and machine something overly elaborate. Nonetheless, there are occasions where machines are designed and built in-house to accomplish a motion not attainable with the existing machines in the laboratory. Described in detail here is one such device. It is a loading platform that enables pure uniaxial loading. Standard loading machines typically are biaxial in that linear loading occurs along the axis and rotary loading occurs about the axis. During testing with these machines, a load is applied to one end of the specimen while the other end remains fixed. These systems are not capable of conducting pure axial testing in which tension/compression is applied equally to the specimen ends. The platform developed in this paper enables the equal and opposite loading of specimens. While it can be used for compression, here the focus is on its use in pure tensile loading. The device incorporates commercial load cells and actuators (movers) and, as is the case with machines built in-house, a frame is machined to hold the commercial parts and fixtures for testing.

Here we present a protocol to develop a pure uniaxial loading machine. Critical design aspects are employed to ensure accurate and reproducible testing results.

In terms of accurate and precise mechanical testing, machines run the continuum. Whereas commercial platforms offer excellent accuracy, they can be ...

Design and Fabrication of an Optical Fiber Made of Water

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with solid-cladding devices, capillary oscillations are not restricted, allowing the fiber walls to move and vibrate. The fiber is constructed by a high direct current (DC) voltage of several thousand volts (kV) between two water reservoirs that creates a floating water thread, known as a water bridge. Through the choice of micropipettes, it is possible to control the maximal diameter and length of the fiber. Optical fiber couplers, at both sides of the bridge, activate it as an optical waveguide, allowing researchers to monitor the water fiber capillary body waves through transmission modulation and, therefore, deducing changes in surface tension.
Co-confining two important wave types, capillary and electromagnetic, opens a new path of research in the interactions between light and liquid-wall devices. Water-walled microdevices are a million times softer than their solid counterparts, accordingly improving the response to minute forces.

This protocol describes the design and manufacture of a water bridge and its activation as a water fiber. The experiment demonstrates that capillary resonances of the water fiber modulate its optical transmission.

In this report, an optical fiber of which the core is made solely of water, while the cladding is air, is designed and manufactured. In contrast with ...

Implementation of a Nonlinear Microscope Based on Stimulated Raman Scattering

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses near-infrared excitation light; therefore, it shares many multi-photon microscopic imaging properties. SRS imaging modality can be obtained using commercial laser-scanning microscopes by equipping with a non-descanned forward detector with proper bandpass filters and lock-in amplifier (LIA) detection scheme. A schematic layout of a typical SRS microscope includes the following: two pulsed laser beams, (i.e., the pump and probe directed in a scanning microscope), which must be overlapped in both space and time at the image plane, then focused by a microscope objective into the sample through two scanning mirrors (SMs), which raster the focal spot across an x-y plane. After interaction with the sample, transmitted output pulses are collected by an upper objective and measured by a forward detection system inserted in an inverted microscope. Pump pulses are removed by a stack of optical filters, whereas the probe pulses that are the result of the SRS process occurring in the focal volume of the specimen are measured by a photodiode (PD). The readout of the PD is demodulated by the LIA to extract the modulation depth. A two-dimensional (2D) image is obtained by synchronizing the forward detection unit with the microscope scanning unit. In this paper, the implementation of an SRS microscope is described and successfully demonstrated, as well as the reporting of label-free images of polystyrene beads with diameters of 3 &#181;m. It is worth noting that SRS microscopes are not commercially available, so in order to take advantage of these characteristics, the homemade construction is the only option. Since SRS microscopy is becoming popular in many fields, it is believed that this careful description of the SRS microscope implementation can be very useful for the scientific community.

In this manuscript, the implementation of a stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscope, obtained by the integration of an SRS experimental set-up with a laser scanning microscope, is described. The SRS microscope is based on two femtosecond (fs) laser sources, a Ti-Sapphire (Ti:Sa) and synchronized optical parametric oscillator (OPO).

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses near-infrared excitation light; therefore, it shares many multi-photon microscopic imaging properties. ...

Fabrication and Design of Wood-Based High-Performance Composites

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber reinforced composites, due to its excellent mechanical properties. Delignified wood, however, is rather fragile in a wet state, which makes handling and shaping challenging. Here we present two fabrication processes, closed-mold densification and vacuum densification, to produce high-performance cellulose composites based on delignified wood, including an assessment of their advantages and limitations. Further, we suggest strategies for how the composites can be re-used or decomposed at the end-of-life cycle. Closed-mold densification has the advantage that no elaborate lab equipment is needed. Simple screw clamps or a press can be used for densification. We recommend this method for small parts with simple geometries and large radii of curvature. Vacuum densification in an open-mold process is suitable for larger objects and complex geometries, including small radii of curvature. Compared to the closed-mold process, the open-mold vacuum approach only needs the manufacture of a single mold cavity.

Delignified densified wood represents a new promising lightweight, high-performance and bio-based material with great potential to partially substitute natural fiber reinforced- or glass fiber reinforced composites in the future. We here present two versatile fabrication routes and demonstrate the possibility to create complex composite parts.

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber ...