This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2022R1A2C1006046), by the Original Technology Research Program for Brain Science through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2019M3C7A1031995), by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2022R1A6A3A13053491), and by the MSIT(Ministry of Science and ICT), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center) support program (IITP-2023-RS-2023-00258971) supervised by the IITP (Institute for Information &#38; Communications Technology Planning &#38; Evaluation).

All experimental procedures were reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital. For the experiments in this study, 34 participants with stroke were recruited. Signed informed consent was obtained from all participants. A signed informed consent was obtained from a legal representative if a participant met the criteria but could not sign the consent form because of disability.
1. Experimental setup
<ol>
	<li>Patient recr...

<ol>
	<li>Faria-Fortini, I., Michaelsen, S. M., Cassiano, J. G., Teixeira-Salmela, L. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upper+extremity+function+in+stroke+subjects:+Relationships+between+the+international+classification+of+functioning,+disability,+and+health+domains.">Upper extremity function in stroke subjects: Relationships between the international classification of functioning, disability, and health domains.</a> Journal of Hand Therapy. 24 (3), 257-265 (2011).</li><li>Veerbeek, J. M., Kwakkel, G., van Wegen, E. E., Ket, J. C., Heymans, M. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+prediction+of+outcome+of+activities+of+daily+living+after+stroke:+a+systematic+review.">Early prediction of outcome of activities of daily living after stroke: a systematic review.</a> Stroke. 42 (5), 1482-1488 (2011).</li><li>Babiloni, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+movement-related+potentials+vs+desynchronization+of+EEG+alpha+rhythm:+a+high-resolution+EEG+study.">Human movement-related potentials vs desynchronization of EEG alpha rhythm: a high-resolution EEG study.</a> Neuroimage. 10 (6), 658-665 (1999).</li><li>Giaquinto, S., Cobianchi, A., Macera, F., Nolfe, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+recordings+in+the+course+of+recovery+from+stroke.">EEG recordings in the course of recovery from stroke.</a> Stroke. 25 (11), 2204-2209 (1994).</li><li>Bartur, G., Pratt, H., Soroker, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Changes+in+mu+and+beta+amplitude+of+the+EEG+during+upper+limb+movement+correlate+with+motor+impairment+and+structural+damage+in+subacute+stroke.">Changes in mu and beta amplitude of the EEG during upper limb movement correlate with motor impairment and structural damage in subacute stroke.</a> Clinical Neurophysiology. 130 (9), 1644-1651 (2019).</li><li>Boyd, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomarkers+of+stroke+recovery:+Consensus-based+core+recommendations+from+the+Stroke+Recovery+and+Rehabilitation+Roundtable.">Biomarkers of stroke recovery: Consensus-based core recommendations from the Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable.</a> International Journal of Stroke. 12 (5), 480-493 (2017).</li><li>Thibaut, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+brain+oscillations+and+corticospinal+excitability+to+understand+and+predict+post-stroke+motor+function.">Using brain oscillations and corticospinal excitability to understand and predict post-stroke motor function.</a> Frontiers in Neurology. 8, 187 (2017).</li><li>Caliandro, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small-world+characteristics+of+cortical+connectivity+changes+in+acute+stroke.">Small-world characteristics of cortical connectivity changes in acute stroke.</a> Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 31 (1), 81-94 (2017).</li><li>Saes, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+Resting-state+EEG+longitudinally+associated+with+recovery+of+clinical+neurological+impairments+early+poststroke?+A+prospective+cohort+study.">Is Resting-state EEG longitudinally associated with recovery of clinical neurological impairments early poststroke? A prospective cohort study.</a> Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair. 34 (5), 389-402 (2020).</li><li>Vecchio, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+connectivity+from+EEG+data+in+acute+stroke:+A+study+via+graph+theory+as+a+potential+biomarker+for+functional+recovery.">Cortical connectivity from EEG data in acute stroke: A study via graph theory as a potential biomarker for functional recovery.</a> International Journal of Psychophysiology. 146, 133-138 (2019).</li><li>Ang, K. 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M., Montesano, L., Ramos-Murguialday, A., Birbaumer, N., Minguez, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decoding+upper+limb+movement+attempt+from+EEG+measurements+of+the+contralesional+motor+cortex+in+chronic+stroke+patients.">Decoding upper limb movement attempt from EEG measurements of the contralesional motor cortex in chronic stroke patients.</a> IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 64 (1), 99-111 (2017).</li><li>Lee, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+dataset+and+OpenBMI+toolbox+for+three+BCI+paradigms:+an+investigation+into+BCI+illiteracy.">EEG dataset and OpenBMI toolbox for three BCI paradigms: an investigation into BCI illiteracy.</a> Gigascience. 8 (5), giz002 (2019).</li><li>Jasper, H. 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V., Anderer, P., Schuster, P., Presslich, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+solution+for+reliable+and+valid+reduction+of+ocular+artifacts,+applied+to+the+P300+ERP.">A solution for reliable and valid reduction of ocular artifacts, applied to the P300 ERP.</a> Psychophysiology. 23 (6), 695-703 (1986).</li><li>Kim, Y. 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MS, NJP, WSK, and HJH have a patent-pending entitled &#34;Method for providing information related to motor impairment and devices used therefor&#34;, Number 10-2022-0007841.

This study has introduced an EEG experiment for measuring upper limb movement-related neuronal activities in individuals with stroke. The experimental paradigm and methods of acquisition and analysis of EEG were applied to determine the ERD patterns in the ipsilesional and contralesional motor cortex. 
The results of the ERSP maps (Figure 7) demonstrated the difference in the degree of neuronal activation when moving the impaired and unaffected hands. The results ...

Upper limb motor impairment is one of the most common consequences of stroke and is related to limitations in activities of daily living1,2. Alpha (8-13 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) band rhythms are known to be closely associated with movements. In particular, studies have shown that altered neural activity in the alpha and lower beta (12-20 Hz) frequency bands during movement of an impaired limb is correlated with the degree of motor impairment in individuals with stroke3,4,5. Based on these findings, electroencephalography (EEG) has emerged as a potential biomarker that reflects both severity of motor impairment and possibility of motor recovery6,7. However, previously developed EEG-based biomarkers have proved inadequate for investigating the characteristics of motor impairment in individuals with stroke, largely due to their reliance on resting-state EEG data rather than task-induced EEG data8,9,10. Complex information processing related to motor impairments, such as the interaction between ipsilesional and contralesional hemispheres, can be revealed only through task-induced EEG data, not resting-state EEG. Therefore, further studies are not only required to explore the relationship between neuronal activities and motor impairment characteristics and to clarify the usefulness of EEG generated during movement of the impaired body part as a potential biomarker for motor impairment in individuals with stroke11.
Implementing EEG for assessing behavioral effects requires task-specific paradigms and protocols. To date, various EEG protocols have been suggested12, where individuals with stroke performed imagined or actual movements to induce movement-related brain activities11,13. In the case of imagined movements, about 53.7% of participants could not definitely imagine a corresponding movement (called &#34;illiteracy&#34;) and thus failed to induce movement-related brain activities14. Moreover, it is difficult for individuals with severe stroke to move the entire upper extremity, and there is a possibility of unnecessary artifacts during data acquisition due to unstable movements. Therefore, guidance based on expert know-how is required to acquire task-related high-quality EEG data and neurophysiologically interpretable results. In this study, we comprehensively designed an experimental paradigm for individuals with stroke to perform a relatively simple hand movement task and provided an experimental procedure with detailed guidance.
By outlining the visualized experimental protocol in this article, we aimed to illustrate the specific concepts and methods used for the acquisition and analysis of neuronal activities related to the movement of the upper limb using an EEG system. In demonstrating the difference in neuronal activities via EEG between the paretic and nonparetic upper limbs in participants with hemiplegic stroke, this study aimed to present the feasibility of EEG using the described protocol as a potential biomarker for the severity of motor impairment in individuals with stroke in a cross-sectional context.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>actiCAP</td>
			<td>Easycap, GmbH Ltd., Herrsching, Germany</td>
			<td>CAC-32-SAMW-56</td>
			<td>Textile EEG cap platform to accommodate EEG electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brain Vision Recorder (Software)</td>
			<td>Brain Products GmBH Ltd., Munich, Germany</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Software used to record EEG signal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curry 7 (Software)</td>
			<td>Compumedics, Australia</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Software used in preprocessing of EEG data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LiveAmp</td>
			<td>Brain Products, GmbH Ltd., Gilching, Germany</td>
			<td>LA-055606-0348</td>
			<td>EEG system (amplifier) used for the measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MATLAB R2019a (Software)</td>
			<td>MathWorks Inc., Natick, MA, USA</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Software used to run the experimental stimulus and analyze the EEG data</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recording PC</td>
			<td>Lenovo Group Limited, Hong Kong, China</td>
			<td>Model: X58K</td>
			<td> 
			Intel Core i7-7700HQ CPU@2.80 GHz, RAM 8 GB 
			/EEG data recording using Brain Vision Recorder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sensor&#38;Trigger Extension(STE)</td>
			<td>Brain Products GmBH Ltd., Munich, Germany</td>
			<td>STE-055604-0162</td>
			<td>Adds physioloigcal signals to the EEG amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Splitter box</td>
			<td>Brain Products GmBH Ltd., Munich, Germany</td>
			<td>BP-135-1600</td>
			<td>Connects Ag/AgCl electrodes to the EEG amplifier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulation PC</td>
			<td>Hansung Corporation, Seoul, Korea</td>
			<td>Model: ThinkPad P71</td>
			<td> 
			Intel Core i7-8750H CPU@2.20 GHz, RAM 8 GB 
			Presenting stimulation screen using MATLAB</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TriggerBox</td>
			<td>Brain Products GmBH Ltd., Munich, Germany</td>
			<td>BP-245-1010</td>
			<td>Receives trigger signal from PC and relay it to EEG recording system</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

electroencephalography network indices as biomarkers of upper limb impairment in chronic stroke

Alteration of electroencephalography (EEG) signals during task-specific movement of the impaired limb has been reported as a potential biomarker for the severity of motor impairment and for the prediction of motor recovery in individuals with stroke. When implementing EEG experiments, detailed paradigms and well-organized experiment protocols are required to obtain robust and interpretable results. In this protocol, we illustrate a task-specific paradigm with upper limb movement and methods and techniques needed for the acquisition and analysis of EEG data. The paradigm consists of 1 min of rest followed by 10 trials comprising alternating 5 s and 3 s of resting and task (hand extension)-states, respectively, over 4 sessions. EEG signals were acquired using 32 Ag/AgCl scalp electrodes at a sampling rate of 1,000 Hz. Event-related spectral perturbation analysis associated with limb movement and functional network analyses at the global level in the low-beta (12-20 Hz) frequency band were performed. Representative results showed an alteration of the functional network of low-beta EEG frequency bands during movement of the impaired upper limb, and the altered functional network was associated with the degree of motor impairment in chronic stroke patients. The results demonstrate the feasibility of the experimental paradigm in EEG measurements during upper limb movement in individuals with stroke. Further research using this paradigm is needed to determine the potential value of EEG signals as biomarkers of motor impairment and recovery.

Figure 7&#160;presents the topographical low-beta ERD maps of each hand-movement task. A significantly strong low-beta ERD was observed in the contralesional hemisphere compared with the ipsilesional hemisphere for both the affected and unaffected hand-movement tasks.
<img alt="Figure 7" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/64753/64753fig07.jpg" /> 
Figure 7:&#160;Mean topograp...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Electroencephalography Network Indices as Biomarkers of Upper Limb Impairment in Chronic Stroke at JoVE.com

Electroencephalography Network Indices as Biomarkers of Upper Limb Impairment in Chronic Stroke

The experimental protocol demonstrates the paradigm for acquiring and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) signals during upper limb movement in individuals with stroke. The alteration of the functional network of low-beta EEG frequency bands was observed during the movement of the impaired upper limb and was associated with the degree of motor impairment.

Alteration of electroencephalography (EEG) signals during task-specific movement of the impaired limb has been reported as a potential biomarker for the ...

Our protocol can help investigate a task-specific neuroactivity for patient with a stroke, thereby finding potential biomarkers for the degree of motor impairments and motor recovery in them. Our technique utilizes task-specific EEG to reveal intricate inflammation processing related to motor impairments in stroke patients. This includes uncovering the interplay between the ipsilesional and contralesional hemispheres.This method assesses the neurophysiology of motor impairment in stroke patients. When combined with motor function evaluation, it offers a comprehensive analysis of their motor deficits. The indices measured with this paradigm have the potential as a biomarker for optic recovery in patient with stroke.For the research, utilizing this paradigm will provide insights into the neurophysiology of motor deficit and recovery. After recruiting the patients. Display two visual stimuli, close and open, for 30 seconds each on the center of a monitor to measure baseline resting state electroencephalogram, or EEG, data.During which the participant closes and opens the eyes. Next, present a hand motion image for three seconds to instruct the participant to make a hand extension move. Follow this by displaying a fixation mark for five seconds, allowing for a resting period.Seat the participant in a comfortable armchair facing a monitor. To ensure accurate EEG measurements, select an appropriately-sized EEG cap based on the participant's head size. Locate the Cz position based on the International 10-20 System as described in the manuscript, and position it to align the Cz electrode with the individual's Cz location.Once the EEG cap is properly placed, attach 32 silver/silver-chloride scalp electrodes to the scalp, following the extended International 10-10 System with the ground and reference electrodes at FPz and FCz respectively. Turn on the EEG system. Go to Configuration, then select Amplifier.Choose LiveAmp and click on OK.Search for the LiveAmp function to establish a wireless connection. Then, adjust the impedance level between the EEG electrodes and scalp using conductive gel. Use the gel to fix hair to avoid obstructing electrodes and the scalp.Execute the Impedance Check function to monitor the impedance level of each electrode. Next, execute the Monitoring function to confirm all electrodes have similar amplitude levels in real-time EEG signal monitoring. For stable EEG data acquisition, use two separate personal computers for presenting external stimuli and recording EEG data.Then create a stimulation program for presenting experimental stimuli to participants using programming software based on the experimental paradigm. Execute the program in Monitoring Mode to present experimental stimuli. Confirm that the event information is accurately marked at the bottom of the EEG recording software each time a stimulus is displayed.Initiate the EEG recording software and run the stimulus presentation program developed according to the experimental paradigm using programming software to avoid data omission. Then, proceed to measure EEG at a 1, 000 hertz sampling rate, following the experimental paradigm. The topographical low beta ERD maps of each hand movement task are shown.A significantly strong low beta ERD was observed in the contralesional hemisphere compared to the ipsilesional hemisphere for both the affected and unaffected hand movement tasks. The quantitative results of the four weighted global level network characteristics showed that both the strength and clustering coefficient indices were significantly reduced during the affected hand movement task compared with the unaffected hand movement task. The path length significantly increased during the affected hand movement task.There was no significant difference in small-worldness between the two tasks. The alpha band ipsicontralesional network strength clustering coefficient and small-worldness showed a positive correlation with the FMA score, while path length was negatively correlated with the FMA score. To obtain high-quality EEG data, it is crucial to correctly place the EEG electrodes in their designated positions and regulate the impedance level between the electrodes and the scalp.The technique evaluates the neurophysiology of motor impairment of patients with stroke in the clinical laboratory setting. It'll provide opportunities for clinical researchers to investigate the neurophysiology of motor impairment.

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722 visualizações.  Korea University. Nosso protocolo pode ajudar a investigar uma neuroatividade tarefa-específica para pacientes com AVC, encontrando assim potenciais biomarcadores para o grau de comprometimento motor e recuperação motora neles. Nossa técnica utiliza EEG tarefa-específica para revelar intrincado processamento inflamatório relacionado a comprometimentos motores em pacientes com AVC. Isso inclui descobrir a interação entre os hemisférios ipsilesional e contralesional.Este método avalia a neurofis...