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Chapter 17
The human brain is a complex organ consisting of four main parts — the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, and the brainstem. The cerebrum ...
Deep inside the human brain are the hollow fluid-filled cavities called ventricles. There are two lateral ventricles, one in each cerebral hemisphere. ...
The cerebrum is the largest part of the brain. It is divided into two cerebral hemispheres. The outer area of each hemisphere — the cerebral cortex ...
Each cerebral hemisphere has three basic regions. The outermost region is called the cerebral cortex. It is a 2 to 4 mm thick layer of gray matter ...
The cerebral cortex has three functional areas — the motor, sensory, and association areas. The motor areas, located in the frontal lobe, control ...
Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret ...
The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of ...
The thalamus, often called “the gateway to the cerebral cortex,” is vital in processing and directing sensory and motor signals throughout the ...
The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, ...
The cerebellum is positioned inferior to the posterior part of the cerebrum. As seen in the posterosuperior view, a thin median structure called the ...
The brainstem, located inferior to the brain and superior to the spinal cord, serves as a bridge between the cerebrum and the spinal cord. It plays a ...
The medulla oblongata is a critical region of the brainstem. It contains several nuclei having vital functions. The lateral side of each pyramid has a ...
The limbic system is a functional brain region consisting of specific parts of the diencephalon and cerebrum. The limbic lobe of the cerebral cortex ...
The reticular formation is a complex network of gray and white matter spread across the core of the brainstem. It is roughly divided into three paired ...
Inside the vertebral column is the slender and tubular structure called the spinal cord. It is shorter than the vertebral column, with a length of about ...
The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core ...
The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This ...
The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is a crucial component of the body's neural network, extending beyond the central nervous system (CNS) to bridge ...
The cranial nerves are 12 pairs of nerves originating directly from the brain and brainstem. These nerves are a part of the peripheral nervous system ...
Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of ...
The facial nerve emerges from the pons and innervates the facial muscles, lacrimal glands, tongue, and salivary glands. It is a mixed nerve that controls ...
Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves ...
A plexus is an axon network of the anterior rami of nerves from different spinal regions, except for thoracic nerves T2 to T12, which form the intercostal ...
The lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses serve the lower body. The lumbar plexus is mainly composed of the first four lumbar spinal nerves, that branch ...
The brain is wrapped by three membranes called meninges. The outermost cranial dura mater has the periosteal layer adhering to the inner skull surface and ...
The cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF, is a colorless liquid surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It comprises water, blood plasma, proteins, glucose, and ...
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