The development of psychological disorders, which are characterized by deviant, maladaptive, and personally distressing behaviors, has been explored through several theoretical approaches.

Biological approach

The biological approach posits that internal, organic factors are the primary causes of such disorders. This perspective emphasizes brain structure and function, genetic predispositions, and neurotransmitter imbalances. For example, schizophrenia has been associated with both genetic factors and irregular dopamine activity in the brain. This approach aligns with the medical model, which categorizes psychological disorders as mental illnesses, viewing patients as individuals with a disease that can be treated through medical interventions, often involving medication or brain-based therapies.

Psychological approach

The psychological approach emphasizes the influence of personal experiences, thought patterns, and emotional states. From this perspective, factors such as childhood trauma, learned behaviors, and maladaptive thought processes contribute to the onset and persistence of disorders. For instance, cognitive-behavioral theories suggest that depression can result from persistent negative thinking patterns and beliefs, while certain phobias may develop through classical conditioning. Treatment within this framework often focuses on talk therapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, to modify maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.

Sociocultural approach

The sociocultural approach examines the impact of social context, including gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and cultural norms, on mental health. Research indicates, for example, that individuals in lower socioeconomic groups may experience higher rates of psychological disorders due to stressors like poverty, limited access to healthcare, and social stigma. Cultural beliefs also shape how symptoms are understood and addressed; for instance, depression may be expressed and treated differently in Western versus Eastern cultures.

Biopsychosocial approach

The biopsychosocial approach integrates these approaches, recognizing that biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors often interact to influence mental health. This model helps explain why two individuals with the same diagnosis, such as depression, may have different contributing factors and respond to varied treatment approaches, highlighting the complex interplay in the development of psychological disorders.