Технические примечания: <ul><li> Гелеобразование инициируется добавлением соли. Поэтому, очень важно, что ни соли вступают в контакт с PuraMatrix до гелеобразования желательно; воздействия соли очень низкой ионной силы (например, &lt;0,05 М) приведет к необратимым гелеобразования. </li><li> Оставшийся запас решений, которые готовы могут быть использованы позднее, если они не вступают в контакт с солями. Вам не нужно беспокоиться о том повторить ультразвуком. </li><li> Пузырьки воздуха могут быть удалены aliquoting PuraMatrix в стерильные пробирки с последующим центрифугированием. </li><li> Будьте очень осторожны при изменении СМИ как стремление может легко нарушить PuraMatrix постели. </li></ul> Материалы по теме: BD PuraMatrix RAD16 пептида Гидрогель-1% (Cat # 354250): общая концентрация пептида неразбавленной смеси составляет 10 мг / мл. <ul><li> Вода Sonicator Ванная или Vortex </li><li> 96-луночного блюдо культуре клеток </li><li> Медиа культуре клеток </li><li> Стерильные Фильтрованный H 2 O </li><li> Стерильные Фильтрованный 20% сахарозы </li><li> Cells (всего на 5000 клеток / лунку): OVCAR-5 </li></ul> Все шаги должны быть выполнены в асептических условиях. Порядок действий: <ol><li> Разрушать ультразвуком 1% PuraMatrix (RAD16) в sonicator водяной бане в течение 30 минут, чтобы уменьшить вязкость перед использованием. </li><li> 1% PuraMatrix решения теперь могут быть аликвоты в стерильные пробирки для упрощения будущих экспериментов. <ol class="lalpha"><li> Избегайте образования пузырьков воздуха, а если они образуют просто спином вниз стерильные пробирки, содержащие PuraMatrix при 1000 оборотов в минуту (300 мкг) в течение 5 минут. </li><li> Общей концентрации пептида неразбавленном смеси составляет 10 мг / мл. </li></ol></li><li> Два подхода по 4 скважины будут покрыты в дозе 2,5 мг / мл и 1,25 мг / мл общей концентрации пептида, соответственно. </li><li> Развести PuraMatrix в каждой лунке комплекте с 0,2 мкм стерильно фильтруют 20% сахарозы и 13,3% сахарозы к общей пептидной концентрации 5 мг / мл и 2,5 мг / мл, соответственно, для достижения 2x концентрация BD PuraMatrix в 10% сахарозы. <ol class="lalpha"><li> Сделать 20% сахарозы, развести 10 г сахарозы, то объем до 50 мл воды. </li><li> 13% и 10% сахарозы может быть получен путем разбавления 20% маточного раствора. <ol class="lroman"><li> 13% сахарозы (на каждые 10 мл): 6,5 мл 20% сахарозы + 3,5 мл стерильного H 2 O. </li><li> 10% сахарозы (на каждые 10 мл): 5,0 мл 20% сахарозы + 5,0 мл стерильного H 2 O. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> Подготовка мастер смесь пептидных PuraMatrix в зависимости от количества скважин вы собираетесь пластины. (См. пример ниже). Затем аликвоту в отдельные пробирки с 25 мл мастера микса. <ol class="lalpha"><li> Мастер смесь должна быть готова в два раза желаемой конечной концентрации общего пептида, как это будет разбавляют равным объемом клеток в процессе металлизации. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1692/1692_fig11.jpg" alt="Рисунок 1" /></li></ol></li><li> Подготовка клеточные суспензии по trypsinizing культурах клеток монослоя клеток. <ol class="lalpha"><li> 2 мл 0,05% трипсина ЭДТА может быть использована для каждого Т-75 Flask. </li></ol></li><li> Нейтрализовать трипсина путем добавления культуры клеток, содержащих 10% тепла инактивированной эмбриональной телячьей сыворотки (использовать не менее 2 мл среды на мл трипсина использовали на предыдущем шаге.) </li><li> Центрифуга клетки при 1000 оборотов в минуту (~ 300 мкг) в течение 5 минут, чтобы создать клеточный осадок. <ol><li> Ресуспендируют клеток в 10% стерильно фильтруют сахарозы. </li><li> Граф клеток и со спином вниз снова при 1000 оборотов в минуту (~ 300 мкг) в течение 5 мин для удаления следовых количеств соли содержится в средствах массовой информации. </li></ol></li><li> Ресуспендируют OVCAR-5 клеток в 10% сахарозы, 2,0 х 10 5 клеток / мл, так что окончательное число клеток на лунку будет 5000 клеток в каждую лунку. Следующие шаги должны быть выполнены быстро. </li><li> Добавьте 25 мкл 2,0 х 10 5 клеток / мл суспензии для первого индивидуального пробирку 25 мкл мастер смесь PuraMatrix, как показано на схеме. <ol class="lalpha"><li> Быстро перемешать с помощью пипетки (~ 5 раз вверх и вниз) в трубке без введения пузырьков воздуха. </li><li> Потом пипеткой 50 мкл суспензии клеток / PuraMatrix смесь в соответствующую лунку 96 и блюда. </li><li> Инициировать гелеобразования PuraMatrix BD, осторожно пипетки 150 мкл культуры клеток (RPMI + 10% FBS) в сторону хорошо <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1692/1692_fig12.jpg" alt="Рисунок 2" /></li></ol></li><li> Повторите действия, описанные в 8, пока все скважины были покрыты. </li><li> Через 30 минут очень осторожно удалить ~ 2 / 3 от носителя с помощью 200 мкл пипетки, чтобы уравновесить рН гидрогеля. <ol class="lalpha"><li> НЕ ИСПОЛЬЗУЙТЕ Вакуумный аспиратор, так как это нарушает MATRIX </li><li> Место пипетки в хорошо так, чтобыон не касается PuraMatrix кровать и осторожно извлекайте носитель из колодца. </li><li> Следует проявлять осторожность, чтобы не нарушить матрицы при культуре клеток в PuraMatrix. </li></ol></li><li> Очень осторожно добавить 150 мкл свежей среды культуры клеток в сторону так, содержащих клетки инкапсулированных в PuraMatrix. </li><li> Изменение культуры клеток в каждой лунке каждые 48 часа со свежей культуральной среды, тщательно повторяя шаги 10 и 11. </li></ol> Представитель Результаты: <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1692/1692_fig1tmb.jpg" alt="Рисунок 1" border="0" /> Рисунок 1. OVCAR-5 инкапсулированные клетки, как описано в предыдущем протоколе. Изображения были получены с помощью перевернутого Olympus FV1000 микроскоп с Spectra-Physics DeepSee Ti: Sapphire лазера, настроенного на 750 нм. Изображений сессий были проведены в дни 1, 3, 5 и 7 после металлизации. Большое рабочее расстояние, вода погружения 40x цель (Olympus LUMPLFLN 0,8 NA) был использован для изображения через PuraMatrix. Трехмерная объемы были собраны за счет приобретения изображение стеки в 1,47 мкм осевого шага. Два не-descanned детекторов собраны аутофлюоресценция выбросов использованием фиолетового (440-490 нм) и зеленого (510-550 нм) полосового фильтра. Окончательного изображения и глубину стека фильмы были обработаны с использованием ImageJ путем сочетания обоих каналов обнаружения. Пожалуйста, <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/1692/1692_fig1.jpg">нажмите здесь</a> , чтобы видеть большую версию рисунке 1.

<ol>
	<li>Gelain, F., Bottai, D., Vescovi, A., Zhang, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Designer+self-assembling+Peptide+nanofiber+scaffolds+for+adult+mouse+neural+stem+cell+3-dimensional+cultures.">Designer self-assembling Peptide nanofiber scaffolds for adult mouse neural stem cell 3-dimensional cultures.</a> PLoS One. 1, e119-e119 (2006).</li></ol>

puramatrix encapsulation of cancer cells

Увеличение данные свидетельствуют о том, что клетки рака культивирования в трех измерениях более точно повторяет сложности биологии опухоли. Многие из этих моделей используются восстановленные базальной мембраны, полученных от животных, которые содержат различное количество факторов роста и цитокинов, которые могут влиять на рост этих моделях клеточных культур. Здесь мы подробно описывать подготовку и использование PuraMatrix, имеющихся в продаже самостоятельно сборки пептидной гель, который лишен животного происхождения материала и патогенные для инкапсуляции и распространяются клетка рака яичников линии, OVCAR-5. Мы начнем с описания того, как подготовить PuraMatrix перед использованием. Далее, мы показали, как правильно смешивать PuraMatrix и клеточной суспензии для инкапсуляции клеток в гидрогеля. После добавления культуры клеток или инъекции в физиологической среде, пептидные компоненты PuraMatrix быстро самостоятельно собирает в 3D-гидрогель, который показывает волокнистые структуры нанометрового масштаба с средним размером пор 5-200 нм<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt;. Кроме того, мы показали, как распространяются культуры, выращенные в герметичном PuraMatrix. Когда инкапсулированные в PuraMatrix, OVCAR-5 клетками собираться в трехмерные структуры ацинарных, которые больше напоминают морфологии micrometastatic узелков наблюдается в клинике, чем монослой в моделях пробирке. Использование конфокальной микроскопии мы проиллюстрируем появление представителя OVCAR-5 клетками инкапсулированных в PuraMatrix на 1 день, 3, 5 и 7 после металлизации. Использование PuraMatrix к клеткам рака культуры должны улучшить наше понимание болезни и позволяют нам оценить ответ на лечение в более клинически интеллектуальный модельных системах.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about PuraMatrix Encapsulation of Cancer Cells at JoVE.com

PuraMatrix Encapsulation of Cancer Cells

Это видео демонстрирует, как для инкапсуляции и культуры клеток рака в PuraMatrix, имеющихся в продаже самостоятельно сборки пептидной геля.

PuraMatrix Инкапсуляция раковых клеток

Increasing evidence suggests that culturing cancer cells in three dimensions more accurately recapitulates the complexity of tumor biology. Many of these ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

16.6K Views.  Harvard Medical School. Это видео демонстрирует, как для инкапсуляции и культуры клеток рака в PuraMatrix, имеющихся в продаже самостоятельно сборки пептидной геля.

Video: PuraMatrix Encapsulation of Cancer Cells

Title Cell Encapsulation by Droplets

Название сотовый Инкапсуляция воздушно-капельным путем

Cellular Encapsulation in 3D Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering 

The 3D encapsulation of cells within hydrogels represents an increasingly important and popular technique for culturing cells and towards the development of constructs for tissue engineering. This environment better mimics what cells observe in vivo, compared to standard tissue culture, due to the tissue-like properties and 3D environment. Synthetic polymeric hydrogels are water-swollen networks that can be designed to be stable or to degrade through hydrolysis or proteolysis as new tissue is deposited by encapsulated cells. A wide variety of polymers have been explored for these applications, such as poly(ethylene glycol) and hyaluronic acid. Most commonly, the polymer is functionalized with reactive groups such as methacrylates or acrylates capable of undergoing crosslinking through various mechanisms. In the past decade, much progress has been made in engineering these microenvironments - e.g., via the physical or pendant covalent incorporation of biochemical cues - to improve viability and direct cellular phenotype, including the differentiation of encapsulated stem cells (Burdick et al.).
The following methods for the 3D encapsulation of cells have been optimized in our and other laboratories to maximize cytocompatibility and minimize the number of hydrogel processing steps. In the following protocols (see Figure 1 for an illustration of the procedure), it is assumed that functionalized polymers capable of undergoing crosslinking are already in hand; excellent reviews of polymer chemistry as applied to the field of tissue engineering may be found elsewhere (Burdick et al.) and these methods are compatible with a range of polymer types. Further, the Michael-type addition (see Lutolf et al.) and light-initiated free radical (see Elisseeff et al.) mechanisms focused on here constitute only a small portion of the reported crosslinking techniques. Mixed mode crosslinking, in which a portion of reactive groups is first consumed by addition crosslinking and followed by a radical mechanism, is another commonly used and powerful paradigm for directing the phenotype of encapsulated cells (Khetan et al., Salinas et al.).

Cellular Encapsulation in 3D Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering

We present protocols for the 3-dimensional (3D) encapsulation of cells within synthetic hydrogels. The encapsulation procedure is outlined for two commonly used methods of crosslinking (michael-type addition and light-initiated free radical mechanisms), as well as a number of techniques for assessing encapsulated cell behavior.

Сотовая Инкапсуляция в 3D гидрогелей для тканевой инженерии

The 3D encapsulation of cells within hydrogels represents an increasingly important and popular technique for culturing cells and towards the development ...

Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts

Specification of the trophectoderm is one of the earliest differentiation events of mammalian development. The trophoblast lineage derived from the trophectoderm mediates implantation and generates the fetal part of the placenta. As a result, the development of this lineage is essential for embryo survival. Derivation of trophoblast stem (TS) cells from mouse blastocysts was first described by Tanaka et al. 1998. The ability of TS cells to preserve the trophoblast specific property and their expression of stage- and cell type-specific markers after proper stimulation provides a valuable model system to investigate trophoblast lineage development whereby recapitulating early placentation events. Furthermore, trophoblast cells are one of the few somatic cell types undergoing natural genome amplification. Although the molecular pathways underlying trophoblast polyploidization have begun to unravel, the physiological role and advantage of trophoblast genome amplification remains largely elusive. The development of diploid stem cells into polyploid trophoblast cells in culture makes this ex vivo system an excellent tool for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of genome replication and instability in health and disease. Here we describe a protocol based on previous reports with modification published in Chiu et al. 2008.

In this video, we demonstrate the isolation of mouse blastocysts and the derivation of trophoblast stem cells from blastocysts. We also describe conditions for maintenance of the stem cell property as well as induction of differentiation in culture.

Вывод Мышь трофобласта стволовых клеток из бластоцист

Specification of the trophectoderm is one of the earliest differentiation events of mammalian development. The trophoblast lineage derived from the ...

Isolation of Stem Cells from Human Pancreatic Cancer Xenografts

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing number of malignancies and are functionally defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal and produce differentiated progeny1. These properties allow CSCs to recapitulate the original tumor when injected into immunocompromised mice. CSCs within an epithelial malignancy were first described in breast cancer and found to display specific cell surface antigen expression (CD44+CD24low/-)2. Since then, CSCs have been identified in an increasing number of other human malignancies using CD44 and CD24 as well as a number of other surface antigens. Physiologic properties, including aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity, have also been used to isolate CSCs from malignant tissues3-5.
Recently, we and others identified CSCs from pancreatic adenocarcinoma based on
ALDH activity and the expression of the cell surface antigens CD44 and CD24, and CD1336-8. These highly tumorigenic populations may or may not be overlapping and display other functions. We found that ALDH+ and CD44+CD24+ pancreatic CSCs are similarly tumorigenic, but ALDH+ cells are relatively more invasive8. In this protocol we describe a method to isolate viable pancreatic CSCs from low-passage human
xenografts9. Xenografted tumors are harvested from mice and made into a single-cell suspension. Tissue debris and dead cells are separated from live cells and then stained using antibodies against CD44 and CD24 and using the ALDEFLUOR reagent,
a fluorescent substrate of ALDH10. CSCs are then isolated by fluorescence activated cell sorting. Isolated CSCs can then be used for analytical or functional assays requiring viable cells.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a number of malignancies. In this protocol we describe a flow cytometric method utilizing aldehyde dehydrogenase activity and CD44 and CD24 expression to isolate CSCs from human pancreatic adenocarcinoma xenografts. These viable cells can then be used in functional and analytical studies.

Выделение стволовых клеток из прав ксенотрансплантаты рака поджелудочной железы

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified in a growing number of malignancies and are functionally defined by their ability to undergo self-renewal ...

Isolation and Culture of Adult Epithelial Stem Cells from Human Skin

The homeostasis of all self-renewing tissues is dependent on adult stem cells. As undifferentiated stem cells undergo asymmetric divisions, they generate daughter cells that retain the stem cell phenotype and transit-amplifying cells (TA cells) that migrate from the stem cell niche, undergo rapid proliferation and terminally differentiate to repopulate the tissue.
Epithelial stem cells have been identified in the epidermis, hair follicle, and intestine as cells with a high in vitro proliferative potential and as slow-cycling label-retaining cells in vivo 1-3. Adult, tissue-specific stem cells are responsible for the regeneration of the tissues in which they reside during normal physiologic turnover as well as during times of stress 4-5. Moreover, stem cells are generally considered to be multi-potent, possessing the capacity to give rise to multiple cell types within the tissue 6. For example, rodent hair follicle stem cells can generate epidermis, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles 7-9. We have shown that stem cells from the human hair follicle bulge region exhibit multi-potentiality 10.
Stem cells have become a valuable tool in biomedical research, due to their utility as an in vitro system for studying developmental biology, differentiation, tumorigenesis and for their possible therapeutic utility. It is likely that adult epithelial stem cells will be useful in the treatment of diseases such as ectodermal dysplasias, monilethrix, Netherton syndrome, Menkes disease, hereditary epidermolysis bullosa and alopecias 11-13. Additionally, other skin problems such as burn wounds, chronic wounds and ulcers will benefit from stem cell related therapies 14,15. Given the potential for reprogramming of adult cells into a pluripotent state (iPS cells)16,17, the readily accessible and expandable adult stem cells in human skin may provide a valuable source of cells for induction and downstream therapy for a wide range of disease including diabetes and Parkinson's disease.

A rapid, robust way of isolating viable adult epithelial stem cells from human skin is described. The method utilizes enzymatic digestion of skin collagen matrix , followed by plucking of hair follicles and isolation of single cell suspensions or tissue fragments for cell culture.

Выделение и культуры взрослых Эпителиальные стволовые клетки из человеческой кожи

The homeostasis of all self-renewing tissues is dependent on adult stem cells. As undifferentiated stem cells undergo asymmetric divisions, they generate ...

Flow Cytometry Purification of Mouse Meiotic Cells

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the unique differentiation programs that are manifest during meiosis. Two principal methods have been developed to purify, to varying degrees, various meiotic fractions from both adult and immature animals: elutriation or Staput (sedimentation) using BSA and/or percoll gradients. Both of these methods rely on cell size and density to separate meiotic cells1-5. Overall, except for few cell populations6, these protocols fail to yield sufficient purity of the numerous meiotic cell populations that are necessary for detailed molecular analyses. Moreover, with such methods usually one type of meiotic cells can be purified at a given time, which adds an extra level of complexity regarding the reproducibility and homogeneity when comparing meiotic cell samples.
Here, we describe a refined method that allows one to easily visualize, identify, and purify meiotic cells, from germ cells to round spermatids, using FACS combined with Hoechst 33342 staining7,8. This method provides an overall snapshot of the entire meiotic process and allows one to highly purify viable cells from most stage of meiosis. These purified cells can then be analyzed in detail for molecular changes that accompany progression through meiosis, for example changes in gene expression9,10and the dynamics of nucleosome occupancy at hotspots of meiotic recombination11.

An efficient method to obtain highly purified viable meiotic fractions from mouse testis is described, which combines a refined cell dissociation protocol with fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). This method takes advantage of differences in the DNA content and nuclear density of discrete meiotic fractions.

Проточной цитометрии Очистка мыши мейоза клетки

The heterogeneous nature of cell types in the testis and the absence of meiotic cell culture models have been significant hurdles to the study of the ...

Ex Vivo Culture of Primary Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a leading cause of female cancer mortality in the United States. In contrast to other women-specific cancers, like breast and uterine carcinomas, where death rates have fallen in recent years, ovarian cancer cure rates have remained relatively unchanged over the past two decades 1. This is largely due to the lack of appropriate screening tools for detection of early stage disease where surgery and chemotherapy are most effective 2, 3. As a result, most patients present with advanced stage disease and diffuse abdominal involvement. This is further complicated by the fact that ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multiple histologic subtypes 4, 5. Serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC) is the most common and aggressive subtype and the form most often associated with mutations in the BRCA genes. Current experimental models in this field involve the use of cancer cell lines and mouse models to better understand the initiating genetic events and pathogenesis of disease 6, 7. Recently, the fallopian tube has emerged as a novel site for the origin of SOC, with the fallopian tube (FT) secretory epithelial cell (FTSEC) as the proposed cell of origin 8, 9. There are currently no cell lines or culture systems available to study the FT epithelium or the FTSEC. Here we describe a novel ex vivo culture system where primary human FT epithelial cells are cultured in a manner that preserves their architecture, polarity, immunophenotype, and response to physiologic and genotoxic stressors. This ex vivo model provides a useful tool for the study of SOC, allowing a better understanding of how tumors can arise from this tissue, and the mechanisms involved in tumor initiation and progression.

Ex Vivo Culture of Primary Human Fallopian Tube Epithelial Cells

The fallopian tube (FT) is emerging as an alternative site of origin for serous ovarian carcinoma (SOC). This protocol describes a novel method for the isolation and ex vivo culture of fallopian tube epithelial cells. This system recapitulates the in vivo epithelium and allows the study of SOC pathogenesis.

Экс Vivo культуры первичных человеческих маточных труб эпителиальных клеток

Epithelial ovarian cancer is a leading cause of female cancer mortality in the United States. In contrast to other women-specific cancers, like breast and ...

Visualization of the Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) Network in Mice

The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are mesenchymal derived "pacemaker cells" of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that generate spontaneous slow waves required for peristalsis and mediate neuronal input from the enteric nervous system1. Different subtypes of ICC form distinct networks in the muscularis of the GI tract 2,3. Loss or injury to these networks is associated with a number of motility disorders4. ICC cells express the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase on the plasma membrane and KIT immunostaining has been used for the past 15 years to label the ICC network5,6. Importantly, normal KIT activity is required for ICC development5,6. Neoplastic transformation of ICC cells results in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), that frequently harbor gain-of-function KIT mutations7,8. We recently showed that ETV1 is a lineage-specific survival factor expressed in the ICC/GIST lineage and is a master transcriptional regulator required for both normal ICC network formation and for of GIST tumorigenesis9. We further demonstrate that it cooperates with activating KIT mutations in tumorigenesis. Here, we describe methods for visualization of ICC networks in mice, largely based on previously published protocols10,11. More recently, the chloride channel anoctamin 1 (ANO1) has also been characterized as a specific membrane marker of ICC11,12. Because of their plasma membrane localization, immunofluorescence of both proteins can be used to visualize the ICC networks. Here, we describe visualization of the ICC networks by fixed-frozen cyrosections and whole mount preparations.

Visualization of the Interstitial Cells of Cajal ICC Network in Mice

The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are the pacemaker cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. They form complex networks between smooth muscle cells and post-ganglionic neuronal fibers to regulate GI contractility. Here, we present immunofluorescence methods cross-sectional and whole-mount visualization of murine ICC networks.

Визуализация интерстициальные клетки Кахала (МУС) в сети Мыши

The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are mesenchymal derived "pacemaker cells" of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that generate spontaneous slow waves ...

Isolation of Immune Cells from Primary Tumors

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various chemokines and growth factors 1,2. However, once in the TME, these cells lose the ability to promote anti-tumor immunity and begin to support tumor growth and down-regulate anti-tumor immune responses 3-4. Studies on tumor-associated leukocytes have mainly focused on cells isolated from tumor-draining lymph nodes or spleen due to the inherent difficulties in obtaining sufficient cell numbers and purity from the primary tumor. While identifying the mechanisms of cell activation and trafficking through the lymphatic system of tumor bearing mice is important and may give insight to the kinetics of immune responses to cancer, in our experience, many leukocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs), in tumor-draining lymph nodes have a different phenotype than those that infiltrate tumors 5,6 . Furthermore, we have previously demonstrated that adoptively-transferred T cells isolated from the tumor-draining lymph nodes are not tolerized and are capable of responding to secondary stimulation in vitro unlike T cells isolated from the TME, which are tolerized and incapable of proliferation or cytokine production 7,8. Interestingly, we have shown that changing the tumor microenvironment, such as providing CD4+ T helper cells via adoptive transfer, promotes CD8+ T cells to maintain pro-inflammatory effector functions 5. The results from each of the previously mentioned studies demonstrate the importance of measuring cellular responses from TME-infiltrating immune cells as opposed to cells that remain in the periphery. To study the function of immune cells which infiltrate tumors using the Miltenyi Biotech isolation system9, we have modified and optimized this antibody-based isolation procedure to obtain highly enriched populations of antigen presenting cells and tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The protocol includes a detailed dissection of murine prostate tissue from a spontaneous prostate tumor model (TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate -TRAMP) 10 and a subcutaneous melanoma (B16) tumor model followed by subsequent purification of various leukocyte populations.

In this report, we describe a protocol for isolating highly purified populations of leukocytes that infiltrate tumors. This protocol is adapted from the Miltenyi Biotech protocol to enhance yield and purity for isolating cells from complex tumor tissue.

Выделение иммунных клеток из первичной опухоли

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

Индукционные и анализ эпителиальных к мезенхимальных перехода

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...