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All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. Surgical Preparation, Anesthetization, and Analgesia Regimen
<ol>
	<li>Place a sterile disposable drape (45.7 cm x 66 cm) on the surgical platform. Gently grab the mouse, inject ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p) for anesthesia, and inject 0.05 mg/kg buprenorphine subcutaneously for analgesia.</li>
	<li>Ensure the depth of anesthesia by toe-pinch, shave the hair in the whole abdomen area with a razor and place the mouse on the sterile surgical platform under the operating microscope at 6-10x magnification.</li>
</ol>
2. Donor Spleen Harvest
<ol>
	<li>Sterilize the abdomen with an alcohol prep pad, secure the limbs with surgical tape, and make a 3-4 cm midline vertical skin incision from the pubis to the xiphoid process with scissors.</li>
	<li>Retract the abdominal wall with sterile retractors made from paperclips. Move the intestines to the right flank of the abdomen (surgeon&#39;s left) side with a sterile cotton swab to expose the spleen. Cauterize the short gastric vein attached to the spleen with a sterile low temperature cautery (Figure 1A). Place a piece of sterile gauze soaked with 37 &#176;C saline over the spleen to keep it moist (Figure 1B).</li>
	<li>Separate and mobilize the portal vein from the pancreatic tissue (Figure 1C) by ligating the portal vein branches (superior pancreaticoduodenal vein and right gastric vein); place a suture around the portal vein distal from the splenic vein (Figure 1D).</li>
	<li>Flip the spleen to the right side to expose the aorta and celiac trunk with the splenic artery (Figure 1E). Dissect and mobilize aortic-celiac-splenic artery by ligating the hepatic artery and gastric artery; place a suture around the aorta proximal to the celiac artery (Figure 1F-G).</li>
	<li>Inject 100 international units (IU) heparin into the inferior vena cava (IVC) to heparinize the whole body and wait 3 min to ensure the heparin take effects. Ligate the aorta proximal to celiac artery, transect the portal vein, and then perfuse the whole body using 10 mL of heparinized cold (4 &#176;C) saline (10 mL/20 s) from the abdominal aorta distal to celiac trunk (Figure 1H).</li>
	<li>Collect the spleen graft en bloc with the associated aortic-celiac-splenic segment and the portal vein along with a segment of splenic vein and a small portion of pancreatic tissue. Preserve the graft in 5 mL of 4 &#176;C saline before transplant. Euthanize the mouse by cervical dislocation.</li>
</ol>
3. Recipient Splenectomy and Spleen Graft Implantation
<ol>
	<li>Place a heating pad on the surgical platform and adjust the temperature to 37 &#176;C. Place a sterile drape (45.7 cm x 66 cm) on top of the heating pad to create a sterile surgical platform. Repeat steps 2.1 and 2.2 for surgical preparation and anesthetization. Make a 3-4 cm midline incision and retract the abdominal wall as described in step 2.1 and step 2.2.</li>
	<li>Carefully move the intestine to right side of the mouse with a sterile cotton swab to expose the recipient&#39;s spleen. Ligate the splenic vein and artery and remove the spleen.</li>
	<li>Carefully move the intestine to left side of the mouse and cover the intestines with wet gauze (soaked with sterile 37 &#176;C saline). Dissect and ligate the lumbar branches of the infrarenal aorta and IVC; cross-clamp the infrarenal aorta and IVC by using two 4 mm microvascular clamps.</li>
	<li>Place an 11-0 nylon suture through the infrarenal aorta (a full thickness) and retract to create an elliptical aortotomy by a single cut with microscissors (the length should match the diameter of the donor aorta, Figure 2A). Pierce the IVC using a 30 G needle to create an elliptical venotomy and extend the opening to donor portal vein-matched length using microscissors (Figure 2A).</li>
	<li>Clear the intraluminal blood or blood clot (in the aorta and IVC) with 500 &#956;L of heparinized saline (10 units/mL).</li>
	<li>Place the spleen graft in the right flank of the recipient mouse abdomen; carefully identify the donor&#39;s aortic cuff and the donor&#39;s portal vein. After making sure that the vessels are not twisted, cover the spleen graft with gauze soaked with cold (4 &#176;C) saline.</li>
	<li>Connect the donor&#39;s aortic cuff to the proximal and distal apex of the recipient&#39;s aortaotomy with two stay sutures (11-0 nylon suture, same as below) (Figure 2B,C). Make an anastomosis with 2-3 bites of continuous 11-0 nylon sutures between the donor&#39;s aortic cuff and the recipient&#39;s aortaotomy (anterior wall) (Figure 2D). Turn the spleen graft over to the left side of the recipient; make the anastomosis between the donor&#39;s aortic cuff and the recipient&#39;s aortotomy (posterior wall) (Figure 2E).</li>
	<li>Perform an anastomosis to connect the donor&#39;s portal vein to the posterior wall of the recipient&#39;s IVC, using 4 to 5 bites of continuous sutures on the inside of the IVC and then close the suture on the outside of the IVC (Figure 2F,G).</li>
	<li>Release the vessel clamps and use sterile cotton swab to tamponade bleeding until the spleen color is recovered (Figure 2H).</li>
	<li>Close the abdomen with a 5-0 synthetic absorbable vicryl suture in a continuous pattern. Close the skin layer with a 5-0 nylon suture in an interrupted pattern. 
	NOTE: For the steps 3.7-3.8, alternatively, make an anastomosis between the donor&#39;s portal vein and the recipient&#39;s IVC first (step 3.8); then make an anastomosis between the donor&#39;s aortic cuff and the posterior wall of the recipient&#39;s aortotomy, using 2 to 3 continuous sutures in the inside of the aorta and close the suture on the outside of the aorta.</li>
</ol>
4. Animal Recovery
<ol>
	<li>Inject 1 mL of warm saline subcutaneously via 4 separate locations (0.25 mL/location) after closing the abdomen.</li>
	<li>Keep the mouse in a temperature-controlled incubator (30 &#176;C) for the first few hours post-operation, monitor the mouse until it has regained sufficient consciousness, and then transfer the mouse to a new clean cage with regular food and water, with a heating pad (30 &#176;C) underneath the cage. Keep the mouse post-surgery in a separate cage.</li>
</ol>
5. Post-surgical Pain Management
<ol>
	<li>Inject 0.05 mg/kg buprenorphine subcutaneously 24 h and 48 h post-surgery to maintain analgesia regimen.</li>
</ol>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Wyeth</td>
			<td>206205-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Lloyd Laboratories</td>
			<td>139-236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heparin solution</td>
			<td>Abraxis Pharmaceutical Products</td>
			<td>504031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Injection grade normal saline</td>
			<td>Hospira Inc.</td>
			<td>NDC 0409-4888-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% Ethanol</td>
			<td>Pharmco Products Inc.</td>
			<td>111000140</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ThermoCare Small Animal ICU System</td>
			<td>Thermocare, Inc.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adson Forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td>RS-5230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Derf Needle Holder</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td>RS-7822</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Extra Fine Micro Dissecting Scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td>RS-5881</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-clip</td>
			<td>Roboz Surgical Instruments</td>
			<td>RS-5420</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7-0 silk</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>SUT-S 103</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>11-0 nylon on 4-mm (3/8) needle</td>
			<td>Sharpoint DR4</td>
			<td>AK-2119</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ms CD45.2 antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>553772</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ms CD45.1 antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>553776</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ms CD11b antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>557657</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ms B220 antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>553089</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ms Ly6C antibody</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>48-5932-80</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ms Ly6G antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>561236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ms F4/80 antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>565614</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ms CD11c antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>558079</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ms CD3 antibody</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>48-0032-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ms CD4 antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>552051</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ms CD8 antibody</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>563786</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIVE/DEAD&#8482; Fixable Violet Dead Cell Stain Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>L34955</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a mouse model of vascularized heterotopic spleen transplantation

Source: Wang, J., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/59616">A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation for Studying Spleen Cell Biology and Transplant Immunity.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2019).
The video demonstrates a surgical method for generating a mouse model of vascularized heterotopic spleen transplantation. The abdominal cavity of an anesthetized donor mouse is surgically opened to remove the spleen. The inferior vena cava and infrarenal aorta are identified, their lumbar branches are ligated, and openings are made for the heterotopic transplantation of a spleen from a congenic donor mouse. Upon completing vascular anastomosis and restoring blood flow to the implanted spleen, the incision is closed, and the mouse is monitored for recovery.

<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/22248/22248_Figure1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1: Donor spleen harvest. (A) Cauterize the short gastric vein attached to the spleen. (B) Place a small piece of sterile warm wet gauze over the spleen to keep it moist. (C) Dissect and isolate the portal vein behind the pancreas. (D) Ligate the side branches of the portal vein and place a suture round the portal vein dist...

A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. ...

Take an anesthetized recipient mouse for spleen transplantation.
Make a midline incision, exposing the abdominal cavity, and displace the intestine to locate the spleen.
Ligate the splenic artery and vein to minimize blood loss and remove the spleen.
Externalize the intestine and apply saline-soaked gauze to keep the exposed tissue moistened. Locate the inferior vena cava, or IVC, and the adjacent infrarenal abdominal aorta, or IAA.
Ligate the branches of the IVC and IAA. Clamp the vessels to interrupt blood flow and create openings for connecting the donor&#39;s spleen.
Flush the vessels with heparinized saline to remove blood and prevent clot formation.
Heterotopically position the donor&#39;s spleen and connect its artery to the IAA opening and the vein to the IVC opening.
Remove the clamps to allow blood flow to the spleen and close the incision.
Subcutaneously inject warm saline to rehydrate the mouse and monitor its recovery. Identify living donor spleen immune cells in the mouse to confirm successful transplantation.

a-mouse-model-of-vascularized-heterotopic-spleen-transplantation

Research

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Immunology

Immunotherapy

Model Development and Disease Study

187 Views. Источник: Wang, J., et al. Мышиная модель васкуляризованной гетеротопической трансплантации селезенки для изучения биологии клеток селезенки и трансплантационного иммунитета. J. Vis. Exp. (2019). Видео демонстрирует хирургический метод создания мышиной модели васкуляризованной гет...

Video: Мышиная модель васкуляризированной гетеротопической трансплантации селезенки - Concept

In Vivo Mouse Model of Spinal Implant Infection

Spine implant infections portend poor outcomes as diagnosis is challenging and surgical eradication is at odds with mechanical spinal stability. The purpose of this method is to describe a novel mouse model of spinal implant infection (SII) that was created to provide an inexpensive, rapid, and accurate in vivo tool to test potential therapeutics and treatment strategies for spinal implant infections.
In this method, we present a model of posterior-approach spinal surgery in which a stainless-steel k-wire is transfixed into the L4 spinous process of 12-week old C57BL/6J wild-type mice and inoculated with 1 x 103 CFU of a bioluminescent strain of Staphylococcus aureus Xen36 bacteria. Mice are then longitudinally imaged for bioluminescence in vivo on post-operative days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 18, 21, 25, 28, and 35. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI) signals from a standardized field of view are quantified to measure in vivo bacterial burden.
To quantify bacteria adhering to implants and peri-implant tissue, mice are euthanized and the implant and surrounding soft tissue are harvested. Bacteria are detached from the implant by sonication, cultured overnight and then colony forming units (CFUs) are counted. The results acquired from this method include longitudinal bacterial counts as measured by in vivo S. aureus bioluminescence (mean maximum flux) and CFU counts following euthanasia.
While prior animal models of instrumented spine infection have involved invasive, ex vivo tissue analysis, the mouse model of SII presented in this paper leverages noninvasive, real time in vivo optical imaging of bioluminescent bacteria to replace static tissue study. Applications of the model are broad and may include utilizing alternative bioluminescent bacterial strains, incorporating other types of genetically engineered mice to contemporaneously study host immune response, and evaluating current or investigating new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities such as antibiotics or implant coatings.

The protocol describes a novel in vivo mouse model of spinal implant infection where a stainless-steel k-wire implant is infected with bioluminescent Staphylococcus aureus Xen36. Bacterial burden is monitored longitudinally with bioluminescent imaging and confirmed with colony forming unit counts after euthanasia.

Мышиная модель инфекции спинальных имплантатов in vivo

Spine implant infections portend poor outcomes as diagnosis is challenging and surgical eradication is at odds with mechanical spinal stability. The ...

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Left Lung Orthotopic Transplantation in a Juvenile Porcine Model for ESLP

Lung transplantation is the gold-standard treatment for end-stage lung disease, with over 4,600 lung transplantations performed worldwide annually. However, lung transplantation is limited by a shortage of available donor organs. As such, there is high waitlist mortality. Ex situ lung perfusion (ESLP) has increased donor lung utilization rates in some centers by 15%-20%. ESLP has been applied as a method to assess and recondition marginal donor lungs and has demonstrated acceptable short- and long-term outcomes following transplantation of extended criteria donor (ECD) lungs. Large animal (in vivo) transplantation models are required to validate ongoing in vitro research findings. Anatomic and physiologic differences between humans and pigs pose significant technical and anesthetic challenges. An easily reproducible transplant model would permit the&#160;in vivo&#160;validation of current ESLP strategies and the preclinical evaluation of various interventions designed to improve donor lung function. This protocol describes a porcine model of orthotopic left lung allotransplantation. This includes anesthetic and surgical techniques, a customized surgical checklist, troubleshooting, modifications, and the benefits and limitations of the approach.

This protocol describes a juvenile porcine model of orthotopic left lung allotransplantation designed for use with ESLP research. Focus is made on anesthetic and surgical techniques, as well as critical steps and troubleshooting.

Ортотопическая трансплантация левого легкого на ювенильной модели свиньи для ESLP

Lung transplantation is the gold-standard treatment for end-stage lung disease, with over 4,600 lung transplantations performed worldwide annually. ...

A Rabbit Aortic Valve Stenosis Model Induced by Direct Balloon Injury

Animal models are emerging as an important tool to understand the pathologic mechanisms underlying aortic valve stenosis (AVS) because of the lack of access to reliable sources of diseased human aortic valves. Among the various animal models, AVS rabbit models are one of the most commonly used in large animal studies. However, traditional AVS rabbit models require a long-term period of dietary supplementation and genetic manipulation to induce significant stenosis in the aortic valve, limiting their use in experimental studies. To address these limitations, a new AVS rabbit model is proposed, in which stenosis is induced by a direct balloon injury to the aortic valve. The present protocol describes a successful technique for inducing AVS in New Zealand white (NZW) rabbits, with step-by-step procedures for the preparation, the surgical procedure, and the post-operative care. This simple and reproducible model offers a promising approach for studying the initiation and progression of AVS and provides a valuable tool for investigating the underlying pathological mechanisms of the disease.

An appropriate animal model is needed to understand the pathologic mechanisms underlying aortic valve stenosis (AVS) and to evaluate the efficacy of therapeutic interventions. The present protocol describes a new procedure for developing the AVS rabbit model via a direct balloon injury in vivo.

Модель стеноза аортального клапана кролика, индуцированного прямым повреждением баллоном

Animal models are emerging as an important tool to understand the pathologic mechanisms underlying aortic valve stenosis (AVS) because of the lack of ...

A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation

ТРАНСКРИПТ

A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation