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Chapter 3

Operational Amplifiers

Operational Amplifiers
Operational Amplifiers
The temperature detector fire alarm system consists of a thermistor sensor that initiates a small current flow in case of a fire. This signal is too weak ...
Characteristics of OpAmp
Characteristics of OpAmp
Consider the equivalent circuit model of an operational amplifier. The output section consists of a voltage-controlled source in series with the output ...
Inverting and Non-inverting OpAmps
Inverting and Non-inverting OpAmps
The inverting amplifier connects the input voltage through a resistor to the inverting terminal, grounds the non-inverting terminal, and has a feedback ...
Sum and Difference OpAmps
Sum and Difference OpAmps
A summing amplifier, or an adder, uses an operational amplifier to combine multiple input signals into a single output. Conversely, a difference ...
Characteristics of Practical Op Amps
Characteristics of Practical Op Amps
A difference amplifier containing a common and a difference-mode signal ideally amplifies only the difference-mode signal. However, in practical circuits, ...
Integrator and Differentiator
Integrator and Differentiator
Consider a car with cruise control using an op amp circuit to maintain a constant speed. This circuit employs the function of an op amp as an integrator ...
Cascaded Op Amps
Cascaded Op Amps
Operational Amplifiers can be connected in a cascade - one after another in linear sequence without altering their input-output relationships due to their ...
Instrumentation Amplifier
Instrumentation Amplifier
In an electrocardiography machine, electrodes detect small electrical changes on the skin resulting from heart muscle depolarization during each ...
Design Example: Vintage Mixing Console
Design Example: Vintage Mixing Console
A sound engineer at a music company faces a challenge. The output from their studio's newly acquired vintage mixing console is insufficient for modern ...
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