The respiratory system includes both upper and lower respiratory organs. The upper respiratory organs consist of the nose and nasal cavity, paranasal ...

The nose is the primary passageway for air entering the respiratory system. Its visible part, the external nose, is supported by the frontal bone, nasal ...

The pharynx or throat is about a 13 cm long tube extending from the internal nares down to the cricoid cartilage of the larynx. It can be divided into the ...

The larynx or voice box connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea. It includes unpaired thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, and the epiglottis, as ...

The trachea or windpipe begins at the larynx and extends into the mediastinum, bifurcating into two main bronchi in the mid-thorax region. The tracheal ...

At the carina, located at the upper boundary of the fifth thoracic vertebra, the trachea splits into the right and left primary bronchi, each leading to ...

Within a pulmonary lobule, the terminal bronchioles branch into microscopic respiratory bronchioles, which conduct air to the respiratory zone of the ...

Enclosed within the ribcage, the lungs are cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity. Their apex lies beneath the clavicle, and the base sits on the ...

The pleura or pleural membrane is a double-layered serous membrane enclosing the lungs. The right and left lungs are enveloped by their respective ...

Healthy respiration in humans requires proper air pressure levels in different respiratory organs. These pressures are expressed relative to the ...

Respiration is a rhythmic process of alternating inhalation and exhalation. During quiet inhalation, the thoracic cavity expands due to a decrease in the ...

Exhalation — the process of expelling air — during quiet breathing in healthy individuals relies on the elasticity of the lungs rather than ...

Breathing is influenced by the alternating pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, alveolar surface tension, lung compliance, ...

Respiratory volumes define the varying amounts of air that enter and exit the lungs, while respiratory capacities are combinations of respiratory ...

Inhaled air contains a mixture of different gases like nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, among others. Dalton's law is fundamental to ...

External respiration involves the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries in the lungs. This gas exchange always ...

Blood primarily transports oxygen bound to hemoglobin in RBCs, with a small percentage dissolved in the plasma due to its low solubility in the blood. ...

Carbon dioxide is transported from tissues to the lungs in three ways. About 7-10% travels dissolved in plasma. Over 20% is bound to hemoglobin, forming ...

Hypoxia is a condition where body tissues don't receive an adequate oxygen supply. It may be categorized into four distinct types. Anemic hypoxia ...

Groups of neurons in the brainstem called the respiratory centers mediate the regulation of respiration. The two primary centers are the medullary ...

CO2, O2, and H+ ion levels affect the rate of respiration. These changes are detected by the central chemoreceptors in the brain stem, and the peripheral ...

The human body responds to various stimuli to regulate the breathing rate via receptors present in respiratory organs. Physical and chemical irritants in ...

Hyperventilation is a condition where the rate and depth of breathing exceed the body's need to remove CO2, often occurring during anxiety attacks. ...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, or COPD, is defined as a diverse lung condition marked by persistent and progressive respiratory symptoms such as ...

Some major pulmonary disorders include asthma, tuberculosis, and lung cancer. Asthma is a chronic ailment marked by airway inflammation and obstruction. ...