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Chapter 9

Chemical Bonding: Basic Concepts

Types of Chemical Bonds
Types of Chemical Bonds
Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and ...
Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule
Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule
Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a ...
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer
Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...
The Born-Haber Cycle
The Born-Haber Cycle
Lattice Energy  An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a ...
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge
Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge
An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure ...
Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures
Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures
Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...
Electronegativity
Electronegativity
Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.  Electronegativity values of ...
Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character
Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character
Bond Polarity The absolute value of the difference in electronegativity (ΔEN) of two bonded atoms provides a rough measure of the polarity to be ...
Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions
Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions
To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined: Determine the ...
Resonance
Resonance
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O ...
Formal Charges
Formal Charges
In some cases, there are seemingly more than one valid Lewis structures for molecules and polyatomic ions. The concept of formal charges can be used to ...
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Exceptions to the Octet Rule
Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories: ...
Bond Energies and Bond Lengths
Bond Energies and Bond Lengths
Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, ...
Bonding in Metals
Bonding in Metals
Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the ...
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