The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state are ...

A heat engine is a device used to extract heat from a source and then convert it into mechanical work used for various applications. For example, a steam ...

The internal combustion engine is a heat engine that uses the byproducts of combustion as the working fluid instead of using a heat transfer medium to ...

An Otto engine is a four-stroke engine that uses a mixture of gasoline and air as the working fuel. The fuel is injected into the cylinder, and the piston ...

Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, ...

The second law of thermodynamics can be stated in several different ways, and all of them can be shown to imply the others. The Clausius’ statement ...

Converting work to heat is an irreversible process, and the purpose of a heat engine is to reverse the effect partially. Heat engines aim to increase the ...

The hypothetical Carnot cycle consists of an ideal gas subjected to two isothermal and two adiabatic processes. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas ...

The Carnot engine works between two heat reservoirs of fixed temperatures. The Carnot cycle begs the following question: Is it possible to devise a heat ...

The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the ...

In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The ...

The second law of thermodynamics can be stated quantitatively using the concept of entropy. Entropy is the measure of disorder of the system. The ...