From lightning during thunderstorms to electronic devices, the phenomenon of electromagnetism is all around us. The electromagnetic force is one of the ...

All objects we see around us consist of atoms, which combine to form molecules. The lightest element in the universe is hydrogen, and a hydrogen atom ...

Some materials may easily let electrical charges pass through them, while others obstruct their flow. The former are called conductors and the latter ...

The Earth is a good conductor of electricity, and it is so big that it can be considered an infinite source or sink of charges. It can easily exchange ...

Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have an electric charge, they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude ...

Coulomb's Law describes the force experienced by two point charges under each other's presence. But what if there are more than two charges? For ...

There are four fundamental forces in nature: the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, the strong nuclear force, and the weak nuclear force. To ...

Consider two point charges, each exerting Coulomb force on the other. It is possible to describe the Coulomb interaction via an intermediate step by ...

Atoms generally contain the same number of positively and negatively charged particles, protons, and electrons. Hence, they are electrically neutral. ...

Imagine a bucket of water. It contains many molecules, of the order of 1026 molecules. Thus, although it contains discrete elements (molecules) at the ...

In physics, symmetry in a system means that something in the considered system remains unchanged due to a specific operation to which it is subjected. For ...

The simplest case of a surface charge distribution is the uniformly charged disk. Calculating its electric field also helps us calculate the electric ...

The three-dimensional representation of the electric field of a positive point charge requires tracing the electric field vectors, whose lengths decrease ...

The definition of electric field lines greatly eases the visualization of electric fields, a vector field, especially in the presence of many charges. The ...

Consider two charges of equal magnitude but opposite signs. If they cannot be separated by an external electric field, the system is called a permanent ...

A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the ...