Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV), Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (CSV), and Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (AdSV) are electrochemical techniques used to determine trace amounts of analytes in solution. These methods involve applying a potential to an electrode and measuring the resulting current.

Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV)

ASV is used to determine metals and metalloids at trace levels. It involves two steps: deposition and stripping. First, a negative potential is applied to the working electrode, reducing the analyte ions and depositing them on the electrode surface. After the deposition step, the potential is scanned in the positive direction, causing the deposited analyte ions to oxidize and strip off the electrode surface. The resulting current during these processes is measured and plotted, showing the proportional relationship to the analyte's concentration.

1. Optimal Conditions: Ensure a clean and well-polished electrode surface, control the deposition time, and maintain a stable pH in the solution.
2. Challenges: Interference from other ions, electrode fouling, and the need for precise potential control.

Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (CSV)

In CSV, the mercury electrode undergoes oxidation while interacting with the analyte, creating an insoluble film on its surface. Afterward, the potential is scanned in the negative direction, reducing and stripping the analyte from the electrode surface. The resulting current is measured and is proportional to the analyte concentration. CSV is typically used to determine organic compounds, such as certain pollutants and drugs.

1. Optimal Conditions: Select an appropriate supporting electrolyte and maintain proper temperature control.
2. Challenges: Handling the mercury electrode due to its toxicity and ensuring the film formation is reproducible.

Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry (AdSV)

AdSV is a variation of stripping voltammetry where the analyte species are adsorbed onto the electrode surface before the stripping step. A potential is applied to the working electrode, leading to the adsorption of analyte species. After the adsorption, the analyte is stripped off the electrode by changing the potential, and the resulting current is measured to quantify the analyte concentration. AdSV is commonly used to determine both organic and inorganic species, including various pollutants, pesticides, and heavy metals.

1. Optimal Conditions: Select the appropriate adsorption time, potential, and electrode material.
2. Challenges: Competition for adsorption sites on the electrode and sensitivity to impurities in the solution.