Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.

Sigmoidoscopy

Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus and guiding it into the sigmoid colon to inspect the colon lining visually. It identifies abnormalities such as inflammation, polyps, signs of colorectal cancer, and sources of bleeding.

Preparation for Sigmoidoscopy

Patients preparing for sigmoidoscopy should adhere to a clear liquid diet the day before the procedure, with an overnight fasting requirement. Additional tap-water enemas are administered to cleanse the colon on the morning of the examination. Patients are instructed to assume the knee-chest position and are advised to take deep breaths during the insertion of the scope to ease discomfort and manage the urge to defecate.

During the Procedure

During the procedure, the nurse monitors the patient's vital signs, skin color, temperature, pain tolerance, and any vagal responses, such as sweating and lightheadedness, to ensure safety and comfort.

Post-Procedure Care

After the procedure, monitoring continues for signs of complications, including rectal bleeding and symptoms of intestinal perforation, such as fever, rectal drainage, abdominal distention, and pain. Patients can usually resume their regular activities and diet shortly after the procedure.

Laparoscopy

Laparoscopy is a surgical technique that is minimally invasive, using a fiber-optic instrument inserted through the abdominal wall. It is used to view abdominal organs, identify growths, anomalies, or inflammatory processes, and perform small-scale surgeries. The process begins by creating a pneumoperitoneum — injecting carbon dioxide to elevate the abdominal wall away from the internal organs — followed by making a small incision near the umbilicus to insert the laparoscope.

Preparation for Laparoscopy

Before undergoing laparoscopy, it is crucial to obtain informed consent. Patients are advised to preoperatively fast for eight hours (NPO) to mitigate anesthesia-related risks. A cleansing enema may be administered to clear the colon. Preoperative medications, possibly including antibiotics and pain management drugs, are provided based on the patient's needs.

Postoperative Care

After the procedure, patients are taken to a recovery area where vital signs and oxygen saturation are closely monitored. Potential complications, such as bleeding or adverse reactions to anesthesia, are assessed. Shoulder pain from carbon dioxide use is common and not a cause for concern. Postoperative care involves pain management and wound care education to prevent infection. Patients are advised to begin with a light diet and gradually return to their normal diet as tolerated. Activity restrictions are initially recommended, with guidance on when to resume regular activities. Follow-up appointments are essential for assessing recovery progress.

The structured approach ensures patient safety, procedural efficiency, and comprehensive care throughout sigmoid and laparoscopy, promoting a smooth experience and swift recovery.